1. {{An education in autism}}. {Nurs Stand};2013 (Mar 13-19);27(28):59.
2. Hanaie R, Mohri I, Kagitani-Shimono K, Tachibana M, Azuma J, Matsuzaki J, Watanabe Y, Fujita N, Taniike M. {{Altered Microstructural Connectivity of the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle is Related to Motor Dysfunction in Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders}}. {Cerebellum};2013 (Apr 6)
Many studies have reported motor impairments in autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). However, the brain mechanism underlying motor impairment in ASD remains unclear. Recent neuroimaging studies have suggested that underconnectivity between the cerebellum and other brain regions contributes to the features of ASD. In this study, we investigated the microstructural integrity of the cerebellar pathways, including the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles, of children with and without ASD by using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography to determine whether the microstructural integrity of the cerebellar pathways is related to motor function in children with ASD. Thirteen children with ASD and 11 age-, gender-, handedness-, and IQ-matched typically developing (TD) controls were enrolled in this study. DTI outcome measurements, such as fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD), for the cerebellar pathways were calculated. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2 (M-ABC 2) was used for assessing motor functions. There were no significant differences between the two groups in RD. However, compared to the TD subjects, patients with ASD had a significantly lower FA in the right superior cerebellar peduncle and lower AD in the left superior cerebellar peduncle, in addition to a significantly lower score in ball skills and the total test score of M-ABC 2. There was a significant positive correlation between the total test score of M-ABC 2 and FA in the right superior cerebellar peduncle in the ASD group. These findings suggest that the altered microstructural integrity of the superior cerebellar peduncle may be related to motor impairment in ASD.
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3. Lohr WD, Tanguay P. {{DSM-5 and Proposed Changes to the Diagnosis of Autism}}. {Pediatr Ann};2013 (Apr 1);42(4):161-166.
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4. Pomara G, Francesca F. {{[Endoscopic Resection. Aspects of technique and optimization of outcomes. Current indications to PDD-guided resection.]}}. {Urologia};2013 (Mar 22);0(0):0.
Trans-Urethral Resection (TUR) of bladder tumors is the gold standard to make the correct diagnosis and remove all visible lesions. The strategy of resection depends on the size of the lesion. Small tumors can be resected en bloc, while larger tumors should be resected separately in fractions to obtain a correct pathological diagnosis. Random biopsies from normal-looking mucosa should be performed in patients with positive urinary cytology and absence of visible tumor in the bladder. As a standard procedure, cystoscopy and TUR are performed using white light. Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) is most useful for detecting CIS, and therefore should be restricted to those patients with a suspected high-grade tumor.
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5. van Steijn DJ, Oerlemans AM, de Ruiter SW, van Aken MA, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse NN. {{Are parental autism spectrum disorder and/or attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder symptoms related to parenting styles in families with ASD (+ADHD) affected children?}}. {Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry};2013 (Apr 6)
An understudied and sensitive topic nowadays is that even subthreshold symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in parents may relate to their parenting styles. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of (the combined) effect of child diagnosis (ASD or ASD + ADHD affected/unaffected children) and parental ASD and/or ADHD on parenting styles. Ninety-six families were recruited with one child with a clinical ASD (+ADHD) diagnosis, and one unaffected sibling. Parental ASD and ADHD symptoms were assessed using self-report. The Parenting Styles Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) self- and spouse-report were used to measure the authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles. Fathers and mothers scored significantly higher than the norm data of the PSDQ on the permissive style regarding affected children, and lower on the authoritative and authoritarian parenting style for affected and unaffected children. Self- and spouse-report correlated modestly too strongly. Higher levels of paternal (not maternal) ADHD symptoms were suboptimally related to the three parenting styles. Further, two parent-child pathology interaction effects were found, indicating that fathers with high ADHD symptoms and mothers with high ASD symptoms reported to use a more permissive parenting style only towards their unaffected child. The results highlight the negative effects of paternal ADHD symptoms on parenting styles within families with ASD (+ADHD) affected offspring and the higher permissiveness towards unaffected offspring specifically when paternal ADHD and/or maternal ASD symptoms are high. Parenting training in these families may be beneficial for the well-being of all family members.
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6. Wegiel J, Kuchna I, Nowicki K, Imaki H, Yong Ma S, Azmitia EC, Banerjee P, Flory M, Cohen IL, London E, Ted Brown W, Komich Hare C, Wisniewski T. {{Contribution of olivofloccular circuitry developmental defects to atypical gaze in autism}}. {Brain Res};2013 (Apr 2)
Individuals with autism demonstrate atypical gaze, impairments in smooth pursuit, altered movement perception and deficits in facial perception. The olivofloccular neuronal circuit is a major contributor to eye movement control. This study of the cerebellum in 12 autistic and 10 control subjects revealed dysplastic changes in the flocculus of eight autistic (67%) and two control (20%) subjects. Defects of the oculomotor system, including avoidance of eye contact and poor or no eye contact, were reported in 88% of autistic subjects with postmortem-detected floccular dysplasia. Focal disorganization of the flocculus cytoarchitecture with deficit, altered morphology, and spatial disorientation of Purkinje cells (PCs); deficit and abnormalities of granule, basket, stellate and unipolar brush cells; and structural defects and abnormal orientation of Bergmann glia are indicators of profound disruption of flocculus circuitry in a dysplastic area. The average volume of PCs was 26% less in the dysplastic region than in the unaffected region of the flocculus (p<0.01) in autistic subjects. Moreover, the average volume of PCs in the entire cerebellum was 25% less in the autistic subjects than in the control subjects (p<0.001). Findings from this study and a parallel study of the inferior olive (IO) suggest that focal floccular dysplasia combined with IO neurons and PC developmental defects may contribute to oculomotor system dysfunction and atypical gaze in autistic subjects.
