1. Barros RCB, Ferreira EB, Silva P, Khalil MM, Oliveira APM. Intervention characteristics and speech therapy strategies in care for autistic children in health services: a scoping review. Codas. 2025; 37(6): e20250012.

PURPOSE: to identify and systematize speech therapy practices with autistic children in healthcare services reported as an evaluative and therapeutic strategy in Brazil. RESEARCH STRATEGIES: a scoping review following the guidelines of the Joanna Briggs Institute and PRISMA-ScR. Articles, essays, reviews, and gray literature available until July 4, 2024, were retrieved from databases such as PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest Central, Embase, EBSCOhost, BVS, BDTD, and Google Scholar. Reference lists and relevant systematic reviews were also checked for additional documents. SELECTION CRITERIA: based on the PCC format (Participants: autistic children aged 2 to 12 years; Concept: speech therapy assessment and treatment strategies; Context: Brazil). DATA ANALYSIS: data were extracted using a pre-designed matrix considering author, type/year of publication, objective, sample, autism concept, type/strategy of intervention, setting, and conclusion. Descriptive quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed. RESULTS: a total of 49 studies were included in the review, allowing the identification that speech therapy practices targeting autistic children in Brazilian healthcare services predominantly involve therapeutic and evaluative approaches, mainly carried out in university clinics. CONCLUSION: although speech therapy has advanced in the personalization of care and adaptation of therapeutic strategies, there is still a predominance of interventions focused on diagnosis and rehabilitation, with a limited number of studies addressing health promotion and social inclusion actions.

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2. Bollen C, van Grunsven J. In defense of the double empathy problem hypothesis: An urgently needed alternative to fallacies and injustices in mainstream autism research. Psychol Rev. 2025.

In their theoretical note, « The Double Empathy Problem: A Derivation Chain Analysis and Cautionary Note, » Livingston et al. (2024) took a critical look at the double empathy problem hypothesis (DEPH). While they acknowledge that the DEPH offers promising insights, and while their critical note seems, at times, to be written with an eye to furthering and expanding DEPH, the main point they ultimately drive home is that DEPH has a « precarious theoretical and evidence base » and that, given this (allegedly) shaky foundation, applying DEPH « into real-world applications may have unintended and potentially harmful consequences for autistic people and those with similar conditions » (Livingston et al., 2024, p. 10). In this theoretical note, we take a critical look at Livingston et al.’s critique of DEPH, arguing that their warning note is problematic both from an ethical and philosophy of science point of view. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

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3. de Almeida CA, Siqueira ES, Maior M, Brandt KG. Children with autism spectrum disorder and alterations in eating behavior: could it be Gastroesophageal reflux disease?. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2025: 101487.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the occurrence of warning signs of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and esophagitis in children with eating behavior (EB) alterations associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHOD: Descriptive study of 115 children aged 3 to 12 years, followed at a tertiary hospital and previously diagnosed with ASD. The BREB-ASD instrument was applied to identify children with EB alterations, and the 17-ATN-GISSI instrument was applied to identify those with warning signs of GERD. The selected children were invited for a medical consultation to identify those with suspected esophagitis and an indication for upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy with biopsies. RESULTS: Sixty-nine children (60 %) were classified with alterations in the EB and, among these, 62 (89.8 %) presented warning signs of GERD. Eighteen children had suspected esophagitis and an indication for upper GI endoscopy. Among the 8 children who underwent the exam, 1 child had grade A erosive esophagitis, 1 child had grade B erosive esophagitis, and 1 child had eosinophilic esophagitis. CONCLUSION: A high frequency of EB alterations was found in children with ASD. The high frequency of GERD warning signs may be related to EB alterations in this group. Cases of esophagitis highlight the possibility of an organic disease. In these cases, performing upper GI endoscopy with biopsies is essential for diagnosis.

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4. Ferguson EF, Spackman E, Hardan AY, Uljarević M. Self-injurious behaviors with increased likelihood of injury in autistic youth: The role of distress linked to a strong preference for sameness. Autism. 2025: 13623613251396036.

Self-injurious behaviors in autistic youth vary widely in their form, intensity, and potential for physical injury. This study explored predictors of two categories of self-injurious behaviors that were delineated based on their potential for physical injury (self-injurious behavior-High Likelihood and self-injurious behavior-Low Likelihood), with a focus on the role of distress linked to a strong preference for routines (otherwise known as insistence on sameness). The sample included 1892 autistic youth (M(age) = 10.82, SD(age) = 4.14; 22% females) across the United States. Distress associated with insistence on sameness was the strongest predictor of total self-injurious behavior scores, self-injurious behavior-Low Likelihood, and self-injurious behavior-High Likelihood, after controlling for demographic factors and speech level, and remained a unique predictor after accounting for variance explained by other restricted and repetitive behaviors. Sensory hypersensitivity and sensory-seeking were strong unique predictors of all self-injurious behaviors, while hyposensitivity was a weaker predictor of self-injurious behavior total and self-injurious behavior-Low Likelihood, and a non-significant predictor of self-injurious behavior-High Likelihood. Among demographic factors, lower household income was the strongest predictor of all self-injurious behaviors. Higher speech level was a positive predictor of self-injurious behavior-Low Likelihood but a negative predictor of self-injurious behavior-High Likelihood. These findings demonstrate the role of distress associated with insistence on sameness in manifestations of self-injurious behaviors and highlight the importance of exploring predictors at a more granular level to inform targeted interventions and support.Lay AbstractThis study explored factors associated with repetitive self-injurious behaviors in autistic youth, focusing on emotional distress linked to a strong preference for routines (often referred to as insistence on sameness), a category of behaviors that includes difficulties with change and a strong preference for routines and/or rituals. We examined two categories of self-injurious behaviors: lower likelihood of physical injury (self-injurious behavior-Low Likelihood) and higher likelihood of physical injury (self-injurious behavior-High Likelihood). The study included 1892 autistic youth of varying ages and cognitive abilities. The main finding was that distress associated with disruptions to routines was the strongest predictor of all types of self-injurious behavior. Youth with greater sensitivity to sensory input or sensory-seeking behaviors were more likely to engage in self-injurious behaviors that could increase risk of physical injury. In contrast, those with reduced sensitivity to sensory input were less likely to engage in self-injurious behaviors. Demographic factors also played a role in the manifestation and severity of self-injurious behaviors. Lower household income was strongly associated with greater self-injurious behavior severity. In addition, higher speech production (e.g. speaking in full sentences) was associated with greater severity of self-injurious behavior-Low Likelihood and self-injurious behavior-High Likelihood. These findings highlight the complexity of self-injurious behaviors in autistic youth and the importance of understanding the different factors that contribute to these behaviors. This study may help to contribute to the development of more responsive, tailored interventions for self-injurious behaviors among autistic youth.

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5. Hinde K, Pavan S, Hald GM, Hallford DJ, Lange T, Arendt M, Austin DW. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD among parents of autistic children in Denmark and Australia. Psychol Trauma. 2025.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and severity of parenting-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) in parents of autistic children in Denmark and Australia, compare rates to parents of neurotypical children, and assess diagnostic concordance between Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) text revision and International Classification of Diseases-11 criteria. METHOD: An online survey assessed parenting-related PTSD and CPTSD in 2,971 Danish and 692 Australian parents of autistic and neurotypical children using the International Trauma Questionnaire, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, and Life Events Checklist. Independent t tests compared symptom severity. Logistic regression models estimated odds ratios for probable PTSD and CPTSD. Diagnostic concordance was assessed using Holley and Guilford’s G index. RESULTS: Parents of autistic children had significantly higher probable parenting-related PTSD and CPTSD rates than parents of neurotypical children. In Denmark, 6.2% met probable DSM-5 text revision PTSD criteria (vs. 2.0%), and 3.6% met International Classification of Diseases-11 CPTSD criteria (vs. 0.9%). In Australia, 16.0% met DSM-5 text revision PTSD criteria (vs. 4.3%), and 11.8% met International Classification of Diseases-11 CPTSD criteria (vs. 2.6%). Cross-country differences should be interpreted cautiously due to differing recruitment methods. Diagnostic concordance was excellent in Denmark (G = .87) and good in Australia (G = .75). CONCLUSIONS: Parents of autistic children in Denmark and Australia exhibit significantly higher rates of parenting-related PTSD and CPTSD compared to neurotypical parents, with strong diagnostic concordance across systems. Further research is needed to identify trauma-related outcomes in this population and clarify contributing risk and protective factors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

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6. Kaplan-Kahn EA, Benecke RM, Graham Holmes L, Miller JS. Understanding and measuring caregiver-reported quality of life among minimally verbal autistic children with intellectual disability. Autism. 2025: 13623613251394995.

To address the dearth of literature on outcomes for autistic individuals with significant intellectual disability, researchers require validated measures to use in research. This study examined the psychometric properties of PROMIS quality-of-life caregiver-proxy scales included in the PROMIS Autism Battery-Lifespan among autistic children who are minimally verbal and with intellectual disability (MVID). We examined basic psychometric properties of the PROMIS caregiver-proxy scales and tested the scales for measurement invariance between groups of autistic children who are minimally verbal with intellectual disability and those without signficant intellectuatl disability (N = 448). We also descriptively examined feedback from caregivers regarding the appropriateness of the questions to capture meaningful outcomes for their autistic children who are minimally verbal with intellectual disability. Results indicated that some PROMIS caregiver-proxy scales (Anger, Positive Affect, and Life Satisfaction) exhibited strong psychometric evidence and content validity, but many other scales either did not demonstrate measurement invariance between groups or included a high proportion of items endorsed by caregivers as not applicable for their minimally verbal autistic child. Our findings emphasize the need for continued work developing appropriate measures for capturing meaningful outcomes among minimally verbal autistic people with significant intellectual disability. Researchers need reliable tools to study outcomes for autistic individuals with significant intellectual disability. This study looked at the PROMIS caregiver-proxy scales from the PROMIS Autism Battery–Lifespan for minimally verbal autistic children with intellectual disability. These scales were made to capture aspects of quality of life important for people on the autism spectrum. We compared responses from parents of autistic children with and without significant cognitive and language issues and checked if the questions were suitable for children with high support needs. Results showed that some scales (Anger, Positive Affect, and Life Satisfaction) worked well, but others did not work as well for this group. Our study highlights the need to develop better tools to measure meaningful outcomes for autistic people with the highest support needs. eng.

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7. Kim M, Persch AC, Seo E, Oh H, Hong I. Association Between Oral Health Problems and Food Insufficiency Among Children With Developmental Delays. Am J Occup Ther. 2026; 80(1).

IMPORTANCE: Children with developmental delays face significant health challenges, including oral health problems, that disrupt dietary habits and contribute to food insufficiency. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between oral health problems and food insufficiency among children with developmental delays. DESIGN: Cross-sectional design using the 2022 National Survey of Children’s Health database. SETTING: National survey. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 1,483 children ages 3-17 yr with developmental delays. OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Food insufficiency was rated on a 4-point scale and oral health problems as problem present versus no problem. The ordinal logistic regression models were adjusted for child, health, and socioeconomic variables. RESULTS: Among participants, 26.2% had oral health problems. Oral health problems were significantly associated with food insufficiency (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.14, 2.60]). Poor maternal mental health (AOR = 4.14, 95% CI [2.24, 7.68]) and low-income households (AOR = 9.82, 95% CI [5.00, 19.36]) were strongly associated with food insufficiency. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Findings demonstrate that oral health problems, maternal mental health, and socioeconomic disparities are interrelated determinants of food insufficiency among children with developmental delays. Occupational therapists can address these issues through caregiver training and advocacy to enhance access to oral health and nutritional resources. Plain-Language Summary: Children with developmental delays frequently experience oral health issues, such as cavities and chewing difficulties, which are linked with poor nutrition and food insufficiency. Using national survey data, this study examined associations among oral health problems, maternal mental health, and family income in relation to food insufficiency. Findings indicate that food insufficiency was more often reported when children had oral health problems, particularly among families with low income or mothers with poor mental health. These results highlight the need for accessible dental care, caregiver support, and food assistance programs. Occupational therapists can support families by promoting oral health strategies, stress management, and resource connections to strengthen food sufficiency and overall health.

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8. Lobl M, Silver EJ, Muñiz E, Benenson B, Valicenti-McDermott M, Stein RE. Screen Time and Meeting Daily Health Recommendations in Children With and Without Autism. J Child Neurol. 2025: 8830738251392088.

ObjectiveTo describe daily recreational screen time of 6-17-year-old children with and without autism and association of >2 hours screen time per day with the likelihood of meeting Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations of 1 hour/day physical activity, sleep 9-12 hours/night for ages 6-12 years, 8-10 hours/night for ages 13-17 years, and body mass index (BMI) <85%ile.MethodsSecondary analysis of 2020 National Survey of Children's Health. Children were divided into 2 groups: autism and neurotypical. Parents reported 6-17-year-old children's weekday recreational screen time, physical activity, sleep duration, weight, and height. Variables were dichotomized: screen time ≤2 hours / screen time >2 hours and met / did not meet each CDC recommendation. Descriptive statistics, χ(2), and logistic regression were used. Data were weighted and adjusted for complex sampling.ResultsAmong 1030 children with autism and 24 205 neurotypical children aged ≥6 years, 68.6% vs 56.5% respectively had >2 hours of daily screen time (P = .001). More 6-12-year-olds with autism viewed >2 hours screen time daily (62.9% vs 48.0%, P < .001), but adolescents in the 2 groups did not differ. Those with autism and >2 hours screen time/weekday less often met CDC daily physical activity recommendation (16.2% vs 29.8%, P = .004), but this relationship held only among adolescents (11.0% vs 27.8%, P = .009). Among those 6-12 years old, with autism, screen time >2 hours/day was associated with a lower percentage with BMI ≥85%ile (22.2% vs 43.9%, P = .035). The autism group had no significant differences in sleep duration. In contrast, screen time >2 hours/day is associated with not meeting any of the guidelines among neurotypical children.ConclusionThese findings may have implications for counseling on realistic screen time habits.

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9. Mottron L, McGuire OL, Gagnon D. Autism-ness Does Not Exist, but Autism Does. Part 1: A Critic of the « Spectrum » Position Used to Describe, Diagnose, and Research Autism, and Its Alternative. Autism Dev Lang Impair. 2025; 10: 23969415251404764.

This article presents the historical roots of the dimensional perspective on autism, the epistemological and clinical critics of its assumptions and effects, and offers an alternative to it. Autism is increasingly being described as the « extreme far end » of a spectrum of traits distributed continuously and heterogeneously throughout the general population, and various comorbid neurodevelopmental conditions. This dimensional perspective, initially a response to the excesses of nominalism in the DSM, creates its own heuristic and clinical dead ends. In contrast with this dimensional paradigm, clinical experts recognize and diagnose prototypical autism based on the high similarity of specific clinical signs that are present during the preschool period. We propose viewing autism as a universal and evolutionarily stable, quasi-categorical possibility of human development, offering a prototypical presentation within a certain age range. We argue that prototypical autism needs to be further clinically described and scientifically investigated before anticipating the inclusion of nonprototypical presentations in an informative « autism spectrum. » To achieve this, instruments based on qualitatively defined signs, with weighted diagnostic value, and universally associated with clinical certainty, must be developed. In the meantime, we recommend that all clinicians suspend the use of DSM-5 clinical specifiers to focus on clinical certainty and the application of differential diagnoses, rather than on the diagnostic thresholds of DSM-5 and of standardized instruments.

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10. Page S, Easey KE, Sedgewick F, Rai D, Stergiakouli E, Parker RMA. Autistic traits and alcohol consumption through adolescence and young adulthood. medRxiv. 2025.

BACKGROUND: Contrary to previous findings, emerging studies support the increased likelihood of hazardous alcohol consumption in autistic adults when compared to neurotypical individuals. However, support services specifically for autistic people drinking hazardously are lacking. Examining the relationship of autistic features with alcohol consumption patterns longitudinally is essential to identify appropriate developmental points to offer support. METHODS: We investigated this using both phenotypic and genetic exposures measured in participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Our exposures included three measures of autistic traits (a broad autism phenotype measure, Social Communication Disorders Checklist score and polygenic score reflecting genetic liability for autism). Our outcome was alcohol consumption, measured across five timepoints between the ages of 17 to 28 years. We used multilevel piecewise linear spline analyses to model both the mean and 10 (th) , 50 (th) (median) and 90 (th) quantiles of alcohol consumption longitudinally. RESULTS: There was little evidence that genetic liability for autism influenced alcohol consumption. However, we found that individuals with higher autistic traits drank less at the mean and 10 (th) , 50 (th) (median) and 90 (th) percentiles of alcohol consumption compared to those with lower autistic traits. We did not find evidence of a relationship between social communication differences and alcohol consumption at the mean, 10 (th) and 50 (th) (median) percentiles. Conversely, there was evidence to suggest that individuals with greater social communication differences drank more at the 90 (th) percentile compared to those with fewer social communication differences. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that social communication differences are associated with increased alcohol consumption in heavy drinkers, and that the relationship between autistic traits and alcohol consumption varies dependent on how traits are measured. This may explain the plurality of previous findings. Further research is needed to develop a more nuanced understanding of these associations across subpopulations of autistic traits and alcohol consumption.

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11. Viscomi MP, Ziętek MM, Sampino S. Embryonic and placental factors are linked with the development of autism-like behaviors in the BTBR mouse model. Neuroscience. 2025; 593: 18-28.

Neurodevelopmental disorders arise from the interplay between genetic and maternal influences during prenatal life. Using the BTBR T(+)Itpr3(tf)/J (BTBR) mouse model of idiopathic autism and the C57BL/6J (B6) control strain, we examined how embryonic genotype and maternal environment interact to shape placental development, fetal growth, and postnatal behavior. Quantitative analyses of fetal and placental weights confirmed strain- and stage-specific growth restriction in BTBR conceptuses (n = 18-35 conceptuses from 3 litters per strain). Morphological assessment further demonstrated a substantial strain effect on placental layers, characterized by enlarged labyrinth compartments and reduced glycogen stores in BTBR placentas. Through reciprocal embryo transfers (n = 3 litters per strain combination), we found that maternal strain predominantly determined placental morphology: BTBR and B6 conceptuses developed placentas that mirrored the histological architecture of their foster mothers. In contrast, autism-like behaviors remained specific to BTBR offspring, regardless of the maternal strain, indicating a prevalent embryonic genotype effect on behavioral outcomes. Placental transcriptomic profiling (n = 4 conceptuses per strain) revealed an enrichment in lipid metabolism, nutrient transport, and extracellular matrix remodeling pathways. Together, these findings indicate that maternal factors primarily shape placental architecture, whereas embryonic determinants are linked with the development of autism-like behaviors in the BTBR mouse model. These insights advance our understanding of early-life determinants of autism and suggest placental metabolism as a potential target for early diagnosis of neurodevelopmental risk.

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12. Wang XN, Luo WW, Li HY, Zhang T. Application of neurobiofeedback therapy technology on social skills and emotion regulation in children with autism spectrum disorder. World J Psychiatry. 2025; 15(12): 111522.

BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social communication, restricted interests, and repetitive stereotyped behaviors. In recent years, the prevalence of ASD has continued to rise, with boys having a significantly higher incidence rate than girls. Children with ASD often have intellectual and language impairments, which seriously affect their social skills, emotional regulation, and daily life. Although traditional treatment methods have shown some effectiveness, they still have limitations in addressing social and emotional regulation. Neurobiofeedback therapy is a noninvasive, drug-free treatment method that helps individuals regulate physiological responses through feedback mechanisms, and it has shown potential in various psychological disorders and emotional regulation. However, there is limited research on the social skills and emotional regulation in children with ASD. Therefore, this study aims to explore the impact of neurobiofeedback technology on children with ASD through a retrospective cohort study, supplementing existing treatment methods and promoting a more comprehensive treatment of ASD. AIM: To investigate the effects of neurobiofeedback therapy on social skills and emotional regulation in children with ASD. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 92 children with ASD who were admitted to our hospital from January 2023 to June 2024. According to their different treatment plans, they were divided into a conventional group (conventional rehabilitation treatment; n = 43) and a combined group (conventional rehabilitation treatment combined with neurobiofeedback therapy; n = 49). The general characteristics, Aberrant Behavior Checklist scores, Chinese version of the Psycho-Educational Profile, Third Edition scores, Social Responsiveness Scale scores, Emotion Regulation Checklist scores, Social Communication Questionnaire scores, and the incidence of adverse reactions were compared between groups. RESULTS: After intervention, the Aberrant Behavior Checklist and Social Responsiveness Scale scores of the combined group were lower than those of the conventional group. In contrast, scores on the Chinese version of the Psycho-Educational Profile, Third Edition, Emotion Regulation Checklist, and Social Communication Questionnaire were significantly higher in the combined group than in the conventional group (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Neurobiofeedback therapy can effectively improve clinical symptoms, emotional regulation, and social skills in children with ASD.

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13. Wang XX. Maternal factors contributing to variability in gut microbiota and gastrointestinal function in autism spectrum disorders. World J Psychiatry. 2025; 15(12): 109906.

Autism spectrum disorder is a mental neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social deficits and repetitive behavior, and its development is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Furthermore, an important factor in etiology is the health status of the mother during pregnancy. Maternal health can critically affect the development of the offspring’s nervous system, including the central nervous system and enteric nervous system. Unfavorable maternal health can disrupt the normal development of the offspring’s nervous system in various ways, such as changes in microbiota composition. As one of the common comorbidities of autism spectrum disorder, no consistent conclusion has been drawn on how poor maternal health affects enteric nervous system and central nervous system development in offspring. From the perspective of maternal health, this review discusses how maternal status affects the gastrointestinal health of offspring and the development of mental systems to raise public awareness of maternal health and provide a new idea for eugenics and childbearing.

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14. Xu J, Bao C. Acupuncture enhances fatty acid catabolism and immune modulation in children with autism. Front Psychiatry. 2025; 16: 1679154.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition with limited effective therapies targeting its underlying biological mechanisms. Acupuncture has shown clinical promise in improving core ASD symptoms, yet its molecular effects remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the systemic mechanisms by which acupuncture exerts therapeutic effects in ASD, using an integrated plasma-based proteomic and metabolomic approach. Twenty children were enrolled, including 10 diagnosed with ASD and 10 age- and sex-matched typically developing controls. The ASD group received a 12-week standardized acupuncture intervention. Plasma samples were collected before and after treatment, and analyzed using data-independent acquisition-based LC-MS/MS for proteomics and high-resolution mass spectrometry for metabolomics. Differentially expressed proteins and metabolites were identified across healthy controls, pre-treatment, and post-treatment ASD groups, followed by pathway enrichment and integrated network analysis. Acupuncture significantly modulated biological pathways related to immune regulation, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, folate biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and fatty acid degradation. Notable differentially expressed proteins included CD59 and CD5L, ATP5F1A and ALDOC, and HYAL1. Metabolomic profiling revealed altered levels of lipids, lipid-like molecules, benzenoids, and folate-related metabolites, implicating changes in neurochemical balance and detoxification capacity. Fatty acid degradation pathways were also enhanced, suggesting a systemic metabolic shift toward an anti-inflammatory state. Integrating proteomic and metabolomic data, the results support a multi-system mechanism through which acupuncture restores immune-metabolic homeostasis, consistent with the holistic therapeutic framework of traditional Chinese medicine. The identification of candidate biomarkers such as CD59, ATP5F1A, and ALDOC offers potential tools for therapeutic monitoring and mechanistic insight. This study presents the first multi-omics evidence for the biological basis of acupuncture in ASD and provides a rationale for individualized interventions. These findings support future research integrating acupuncture with metabolic, nutritional, or immunological therapies. Larger-scale, controlled trials with functional validation of molecular targets are warranted to confirm these findings and guide clinical translation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://itmctr.ccebtcm.org.cn/mgt/project/view/896756278374891597/, identifier ITMCTR2025000067.

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15. Zeng W, Yin F, Song P, Wu Y, Zhao C, Wu G, Yu J. Adaptive Multi-Scale Dynamic Graph Representation Learning With Overlapping Community-Awareness for ASD Classification. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. 2025; 29(12): 8711-8.

In recent years, dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) has been widely employed for brain disease diagnosis. By leveraging the inherent topological characteristics of the brain, graph neural networks (GNNs) have emerged as prominent deep learning methods for utilizing dFC in this context. However, existing research has some limitations. Temporally, the conventional fixed-length sliding window approach often fails to capture the multi-scale temporal characteristics inherent in brain activity. Spatially, GNN-derived graph representations usually overlook the multi-network participation of brain regions. To address these limitations, we propose Ada-MST, an adaptive multi-scale spatio-temporal model utilizing multi-scale dFC for brain disease diagnosis. Our framework constructs personalized multi-scale dFC graphs that adapt to subject-specific temporal characteristics. Moreover, we introduce a novel overlapping community-aware readout module that incorporates the participation of brain regions in multiple functional networks, leading to more accurate graph-level representations. Experiments on ABIDE-I and ABIDE-II datasets demonstrate that our method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches. Visualization analysis further confirms the generalizability of the subject-adaptive graphs and their focus on disease-related brain activity. Furthermore, the fuzzy memberships revealed by our readout module indicate distinct patterns across diseases, suggesting the promise of considering functional community membership changes for exploring disease biomarkers.

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