1. Chevallier C, Wilson D, Happe F, Noveck I. {{Scalar Inferences in Autism Spectrum Disorders}}. {J Autism Dev Disord} (Feb 9)
On being told « John or Mary will come », one might infer that not both of them will come. Yet the semantics of « or » is compatible with a situation where both John and Mary come. Inferences of this type, which enrich the semantics of « or » from an ‘inclusive’ to an ‘exclusive’ interpretation, have been extensively studied in linguistic pragmatics. However, the phenomenon has not been much explored in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs), where pragmatic deficits are commonly reported. Here, we present an experiment investigating these inferences. We predicted that, as a result of the reported pragmatic deficits, participants with ASD would produce fewer inferential enrichments of « or » than matched controls. However, contrary to expectations, but in line with recent findings by Pijnacker et al. (Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 607-618, 2009), performances did not differ across groups. This unexpected finding is discussed in light of the literature on pragmatic abilities in autism.
2. Esposito G, Venuti P. {{Understanding early communication signals in autism: a study of the perception of infants’ cry}}. {J Intellect Disabil Res} (Feb 2)
Abstract Background Previous studies have highlighted that episodes of crying of children with autistic disorder (AD) were perceived as inexplicable from their parents who could not identify causative factors. These results supported the view of AD as related to a problem of expressing and sharing emotions. Moreover, no evidence has been presented on which characteristics of a cry episode influence the adult perception. Aim of our research is to investigate how acoustical features of crying episodes modulate their perception of infants with ASD compared with infants with typical development (TD) and infants with developmental delay (DD). Methods Two studies were employed. In study 1, we artificially modified structural parameters (fundamental frequency, duration of the pauses, waveform modulation) of a cry episode, and then 50 adults (parents and non-parents) were asked to judge the level of distress elicited. In study 2, acoustic analysis was applied to episodes of crying selected from retrospective home videos of 42 children with AD, TD and DD at 18 months. Results The results showed that (1) differences in the fundamental frequency and in other structural parameters of the cry lead parents and non-parents to perceive an episode of crying as more aversive and (2) at 18 months of age, AD episodes of crying have higher fundamental frequency (f0). Conclusion Our findings offer support for the hypothesis that acoustic characteristics of episodes of crying of children with autism, especially higher fundamental frequencies, may account for mental states of uneasiness in the listener.
3. Foley Nicpon M, Doobay AF, Assouline SG. {{Parent, Teacher, and Self Perceptions of Psychosocial Functioning in Intellectually Gifted Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {J Autism Dev Disord} (Feb 9)
Parent, teacher, and self-perceptions of 54 high ability students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were assessed through administration of the Behavioral Assessment Scales for Children, Second Edition. Parent reports resulted in clinically elevated scores on the Atypicality, Attention Problems, Depression, Hyperactivity, Withdrawal, Activities of Daily Living, Adaptability, and Social Skills subscales, and teacher reports resulted in clinically elevated scores on the Atypicality, Depression, Withdrawal, and Adaptability subscales. Self-report scores were in the average range. Parents and teachers of adolescents reported greater adaptability and fewer symptoms of atypicality than parents and teachers of children. Psychosocial functioning appears impacted in high ability students with ASD and developmental differences in severity may exist.
4. Guttmann-Steinmetz S, Gadow KD, Devincent CJ, Crowell J. {{Anxiety Symptoms in Boys with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or Chronic Multiple Tic Disorder and Community Controls}}. {J Autism Dev Disord} (Feb 9)
We compared symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and separation anxiety disorder (SAD) in 5 groups of boys with neurobehavioral syndromes: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) plus autism spectrum disorder (ASD), ADHD plus chronic multiple tic disorder (CMTD), ASD only, ADHD only, and community Controls. Anxiety symptoms were assessed using parent and teacher versions of a DSM-IV-referenced rating scale. All three groups of boys with co-morbid ADHD evidenced more severe anxiety than Controls. Group differences in anxiety varied as a function of symptom, disorder, informant, and co-morbidity supporting the notion that co-morbid neurobehavioral syndromes differentially impact clinical features of co-occurring anxiety symptoms. Findings also suggest that GAD and SAD are phenomenologically unique, even in children with ASD. Implications for nosology are discussed.
5. Semrud-Clikeman M, Walkowiak J, Wilkinson A, Butcher B. {{Executive Functioning in Children with Asperger Syndrome, ADHD-Combined Type, ADHD-Predominately Inattentive Type, and Controls}}. {J Autism Dev Disord} (Feb 6)
The purpose of the study was to evaluate neuropsychological and behavioral rating measures of executive functions (EF) in children with two subtypes of ADHD, Asperger syndrome (AS), and controls. Relative to the control group, the clinical groups experienced more difficulty in EF. The AS group showed the most difficulty in emotional control, behavioral regulation, fluid reasoning, and planning compared to the ADHD groups. Number of symptoms of ADHD or AS was found to be significantly related to ratings of difficulty with behavior regulation, metacognition, and general behavioral regulation across the sample. These findings indicate that children with AS or ADHD may have a differing EF profile and thus, may respond differentially to interventions.
6. Williams D, Happe F. {{Representing intentions in self and other: studies of autism and typical development}}. {Dev Sci} (Mar 1);13(2):307-319.
Abstract Two experiments were conducted to explore the extent to which individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), as well as young typically developing (TD) children, are explicitly aware of their own and others’ intentions. In Experiment 1, participants with ASD were significantly less likely than age- and ability-matched comparison participants to correctly recognize their own knee-jerk reflex movements as unintentional. Performance on this knee-jerk task was associated with performance on measures of false belief understanding, independent of age and verbal ability, in both participants with ASD and TD children. In Experiment 2, participants with ASD were significantly less able than comparison participants to correctly recognize their own or another person’s mistaken actions as unintended, in a ‘Transparent Intentions’ task (Russell & Hill, 2001; Russell, Hill & Franco, 2001). Performance on aspects of the Transparent Intentions task was associated with performance on measures of false belief understanding, independent of age and verbal ability, in both participants with ASD and TD children. This study suggests that individuals with ASD have a diminished awareness of their own and others’ intentions and that this diminution is associated with other impairments in theory of mind.
7. Wood L, Shepherd GM. {{Synaptic circuit abnormalities of motor-frontal layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in a mutant mouse model of Rett syndrome}}. {Neurobiol Dis} (Feb 4)
Motor and cognitive functions are severely impaired in Rett syndrome (RTT). Here, we examined local synaptic circuits of layer 2/3 (L2/3) pyramidal neurons in motor-frontal cortex of male hemizygous MeCP2-null mice at 3-4weeks of age. We mapped local excitatory input to L2/3 neurons using glutamate uncaging and laser scanning photostimulation, and compared synaptic input maps recorded from MeCP2-null and wild type (WT) mice. Local excitatory input was significantly reduced in the mutants. The strongest phenotype was observed for lateral (horizontal, intralaminar) inputs, that is, L2/3–>2/3 inputs, which showed a large reduction in MeCP2(-/y) animals. Neither the amount of local inhibitory input to these L2/3 pyramidal neurons nor their intrinsic electrophysiological properties differed by genotype. Our findings provide further evidence that excitatory networks are selectively reduced in RTT. We discuss our findings in the context of recently published parallel studies using selective MeCP2 knockdown in individual L2/3 neurons.
8. Zahorakova D, Jachymova M, Kemlink D, Baxova A, Martasek P. {{APOE {varepsilon}4: A Potential Modulation Factor in Rett Syndrome}}. {J Child Neurol} (Feb 5)
Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder mainly caused by de novo mutations in the MECP2 (methyl-CpG-binding protein 2) gene. There is considerable variation in the severity of clinical features among Rett syndrome patients, even among patients with the same MECP2 mutation. In addition to X-chromosome inactivation pattern, the genetic background of the affected individual might also have a role in determining the severity of the disorder. We suggest that APOE is one of the genetic modulating factors. We analyzed clinical phenotypes of 46 patients with Rett syndrome, with confirmed MECP2 mutation. We discovered that among epsilon4 carriers, some clinical features were more severe, and the developmental regression occurred 4 months earlier on average than in those without the epsilon4 allele. Earlier onset of regression suggests a possible trend; however, it did not achieve distinctive statistical significance. Nevertheless, the epsilon4 allele of APOE may serve as a candidate modulation factor for the Rett syndrome phenotype.
