1. Factor RS, Condy EE, Farley JP, Scarpa A. {{Brief Report: Insistence on Sameness, Anxiety, and Social Motivation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {J Autism Dev Disord}. 2016.
While the function of restricted repetitive behaviors (RRBs) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is unclear, RRBs may function as anxiety reduction strategies (Joosten et al. J Autism Dev Disord 39(3):521-531, 2009. Moreover, anxiety in ASD is associated with low social motivation (Swain et al. J Autism Dev Disord, 2015. The present study examined social motivation as a mediator between anxiety and RRBs in a sample of 44 children (2-17 years old; 80 % male) with ASD. The relationship between anxiety and IS, but not other RRBs, was partially mediated by social motivation. These findings suggest anxiety is linked to social motivation deficits in children with ASD, which may increase ritualized behaviors and difficulties with changes in routine. Implications are discussed for differing functions and treatment of RRB domains.
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2. Fried R, Joshi G, Bhide P, Pope A, Galdo M, Koster A, Chan J, Faraone SV, Biederman J. {{A study of the neuropsychological correlates in adults with high functioning autism spectrum disorders}}. {Acta Neuropsychiatr}. 2016: 1-10.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the unique neuropsychological presentation in adults with high functioning autism spectrum disorders (HF-ASD) by comparison with adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: Adults with ASD referred to a specialty clinic (n=26) were compared to two non-ASD groups with (n=52) and without (n=52) ADHD of similar age and sex. RESULTS: No differences in IQ were found. Subjects with HF-ASD were significantly more impaired than both comparison groups in processing speed, cognitive flexibility and sight words. Subjects with HF-ASD were more impaired than controls in working memory, but not the ADHD group. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that there may be specific neuropsychological correlates of HF-ASD differing from ADHD that could have significant implications for identifying individuals at risk for ASD.
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3. James WH. {{The sex ratio of the sibs of probands diagnosed with autism}}. {J Theor Biol}. 2016.
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4. Lindsay S. {{Systematic review of factors affecting driving and motor vehicle transportation among people with autism spectrum disorder}}. {Disabil Rehabil}. 2016: 1-10.
PURPOSE: This systematic review is to critically appraise the literature on factors affecting driving and motor vehicle transportation experiences of people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and to provide insight into future directions for research. METHODS: Systematic searches of eight databases identified 22 studies meeting our inclusion criteria. These studies were analysed in terms of the characteristics of the participants, methodology, results of the study and quality of the evidence. RESULTS: Among the 22 studies, 2919 participants (364 individuals with ASD; 2555 parents of youth with ASD; mean age of person with ASD = 17.3) were represented, across six countries. Studies (n = 13) focused on factors affecting driving, including challenges in obtaining a licence, driving confidence, driving behaviours and strategies to improve driving skills. In regards to factors related to public and/or school transportation, nine studies explored rates of transportation use, access, cost and safety. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight several gaps in the research and an urgent need for further transportation-related training and supports for people with ASD. Implications for rehabilitation Many people with ASD encounter challenges in obtaining a driver’s licence, driving confidence and driving performance compared to those without ASD. Several strategies can be useful when teaching people with ASD to drive including direct communication, encouraging coping mechanisms, breaking down tasks and providing regular and consistent driving lessons. Clinicians and educators should advocate for further transportation-related training and supports for people with ASD. More research is needed from the perspective of people with ASD to understand their experiences and the particular challenges that they encounter in obtaining a licence and navigating public transportation.
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5. Maddox BB, Miyazaki Y, White SW. {{Long-Term Effects of CBT on Social Impairment in Adolescents with ASD}}. {J Autism Dev Disord}. 2016.
Anxiety interventions involving social skills training and CBT for youth with ASD have shown promise, but few studies have examined the effects on social functioning or the maintenance of treatment gains. This study evaluated change in social skills during a randomized controlled trial of CBT and during the 1-year follow-up for 25 adolescents with ASD and anxiety. We examined the effect of pretreatment social anxiety and loneliness on treatment response. Social impairment improved during treatment and continued to improve through the 3-month follow-up. Although adolescents with higher social anxiety had greater pretreatment social impairment, they showed steeper improvement in social skills during treatment. Loneliness was not a significant predictor of change during treatment. CBT targeting social skills and anxiety can lead to long-term improvements in social functioning.
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6. Shooshtari S, Brownell M, Mills RS, Dik N, Yu DC, Chateau D, Burchill CA, Wetzel M. {{Comparing Health Status, Health Trajectories and Use of Health and Social Services between Children with and without Developmental Disabilities: A Population-based Longitudinal Study in Manitoba}}. {J Appl Res Intellect Disabil}. 2016.
BACKGROUND: Little information exists on health of children with developmental disabilities (DDs) in the Canadian province of Manitoba. METHOD: The present authors linked 12 years of administrative data and compared health status, changes in health and access to health and social services between children with (n = 1877) and without (n = 5661) DDs living in the province, matched by age, sex and region of residence. RESULTS: Children with DDs were significantly more likely than children in the matched comparison group to die before the age of 17 and have a history of respiratory illness, diabetes and injury-related hospitalizations. Children with DD also had significantly higher average number of ambulatory physician visits and higher rate of continuity of care. CONCLUSIONS: Children with DDs had poorer health status than the matched comparison group. The health disparities experienced by children with DDs persisted over time. Further population-based longitudinal research is needed in this area.
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7. Simonstein F, Mashiach-Eizenberg M. {{Non-life threatening disorders (NLTDs): attitudes toward Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) among students of allied health professions}}. {Public Health}. 2016.
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8. Venkat A, Migyanka JM, Cramer R, McGonigle JJ. {{An Instrument to Prepare for Acute Care of the Individual with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Emergency Department}}. {J Autism Dev Disord}. 2016.
We present an instrument to allow individuals with autism spectrum disorder, their families and/or their caregivers to prepare emergency department staff for the care needs of this patient population ahead of acute presentation.
