Pubmed du 03/06/23
1. Charoosaee A, Dehghannejad M, Fakheran O, Marchini L. Translation and validation of the ageism scale for dental students in Iran (ASDS-Persian). Spec Care Dentist;2023 (Jun 3)
AIMS: A longer life and the growing population of older adults are the achievements of the 20th century. The World Health Organization considers ageism an important barrier to age-appropriate care for older adults. The aim of this study was to translate and validate the ageism scale for dental students in Iran (ASDS-Persian). METHODS: The 27-question ASDS was translated from English into Persian (Farsi) and completed by 275 dental students from two universities in Isfahan, Iran. Principal component analysis (PCA), internal consistency reliability, and discriminant validity were estimated. Furthermore, in this study we conducted an analytical cross sectional study among dental students of Isfahan province (two universities) with the aim of proving data regarding their ageism beliefs and attitudes. RESULTS: PCA revealed an 18-question, four-component scale with acceptable validity and reliability. The four components are ‘barriers/concerns on dental treatment in older adults’, ‘opinions about older adults’, ‘practitioner’s perspective,’ and ‘older adults’ perspective’. CONCLUSION: This preliminary validation of ASDS-Persian produced a new 18-question scale with four components with acceptable validity and reliability. This instrument could be further tested in larger samples in Farsi speaking countries.
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2. Cheng B, Sun Q, Li X, Xiao M, Wei X, Wang S. Vitamin A Deficiency from Maternal Gestation May Contribute to Autistic-like Behaviors and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Rats Through the Disrupted Purine and Tryptophan Metabolism. Behav Brain Res;2023 (May 31):114520.
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) has been linked to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in multiple studies, and autistic children with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms have been found to have lower VA levels than those without GI symptoms. However, the exact mechanism by which VAD causes both core symptoms and GI symptoms in ASD is ill defined. We constructed VAD and vitamin A normal (VAN) rat models from maternal gestation onwards. Autism-related behaviors were tested using the open-field test and the three-chamber test, and GI function was assessed with the GI transit time, the colonic transit time and fecal water content. Untargeted metabolomic analysis on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and fecal samples was performed. VAD rats displayed autistic-like behaviors and impaired GI function compared to VAN rats. Metabolic profiles of both PFC and feces from VAD and VAN rats were significantly different. The differential metabolites in both PFC and feces between the VAN and VAD rats were mostly enriched in the purine metabolic pathway. Moreover, the most significantly affected metabolic pathway in PFC of VAD rats is the phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis pathway, and the most remarkably altered metabolic pathway in the feces of VAD rats is the tryptophan metabolism pathway. These results indicate that VAD starting from maternal gestation might be linked to core symptoms of ASD and its GI co-occurring disorders through the purine and tryptophan-related metabolism disorders.
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3. Crasta JE, Green OJ, Gavin WJ, Davies PL. The Relationship Between Attention, Sensory Processing, and Social Responsiveness Among Adults on the Autism Spectrum. J Autism Dev Disord;2023 (Jun 3)
This study evaluated attention, sensory processing, and social responsiveness and the relationship between these constructs among autistic and neurotypical adults. Participants included 24 autistic adults (17-30 years) and 24 neurotypical peers who completed the Test of Everyday Attention, Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP), and the Social Responsiveness Scale-2. Autistic individuals showed greater attention, sensory processing, and social responsiveness challenges compared to neurotypical peers. Using mediation models, we showed that the relationship between attention and social responsiveness was mediated by sensory processing, specifically the low registration and sensation-seeking AASP quadrants. The relationship between attention, sensory processing, and social responsiveness suggests that adults with greater attention issues may have greater sensory and social challenges. Specifically, having poor attention may lead to poor sensory processing skills which compound poor social responsiveness. Understanding the relationships between these domains is critical for developing effective interventions and support for autistic adults.
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4. da Cruz FM. Multimodal interaction analysis of non-lexical vocalisations in low-verbal autistic children. Clin Linguist Phon;2023 (Jun 3);37(4-6):491-512.
This article analyses non-lexical vocalisations produced by low-verbal autistic children. Seven dyads of naturalistic interactions between non-autistic adults and low-verbal autistic children over five years old were analysed from a multimodal conversation analysis perspective. Data were extracted from an audio-visual corpus of interactions in institutional (school) and non-institutional settings (home). The data are in Brazilian Portuguese. The videos are visualised using the ELAN tool and transcribed. The analyses showed that in some cases participants did not reach a mutual understanding of the semantic meaning of non-lexical vocalisations, while in other cases, the meanings of vocalisations emerged between the participants in the multimodal process of sense-making in their embodied context. A microanalysis of where these vocalisations occurred and their multimodal aspects (linguistics, bodily, material, and spatial) suggests that: a) such occurrences are both initiated by the autistic child and responsive to the non-autistic interlocutor’s turn; b) some vocalisations play an important role in the sequential organisation of the interaction, promoting the maintenance of intersubjective of low verbal children; and c) non-autistic adult interlocutors perform a varied set of actions, recycling, incorporating, retaking, assigning meaning, and repairing the non-lexical vocalisations produced by autistic children. The indexical analysis shows how communicative ecologies create meaning. This study thus contributes to our understanding of the interactional behaviour of these children and their interlocutors.
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5. Kawamura A, Nishiyama M. Deletion of the autism-related gene Chd8 alters activity-dependent transcriptional responses in mouse postmitotic neurons. Commun Biol;2023 (Jun 2);6(1):593.
CHD8 encodes chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 8 and its mutation is a highly penetrant risk factor for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). CHD8 serves as a key transcriptional regulator on the basis of its chromatin-remodeling activity and thereby controls the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells. However, the function of CHD8 in postmitotic neurons and the adult brain has remained unclear. Here we show that Chd8 homozygous deletion in mouse postmitotic neurons results in downregulation of the expression of neuronal genes as well as alters the expression of activity-dependent genes induced by KCl-mediated neuronal depolarization. Furthermore, homozygous ablation of CHD8 in adult mice was associated with attenuation of activity-dependent transcriptional responses in the hippocampus to kainic acid-induced seizures. Our findings implicate CHD8 in transcriptional regulation in postmitotic neurons and the adult brain, and they suggest that disruption of this function might contribute to ASD pathogenesis associated with CHD8 haploinsufficiency.
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6. Williams EG, Smith MJ. Virtual Interview Training Among BIPOC Autistic Transition-Age Youth: A Secondary Analysis of an Initial Effectiveness RCT. J Autism Dev Disord;2023 (Jun 3)
Black, Indigenous, and Persons of Color (BIPOC) autistic transition-aged youth (TAY) report lower rates of competitive employment compared to White autistic TAY and even greater deficits with social skills associated with positive job interviewing. A virtual job interviewing program was adapted to support and improve the job interviewing skills of autistic TAY. The current study evaluates the effectiveness of an efficacious virtual interview training program on the job interview skills, interview anxiety, and likeliness to be hired, for a subsample of 32 BIPOC autistic TAY, ages 17-26 years old from a previous randomized control trial of the program. Bivariate analyses were used to evaluate between-group differences at pre-test related to background characteristics, and whether Virtual Interview Training for Transition-Age Youth (VIT-TAY) was associated with changes between pre-test and post-test measures of job interview skills. Additionally, a Firth logistic regression was conducted to examine the relationship between VIT-TAY and competitive integrative employment at 6 months, covarying for fluid cognition, having ever had a job interview, and baseline employment status. Participants receiving pre-employment services (Pre-ETS) and virtual interview training had better job interview skills (F = 12.7, [Formula: see text] < .01; [Formula: see text] = .32), lower job interview anxiety (F = .3.96, [Formula: see text] < .05; [Formula: see text] = .12), and a higher likeliness of receiving employment (F = 4.34, [Formula: see text] < .05; [Formula: see text] = .13 at the 6-month follow up compared to participants that only had Pre-ETS. Findings from this study suggest that virtual interview training for TAY is effective for BIPOC autistic TAY in improving their interview skills to gain competitive employment and lower their job interview anxiety.
