1. Gan SM, Tung LC, Yeh CH, Chang HY, Wang CH. {{The ICF-CY-based structural equation model of factors associated with participation in children with autism}}. {Developmental neurorehabilitation}. 2013 Oct 2.
Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to apply the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health – Child and Youth (ICF-CY) framework to identify the factors related to the participation of children with autism. Method: A convenience sample included 162 preschool children with autism ages 36 to 72 months. The raters collected data using the ICF-CY-based questionnaire as an instrument to construct the structural equation modeling of factors associated with participation. Results: The internal structure of the model was acceptable, indicating that the observed variables would suffice in accounting for latent variables. The structural model showed that the performance of participation in children with autism was influenced by body functions and personal factors. All the variables accounted for 77% of the explained variance for activities and for participation by 71% of the children with autism. Conclusion: These findings may provide critical information pertaining to predictive factors of participation for parents, educators, and professionals who work with children with autism.
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2. Goldin RL, Matson JL, Beighley JS, Jang J. {{Autism spectrum disorder severity as a predictor of Battelle Developmental Inventory – Second Edition (BDI-2) scores in toddlers}}. {Developmental neurorehabilitation}. 2013 Oct 2.
Abstract Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the severity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptomology and scores on the Battelle Developmental Inventory, Second Edition (BDI-2) in toddlers (n = 325). Methods: Total scores on the BDI-2 and individual domain scores were examined to explore the relationship between severity of ASD and developmental quotient, impairment in personal-social skills, adaptive functioning, cognition, and communication. Results: Regression analyses controlled for the impact of age and IQ on results, indicating that higher autism severity scores were associated with overall greater impairment and in the total scores and the individual domains of the BDI-2. The domains were found to be differentially affected by severity of ASD. Conclusion: These findings suggest severity of ASD may influence symptom presentation. Clinical implications of study findings are discussed.
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3. Gong ZL, Luo CM, Wang L, Shen L, Wei F, Tong RJ, Liu Y. {{Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorders}}. {Neuroreport}. 2013 Oct 1.
In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have lower levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] relative to healthy controls. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the serum 25(OH) D levels in Chinese children with ASD. From January 2012 to December 2012, consecutive patients with ASD admitted to the Department of Neurology were identified. Clinical information was collected. Serum levels of 25(OH) D were measured at baseline. ASD severity was assessed at admission using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale total score. The results indicated that the mean serum 25(OH) D levels were significantly lower in autistic children as compared with normal cases (P=0.002). There was a significant negative relationship between circulating serum 25(OH) D levels and the severity of autism evaluated according to Childhood Autism Rating Scale Scores (P=0.000), after adjustment for the possible covariates such as age, sex, BMI, serum levels of calcium, phosphate, and magnesium, and seasons. After adjusting for all other possible covariates, 25(OH) D levels that remained can be seen as an independent predictor of ASD with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.23 (95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.37). These results indicate that lower 25(OH) D levels may be independently associated with severity of ASD among Chinese patients, and lower serum 25(OH) D levels could be considered as an independent risk factor for ASD.
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4. Hanson C, Hanson S, Ramsey J, Glymour C. {{Atypical Effective Connectivity of Social Brain Networks in Individuals with Autism}}. {Brain connectivity}. 2013 Oct 4.
Failing to engage in joint attention is a strong marker of impaired social cognition associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The goal of this study was to localize the source of impaired joint attention in individuals with ASD by examining both behavioral and fMRI data collected during various tasks involving eye gaze, directional cuing, and face processing. The tasks were designed to engage three brain networks associated with social cognition (face processing, Theory of Mind, and action understanding). The behavioral results indicate that even high functioning individuals with ASD perform less accurately and more slowly than neurotypical (NT) controls when processing eyes, but not when processing a directional cue (an arrow) that did not involve eyes. Behavioral differences between the neurotypical and ASD groups were consistent with differences in the effective connectivity of FACE, TOM, and ACTION networks. An Independent Multiple-sample Greedy Equivalence Search (IMaGES) was used to examine these social brain networks and found that whereas neurotypicals produced stable patterns of response across tasks designed to engage a given brain network, ASD participants did not. Moreover, ASD participants recruited all three networks in a manner highly dissimilar to that of neurotypicals. These results extend a growing literature describing disruptions in general brain connectivity in individuals with autism by targeting specific networks hypothesized to underlie the social cognitive impairments observed in these individuals.
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5. Hesselmark E, Plenty S, Bejerot S. {{Group cognitive behavioural therapy and group recreational activity for adults with autism spectrum disorders: A preliminary randomized controlled trial}}. {Autism}. 2013 Oct 2.
Although adults with autism spectrum disorder are an increasingly identified patient population, few treatment options are available. This preliminary randomized controlled open trial with a parallel design developed two group interventions for adults with autism spectrum disorders and intelligence within the normal range: cognitive behavioural therapy and recreational activity. Both interventions comprised 36 weekly 3-h sessions led by two therapists in groups of 6-8 patients. A total of 68 psychiatric patients with autism spectrum disorders participated in the study. Outcome measures were Quality of Life Inventory, Sense of Coherence Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and an exploratory analysis on measures of psychiatric health. Participants in both treatment conditions reported an increased quality of life at post-treatment (d = 0.39, p < 0.001), with no difference between interventions. No amelioration of psychiatric symptoms was observed. The dropout rate was lower with cognitive behavioural therapy than with recreational activity, and participants in cognitive behavioural therapy rated themselves as more generally improved, as well as more improved regarding expression of needs and understanding of difficulties. Both interventions appear to be promising treatment options for adults with autism spectrum disorder. The interventions’ similar efficacy may be due to the common elements, structure and group setting. Cognitive behavioural therapy may be additionally beneficial in terms of increasing specific skills and minimizing dropout.
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6. Holm MB, Baird JM, Kim YJ, Rajora KB, D’Silva D, Podolinsky L, Mazefsky C, Minshew N. {{Therapeutic Horseback Riding Outcomes of Parent-Identified Goals for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An ABA’ Multiple Case Design Examining Dosing and Generalization to the Home and Community}}. {J Autism Dev Disord}. 2013 Oct 4.
We examined whether different doses of therapeutic riding influenced parent-nominated target behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (a) during the session (b) at home, and (c) in the community. We used a single subject multiple Baseline, multiple case design, with dosing of 1, 3, and 5 times/week. Three boys with ASD, 6-8 years of age participated, and counts of target behaviors were collected in each setting and phase of the study. Compared to Baseline, 70 % of the target behaviors were better during Intervention and improvement was retained in 63 % of the behaviors during Withdrawal. Increased doses of therapeutic riding were significant for magnitude of change, and the effect of the therapeutic riding sessions generalized to home and community.
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7. Huang SF, Oi M. {{Responses to Wh-, Yes/No-, A-not-A, and choice questions in Taiwanese children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder}}. {Clinical linguistics & phonetics}. 2013 Oct 4.
Abstract The present study investigated the hypothesis that children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD) have a greater difficulty in responding to Wh- than Yes/No questions across languages. Conversations between Taiwanese children and their mothers were investigated and the children’s response adequacy to maternal questions in a semi-structured setting were examined. Twelve Taiwanese children with HFASD, ranging in age from 7.1 to 14.9 years old, were compared with 12 typically developing (TD) children matched on age, sex, IQ and mean length of utterance in syllable (MLUs). Compared to TD children, HFASD children produced more inadequate or inappropriate responses to Wh- and Yes/No questions than to A-not-A and Choice questions. Taiwanese HFASD children share a greater difficulty in responding to maternal Wh-questions with their Japanese counterparts and do not show a relative ease in responding to Yes/No questions, while A-not-A and Choice questions were easier to respond to for the Taiwanese children.
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8. Kim H, Gibboni R, Kirkhart C, Bao S. {{Impaired Critical Period Plasticity in Primary Auditory Cortex of Fragile X Model Mice}}. {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience}. 2013 Oct 2;33(40):15686-92.
Fragile X syndrome, the most common form of heritable mental retardation, is a developmental disorder with known effects within sensory systems. Altered developmental plasticity has been reported in the visual and somatosensory systems in Fmr1 knock-out (KO) mice. Behavioral studies have revealed maladaptive auditory responses in fragile X syndrome patients and Fmr1 KO mice, suggesting that adaptive plasticity may also be impaired in the auditory system. Here we show that, whereas tonotopic frequency representation develops normally in Fmr1 KO mice, developmental plasticity in primary auditory cortex is grossly impaired. This deficit can be rescued by pharmacological blockade of mGluR5 receptors. These results support the mGluR hypothesis of fragile X mental retardation and suggest that deficient developmental plasticity may contribute to maladaptive auditory processing in fragile X syndrome.
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9. Lee A, Lang R, Davenport K, Moore M, Rispoli M, van der Meer L, Carnett A, Raulston T, Tostanoski A, Chung C. {{Comparison of therapist implemented and iPad-assisted interventions for children with autism}}. {Developmental neurorehabilitation}. 2013 Oct 2.
Abstract Objective: This study compares intervention delivered by a therapist to intervention delivered using an iPad for two children with autism. Further, this study evaluates the influence of choice between the conditions. Methods: Time on-task, challenging behaviour, session duration and correct responses were compared across conditions in an alternating treatment design. The effect of choice was evaluated in an ABAB design. Results: The iPad was associated with shorter intervention sessions, more time on-task and less challenging behaviour for one participant. There was no difference between conditions for the second participant. Both participants selected the iPad when given the choice and, although the effect of choice was modest, choosing was associated with more time on-task and less challenging behaviour. Conclusions: These data suggest that iPad-assisted intervention can be as effective as therapist-implemented intervention. Further, even for children for whom no differences between the interventions exist, offering a choice may be beneficial.
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10. Mari-Bauset S, Zazpe I, Mari-Sanchis A, Llopis-Gonzalez A, Morales-Suarez-Varela M. {{Food Selectivity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review}}. {Journal of child neurology}. 2013 Oct 4.
Autism spectrum disorders are characterized by difficulties with reciprocal social interactions and restricted patterns of behavior and interest; one of these characteristic behaviors is food selectivity. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature published between 1970 and 2013 concerning this eating behavior. The articles identified were analyzed in terms of sample size, study design, and criteria for assessment and intervention, as well as the results, level of evidence and grade of recommendation. The main search was conducted in Medline, Cochrane Library, Scielo, ScienceDirect, and Embase). There is empirical evidence and an overall scientific consensus supporting an association between food selectivity and autism spectrum disorders.
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11. Marschik PB, Bartl-Pokorny KD, Tager-Flusberg H, Kaufmann WE, Pokorny F, Grossmann T, Windpassinger C, Petek E, Einspieler C. {{Three different profiles: Early socio-communicative capacities in typical Rett syndrome, the preserved speech variant and normal development}}. {Developmental neurorehabilitation}. 2013 Oct 2.
Abstract Background and aims: This is the first study aiming to compare pre-diagnostic socio-communicative development of a female with typical Rett syndrome (RTT), a female with the preserved speech variant of RTT (PSV) and a control toddler. Methods: We analysed 1275 min of family videos at the participants’ age between 9 and 24 months and used the Inventory of Potential Communicative Acts (IPCA) to delineate their repertoires of communicative forms and functions. Results: The results revealed different profiles for the three different conditions. The repertoire of communicative gestures and (pre)linguistic vocalizations was most comprehensive in the control toddler, followed by the female with PSV and the female with RTT. Conclusion: These findings contribute to the growing knowledge about early developmental abnormalities in RTT. In order to define distinctive profiles for typical and atypical RTT and evaluate their specificity, a larger body of evidence is needed.
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12. McGonigle JJ, Migyanka JM, Glor-Scheib SJ, Cramer R, Fratangeli JJ, Hegde GG, Shang J, Venkat A. {{Development and Evaluation of Educational Materials for Pre-hospital and Emergency Department Personnel on the Care of Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {J Autism Dev Disord}. 2013 Oct 4.
With the rising prevalence of patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), there has been an increase in the acute presentation of these individuals to the general health care system. Emergency medical services and emergency department personnel commonly address the health care needs of patients with ASD at times of crisis. Unfortunately, there is little education provided to front-line emergency medical technicians, paramedics and emergency nurses on the characteristics of ASD and how these characteristics can create challenges for individuals with ASD and their health care providers in the pre-hospital and emergency department settings. This paper describes the development of educational materials on ASD and the results of training of emergency medical services and emergency department personnel.
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13. Patten E, Baranek GT, Watson LR, Schultz B. {{Child and family characteristics influencing intervention choices in autism spectrum disorders}}. {Focus on autism and other developmental disabilities}. 2013 Sep 1;28(3):138-46.
A myriad of treatment options are available for children with autism, yet little is understood regarding characteristics of parents (e.g., education) and children (e.g., severity of autism symptoms) that influence types and amounts of therapy utilization. Interviews from 70 families were analyzed to determine potential influences on utilization (e.g., start of first services, use of traditional services). Descriptive findings regarding therapy types were similar to national studies. However, only three of the variables predicted utilization of specific therapies: severity of sensory processing problems was associated with earlier initiation of services in general, and higher maternal and paternal education was associated with the use of dietary and/or vitamin therapy as well as with more types of services. No other variables had predictive value; thus, the amount and type of therapies received may be more related to diagnostic practices and/or to the affordances/constraints of service delivery and reimbursement systems at particular ages.
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14. Richdale AL, Baglin CL. {{Self-report and caregiver-report of sleep and psychopathology in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study}}. {Developmental neurorehabilitation}. 2013 Oct 2.
Abstract Objective: To examine relationships between psychological and sleep problems in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD) and typically developing (TD) children using self-report and caregiver-report. Method: Seventeen HFASD (M = 10.03 years, SD = 1.33) and 15 TD (M = 9.99 years, SD = 1.22) children and their caregivers responded about the child’s sleep, anxiety, depression and ADHD. Results: Children with HFASD had poorer sleep than TD children by self-report and caregiver-report; caregiver-reported psychopathology, and self-reported anxiety were also higher for HFASD children. Poor sleep was related to anxiety in both groups, particularly Somatic-panic for HFASD children. Caregiver-child agreement for sleep and anxiety was fair for HFASD children but slight for TD children. Conclusions: Patterns of sleep-psychopathology associations differed for HFASD and TD children and hyperarousal seemed important for poor sleep in HFASD but not TD children. Results suggested that children with HFASD were able to report on their difficulties.
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15. Roine U, Roine T, Salmi J, Nieminen-Von Wendt T, Leppamaki S, Rintahaka P, Tani P, Leemans A, Sams M. {{Increased Coherence of White Matter Fiber Tract Organization in Adults with Asperger Syndrome: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study}}. {Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research}. 2013 Oct 2.
To investigate whether there are global white matter (WM) differences between autistic and healthy adults, we performed diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in 14 male adults with Asperger syndrome (AS) and 19 gender-, age-, and intelligence quotient-matched controls. We focused on individuals with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD), AS, to decrease heterogeneity caused by large variation in the cognitive profile. Previous DTI studies of ASD have mainly focused on finding local changes in fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), two indexes used to characterize microstructural properties of WM. Although the local or voxel-based approaches may be able to provide detailed information in terms of location of the observed differences, such results are known to be highly sensitive to partial volume effects, registration errors, or placement of the regions of interest. Therefore, we performed global histogram analyses of (a) whole-brain tractography results and (b) skeletonized WM masks. In addition to the FA and MD, the planar diffusion coefficient (CP) was computed as it can provide more specific information of the complexity of the neural structure. Our main finding indicated that adults with AS had higher mean FA values than controls. A less complex neural structure in adults with AS could have explained the results, but no significant difference in CP was found. Our results suggest that there are global abnormalities in the WM tissue of adults with AS. Autism Res 2013, : -. (c) 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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16. Samuel R, Attard A, Kyriakopoulos M. {{Mental state deterioration after switching from brand-name to generic olanzapine in an adolescent with bipolar affective disorder, autism and intellectual disability: a case study}}. {BMC psychiatry}. 2013 Oct 4;13(1):244.
BACKGROUND: The appropriateness of use of generic instead of brand-name medication remains unresolved and controversial in several areas of medicine. Some evidence suggestive of variations in bioavailability and clinical effectiveness between different formulations make policy decisions occasionally difficult. The use of generic olanzapine is a widely acceptable practice on the basis of quality, safety and efficacy data and has been adopted in several countries. CASE PRESENTATION: The case of a 14 year old boy with bipolar affective disorder, autism and intellectual disability who had brand-name to generic olanzapine switch associated with rapid deterioration of his mental state is described. This clinical change was not related to any physical illness or other medication adjustment and resolved as rapidly when generic olanzapine was switched back to the brand-name formulation. CONCLUSIONS: Caution should be exercised when policy for switching from brand-name to generic psychotropic medications are made, especially when using medications off label, in extremes of age and in those patients with co-morbid complicating factors such as intellectual disability.
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17. Siniscalco D, Antonucci N. {{Involvement of Dietary Bioactive Proteins and Peptides in Autism Spectrum Disorders}}. {Current protein & peptide science}. 2013 Oct 4.
Autism and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are heterogeneous, severe neurodevelopmental pathologies. These enigmatic conditions have their origins in the interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors. Dysfunctions in social interactions and communication skills, restricted interests, repetitive and stereotypic verbal and non-verbal behaviours are the main core symptoms. Several biochemical processes are associated with ASDs: oxidative stress; endoplasmic reticulum stress; decreased methylation capacity; limited production of glutathione; mitochondrial dysfunction; intestinal impaired permeability and dysbiosis; increased toxic metal burden; immune dysregulation. Current available treatments for ASDs can be divided into behavioural, nutritional and medical approaches, although no defined standard approach exists. Dietary bioactive proteins and peptides show potential for application as health-promoting agents. Nowadays, increasing studies highlight a key role of bioactive proteins and peptides in ASDs. This review will focus on the state-of-the-art regarding the involvement of dietary bioactive proteins and peptides in ASDs. Identification of novel therapeutic targets for ASD management will be also discussed.
18. Troyb E, Orinstein A, Tyson K, Helt M, Eigsti IM, Stevens M, Fein D. {{Academic abilities in children and adolescents with a history of autism spectrum disorders who have achieved optimal outcomes}}. {Autism}. 2013 Oct 4.
This study examines the academic abilities of children and adolescents who were once diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder, but who no longer meet diagnostic criteria for this disorder. These individuals have achieved social and language skills within the average range for their ages, receive little or no school support, and are referred to as having achieved « optimal outcomes. » Performance of 32 individuals who achieved optimal outcomes, 41 high-functioning individuals with a current autism spectrum disorder diagnosis (high-functioning autism), and 34 typically developing peers was compared on measures of decoding, reading comprehension, mathematical problem solving, and written expression. Groups were matched on age, sex, and nonverbal IQ; however, the high-functioning autism group scored significantly lower than the optimal outcome and typically developing groups on verbal IQ. All three groups performed in the average range on all subtests measured, and no significant differences were found in performance of the optimal outcome and typically developing groups. The high-functioning autism group scored significantly lower on subtests of reading comprehension and mathematical problem solving than the optimal outcome group. These findings suggest that the academic abilities of individuals who achieved optimal outcomes are similar to those of their typically developing peers, even in areas where individuals who have retained their autism spectrum disorder diagnoses exhibit some ongoing difficulty.
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19. Tuchman R, Hirtz D, Mamounas LA. {{NINDS epilepsy and autism spectrum disorders workshop report}}. {Neurology}. 2013 Oct 2.
The association of epilepsy and autism spectrum disorders (ASD), although well-recognized, is poorly understood. The purpose of this report is to summarize the discussion of a workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, with support from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Autism Speaks, and Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy, that took place in Bethesda, Maryland, on May 29 and 30, 2012. The goals of this workshop were to highlight the clinical and biological relationships between ASD and epilepsy, to determine both short- and long-term goals that address research and treatment conundrums in individuals with both ASD and epilepsy, and to identify resources that can further both clinical and basic research. Topics discussed included epidemiology, genetics, environmental factors, common mechanisms, neuroimaging, neuropathology, neurophysiology, treatment, and research gaps and challenges in this unique population.
