1. Brugha TS, Spiers N, Bankart J, Cooper SA, McManus S, Scott FJ, Smith J, Tyrer F. {{Epidemiology of autism in adults across age groups and ability levels}}. {Br J Psychiatry}. 2016.
BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of autism in adults has relied on untested projections using childhood research. AIMS: To derive representative estimates of the prevalence of autism and key associations in adults of all ages and ability levels. METHOD: Comparable clinical diagnostic assessments of 7274 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey participants combined with a population case-register survey of 290 adults with intellectual disability. RESULTS: The combined prevalence of autism in adults of all ages in England was 11/1000 (95% CI 3-19/1000). It was higher in those with moderate to profound intellectual disability (odds ratio (OR) = 63.5, 95% CI 27.4-147.2). Male gender was a strong predictor of autism only in those with no or mild intellectual disability (adjusted OR = 8.5, 95% CI 2.0-34.9; interaction with gender, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Few adults with autism have intellectual disability; however, autism is more prevalent in this population. Autism measures may miss more women with autism.
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2. Hartini S, Hapsara S, Herini ES, Takada S. {{Usefulness of the CBCL/6-18 to Evaluate Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Indonesian Autism Spectrum Disorder/ASD Children}}. {Pediatr Int}. 2016.
BACKGROUND: The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) has been widely utilized to estimate emotional and behavioral problems in children in the USA and European countries. Though the Indonesian version of the CBCL/6-18 was proven to have good validity and internal consistency in typically developing children in Indonesia, it has not been utilized for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of CBCL/6-18 for detecting emotional and behavioral problems in Indonesian children with ASD in Indonesia. METHODS: One hundred and eight mothers of children with ASD and Typical Development (TD) were enrolled in this study. The diagnosis of ASD in Indonesia was made by expert child neurologists based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition, Text revised. The mothers of children aged 6-18 years completed the Indonesian version of child behaviors checklist (CBCL). RESULTS: The scores of total problems, internalizing, and externalizing were significantly higher in Indonesian children with ASD in Indonesia than those with TD. Children with ASD scored significantly higher in 7 of the 8 CBCL subscales (except somatic complaints) compared with TD children. CONCLUSIONS: The CBCL/6-18 could be considered as a useful tool for detecting emotional and behavioral problems in children with ASD in Indonesia in Muslim populations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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3. Jung CE, Strother L, Feil-Seifer DJ, Hutsler JJ. {{Atypical Asymmetry for Processing Human and Robot Faces in Autism Revealed by fNIRS}}. {PLoS One}. 2016; 11(7): e0158804.
Deficits in the visual processing of faces in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) individuals may be due to atypical brain organization and function. Studies assessing asymmetric brain function in ASD individuals have suggested that facial processing, which is known to be lateralized in neurotypical (NT) individuals, may be less lateralized in ASD. Here we used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to first test this theory by comparing patterns of lateralized brain activity in homologous temporal-occipital facial processing regions during observation of faces in an ASD group and an NT group. As expected, the ASD participants showed reduced right hemisphere asymmetry for human faces, compared to the NT participants. Based on recent behavioral reports suggesting that robots can facilitate increased verbal interaction over human counterparts in ASD, we also measured responses to faces of robots to determine if these patterns of activation were lateralized in each group. In this exploratory test, both groups showed similar asymmetry patterns for the robot faces. Our findings confirm existing literature suggesting reduced asymmetry for human faces in ASD and provide a preliminary foundation for future testing of how the use of categorically different social stimuli in the clinical setting may be beneficial in this population.
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4. Martinez-Cerdeno V. {{Dendrite and spine modifications in autism and related neurodevelopmental disorders in patients and animal models}}. {Dev Neurobiol}. 2016.
Dendrites and spines are the main neuronal structures receiving input from other neurons and glial cells. Dendritic and spine number, size and morphology are some of the crucial factors determining how signals coming from individual synapses are integrated. Much remains to be understood about the characteristics of neuronal dendrites and dendritic spines in autism and related disorders. Though there have been many studies conducted using autism mouse models, few have been carried out using postmortem human tissue from patients. Available animal models of autism include those generated through genetic modifications and those non-genetic models of the disease. Here, we review how dendrite and spine morphology and number is affected in autism and related neurodevelopmental diseases, both in human, and genetic and non-genetic animal models of autism. Overall, data obtained from human and animal models point to a generalized reduction in the size and number, as well as an alteration of the morphology of dendrites; and an increase in spine densities with immature morphology, indicating a general spine immaturity state in autism. Additional human studies on dendrite and spine number and morphology in postmortem tissue are needed to understand the properties of these structures in the cerebral cortex of patients with autism. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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5. Rizzo R, Pavone P. {{Aripiprazole for the treatment of irritability and aggression in children and adolescents affected by autism spectrum disorders}}. {Expert Rev Neurother}. 2016.
INTRODUCTION: Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic approved for the treatment of irritability and aggression in children and adolescents aged 6-17 years with autism spectrum disorder. AREAS COVERED: This review will discuss the drug profile as well as available studies of aripiprazole in individuals with autism spectrum disorder as documented in prospective randomized controlled trials. Expert Commentary: The heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorder has implications for assessing the effectiveness and safety of aripiprazole as it may not produce the same results in two individuals with the same diagnosis but different etiologies. Subgrouping of patients according to their overall presentation of symptoms may therefore be warranted. In addition, consideration should be given to the potential causes of irritability and aggression, such as coexisting medical conditions and environmental factors including inappropriate intervention of parents and teachers. In these cases, the identification of the underlying cause is important because the appropriate management.
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6. Stancheva I, Collins AL, Van den Veyver IB, Zoghbi H, Meehan RR. {{A Mutant Form of MeCP2 Protein Associated with Human Rett Syndrome Cannot Be Displaced from Methylated DNA by Notch in Xenopus Embryos}}. {Mol Cell}. 2016; 63(1): 179.
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7. Yoon Y, Wink LK, Pedapati EV, Horn PS, Erickson CA. {{Weight Gain Effects of Second-Generation Antipsychotic Treatment in Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol}. 2016.
OBJECTIVE: Irritability (aggression, self-injury, and severe tantrums) associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is often treated with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), which are well known for their associated risk of weight gain in youth. Recent reports suggest that youth with ASD treated with SGAs may suffer more pronounced weight gain than typically developing children. In this study, we present a comprehensive comparison of weight gain effects of five SGAs in a clinical population of youth with ASD. METHODS: We completed a subanalysis of demographic and treatment data describing 202 youth with ASD treated at two large, subspecialty psychiatry clinics. Included subjects were between 2 and 20 years of age and were treated with one of five SGAs (risperidone, aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, or ziprasidone) for up to 4 years. We calculated change in each participant’s body-mass index (BMI) z-score during the treatment period using a linear model where the dependent variable was change in BMI z-score and the independent variables were SGA used and duration of treatment. First, these models were run for each drug separately, then the SGA groups were run together to estimate differences between groups. We also adjusted these models for weight gain-attenuating concomitant medications. RESULTS: Treatment with risperidone, aripiprazole, and olanzapine resulted in statistically significant increase in BMI z-score (p = 0.03, 0.05, and <0.01 respectively). Ziprasidone and quetiapine were not associated with an increase in BMI z-score in this analysis (p = 0.47 and p = 0.11). Subjects treated with olanzapine showed a statistically significant greater increase in BMI z-score when compared with the other SGAs (all p-values <0.05). These results did not change when adjusted for multiple testing or weight gain-attenuating medication as covariate. CONCLUSION: Clinicians treating youth with ASD may be able to use this information to balance the risks and benefits of SGA treatment when managing ASD-associated irritability. Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
8. Zhang L, Sun Y, Chen F, Wu D, Tang J, Han X, Ye J, Wang K. {{Psychometric properties of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient in both clinical and non-clinical samples: Chinese version for mainland China}}. {BMC Psychiatry}. 2016; 16(1): 213.
BACKGROUND: The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) is widely used to quantify autistic traits, which have been evaluated in the parents of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and in the general population. This paper’s objective was to investigate the AQ’s psychometric properties of the Chinese version for mainland China and to establish whether the pattern of sex differences in the quantity of autistic traits exists. We also examined the usefulness of the AQ in differentiating between individuals with ASD, schizophrenia (SCH), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and healthy controls (HC). METHODS: In this study, the psychometric properties of the AQ were assessed in 1037 parents of children with ASD and in 1040 parents of typically developing children (TDC). Additionally, 32 participants with ASD, 37 patients with SCH, 38 OCD patients and 38 healthy controls (matched for age, gender and IQ) were assessed with the AQ. RESULTS: The internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the AQ and AQ subscales were within an acceptable range. Parents of ASD children scored higher than TDC parents on total AQ and AQ subscales, and TDC parents scored more than parents of ASD children on 2 items of 50. Fathers scored higher than did mothers on total AQ and four subscales, with the sole exception being the subscale attention to detail. The total AQ score of the ASD group was higher than that of the SCH, OCD and HC groups, and the total AQ score of the HC group was significantly lower than that of the SCH and OCD groups, with no differences being observed between the SCH and OCD groups. CONCLUSIONS: The Mandarin AQ demonstrated promising psychometric properties and was a reliable instrument for quantifying autistic traits in both clinical and non-clinical samples in mainland China.
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9. Zheng Z, Zhu T, Qu Y, Mu D. {{Blood Glutamate Levels in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis}}. {PLoS One}. 2016; 11(7): e0158688.
OBJECTIVE: Glutamate plays an important role in brain development, neuronal migration, differentiation, survival and synaptogenesis. Recent studies have explored the relationship between blood glutamate levels and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the findings are inconsistent. We undertook the first systematic review with a meta-analysis of studies examining blood glutamate levels in ASD compared with controls. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for studies published before March 2016. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) of the outcomes. Subgroup analyses were used to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity, and the publication bias was estimated using Egger’s tests. RESULTS: Twelve studies involving 880 participants and 446 incident cases were included in this meta-analysis. The meta-analysis provided evidence for higher blood glutamate levels in ASD [SMD = 0.99, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.58-1.40; P < 0.001] with high heterogeneity (I2 = 86%, P < 0.001) across studies. The subgroup analyses revealed higher glutamate levels in ASD compared with controls in plasma [SMD = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.58-1.50; P < 0.001] but not true in serum [SMD = 0.79, 95% CI = -0.41-1.99; P = 0.20]. Studies employing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) assays also revealed higher blood glutamate levels in ASD. A sensitivity analysis found that the results were stable, and there was no evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS: Blood glutamate levels might be a potential biomarker of ASD. Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
