1. Balogh R, Wood J, Dobranowski K, Lin E, Wilton A, Jaglal SB, Gemmill M, Lunsky Y. {{Low-trauma fractures and bone mineral density testing in adults with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities: a population study}}. {Osteoporos Int};2016 (Sep 9)
Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are at risk for low-trauma fractures. We investigated the rate of low-trauma fractures and the odds of BMD testing in adults with/without IDD. Adults with IDD were more likely to have a low-trauma fracture, but there was no difference in bone mineral density (BMD) testing rates. INTRODUCTION: Individuals with IDD are at increased risk for developing osteoporosis which contributes to high rates of low-trauma fracture. Low-trauma fractures can lead to significant pain and further decrease mobility. It is therefore important to effectively manage osteoporosis, for example, by monitoring BMD in persons with IDD. The objective of this study was to examine the rates of low-trauma fracture and BMD testing among a population-based cohort of people with IDD and compare them to those without IDD. METHODS: Using administrative data, we created a cohort of adults with IDD between the ages of 40 and 64. They were compared to a random 20 % sample of those without IDD. The number of low-trauma fractures and BMD tests in each group were determined for Ontario residents between April 1, 2009 and March 31, 2010. RESULTS: Adults with IDD were approximately three times more likely to experience a low-trauma fracture than adults without IDD. The largest disparity in prevalence of low-trauma fractures between those with and without IDD was for men, older adults (60-64 years old) and those living in rural or lower-income neighbourhoods. Post low-trauma fracture, there was no significant difference in the likelihood of receiving a BMD test between individuals with and without IDD. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study have a number of important implications related to early detection, prevention and proper management of osteoporosis and low-trauma fractures among persons with IDD.
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2. Carroll RA, Kodak T. {{Using Instructive Feedback to Increase Response Variability During Intraverbal Training for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {Anal Verbal Behav};2015 (Oct);31(2):183-199.
We evaluated the effects of instructive feedback on the variability of intraverbal responses for two children with autism spectrum disorder. Specifically, we used an adapted alternating treatments design to compare participants’ novel responses and response combinations during an intraverbal category program across conditions with and without instructive feedback. During instructive feedback, secondary targets were presented during the consequence event of the learning trial and consisted of a therapist’s model of response variability. The results showed that participants engaged in more novel response combinations during instructive feedback conditions. We discussed the clinical implications of these results as well as areas for future research.
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3. Cengher M, Shamoun K, Moss P, Roll D, Feliciano G, Fienup DM. {{A Comparison of the Effects of Two Prompt-Fading Strategies on Skill Acquisition in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders}}. {Behav Anal Pract};2016 (Jun);9(2):115-125.
Research has demonstrated that most-to-least (MTL) and least-to-most (LTM) prompting are effective in helping children with Autism Spectrum Disorders acquire a variety of new skills. However, when directly compared to one another, the efficiency and efficacy of the prompting procedures have been variable. The inconsistencies in the literature could be due to selecting prompt topographies that do not promote correct responding. To address this, the present study began by assessing different prompt topographies and then compared most-to-least (MTL) and least-to-most (LTM) prompt-fading with only prompt topographies that were potent enough to promote correct responding. The subsequent comparison of prompt-fading procedures revealed that MTL prompting was more effective and efficient than LTM prompting for all three participants. Further implications for practice and future research are discussed.
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4. Chebli SS, Lanovaz MJ. {{Using Computer Tablets to Assess Preference for Videos in Children with Autism}}. {Behav Anal Pract};2016 (Mar);9(1):50-53.
Using computer tablets, we assessed preference for videos in five children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Then, we provided access to most preferred and less preferred videos contingent on sitting on one of two chairs within a concurrent schedule design. All participants spent consistently more time sitting on the chair associated with the video selected the most often during the preference assessment, indicating that practitioners may use the tablet-based assessment procedure to identify potential video reinforcers for children with ASD in applied settings.
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5. Cheon KA, Park JI, Koh YJ, Song J, Hong HJ, Kim YK, Lim EC, Kwon H, Ha M, Lim MH, Paik KC, Constantino JN, Leventhal B, Kim YS. {{The social responsiveness scale in relation to DSM IV and DSM5 ASD in Korean children}}. {Autism Res};2016 (Sep 8)
The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) is an autism rating scales in widespread use, with over 20 official foreign language translations. It has proven highly feasible for quantitative ascertainment of autistic social impairment in public health settings, however, little is known about the validity of the reinforcement in Asia populations or in references to DSM5. The current study aims to evaluate psychometric properties and cross-cultural aspects of the SRS-Korean version (K-SRS).The study subjects were ascertained from three samples: a general sample from 3 regular education elementary schools (n=790), a clinical sample (n=154) of 6-12-year-olds from four psychiatric clinics, and an epidemiological sample of children with ASD, diagnosed using both DSM IV PDD, DSM5 ASD and SCD criteria (n=151). Their parents completed the K-SRS and the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire(ASSQ). Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses and principal components analysis (PCA) were performed on the total population. Mean total scores on the K-SRS differed significantly between the three samples. ASSQ scores were significantly correlated with the K-SRS T-scores. PCA suggested a one-factor solution for the total population.Our results indicate that the K-SRS exhibits adequate reliability and validity for measuring ASD symptoms in Korean children with DSM IV PDD and DSM5 ASD. Our findings further suggest that it is difficult to distinguish SCD from other child psychiatric conditions using the K-SRS.This is the first study to examine the relationship between the SRS subscales and DSM5-based clinical diagnoses. This study provides cross-cultural confirmation of the factor structure for ASD symptoms and traits measured by the SRS. Autism Res 2016. (c) 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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6. de Sonneville LM, Hidding E, van Engeland H, Vorstman JA, Sijmens-Morcus ME, Swaab H. {{Executive functioning and its relation to ASD and ADHD symptomatology in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome}}. {Child Neuropsychol};2016 (Sep 9):1-19.
Children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS; velo-cardio-facial-syndrome) are at risk for the developmental disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this study, the relation between executive functioning (EF) and the severity of ADHD and ASD symptoms is examined, since EF is known to be important in relation to emotional and behavioral problems. The participants consist of 58 children (38 females) with a mean age of 13.5 years (SD 2.6). Standardized assessment was used to evaluate the severity of ASD and ADHD symptomatology. The major aspects of EF, i.e., cognitive flexibility, inhibition, sustained attention, distractibility, working memory and reaction speed, were evaluated. The profile of EF in 22q11DS was found to be characterized by weaker performance compared to the norms on all subdomains of EF. Poor cognitive flexibility and inhibition, as well as high distractibility, were found to be related to more severe ASD symptoms, while poor quality of sustained attention and high distractibility were found to be related to more severe ADHD symptoms. It is concluded that children with 22q11DS experience impairments in EF, and that the degree of impairment on specific EF subdomains is related to the severity of ASD and/or ADHD symptomatology. These results may help in defining the mediating role of neurocognitive dysfunctions in the development of social and behavioral problems in 22q11DS.
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7. Deschrijver E, Wiersema JR, Brass M. {{Action-based touch observation in adults with high functioning autism: Can compromised self-other distinction abilities link social and sensory everyday problems?}}. {Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci};2016 (Sep 9)
Next to social problems, individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often report severe sensory difficulties. Altered processing of touch is however a stronger mediator of social symptoms’ severity than altered processing of for instance vision or audition. Why is this the case? We reasoned that sensory difficulties may be linked to social problems in ASD through insufficient self-other distinction centred on touch. We investigated by means of EEG whether the brain of adults with ASD adequately signals when a tactile consequence of an observed action does not match own touch, as compared to the brain of matched controls. We employed the action-based somatosensory congruency paradigm (Deschrijver et al., 2015): Participants observed a human or wooden hand touching a surface, combined with a tap-like tactile sensation that either matched or mismatched the tactile consequence of the observed movement. The ASD group showed a diminished congruency effect for human hands only in the P3-complex, suggesting difficulties with signalling observed action-based touch of others that does not match own touch experiences. Crucially, this effect reliably correlated with self- reported social and sensory everyday difficulties in ASD. The findings might denote a novel theoretical link between sensory and social impairments in the autism spectrum.
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8. Dixon MR, Belisle J, Stanley CR, Daar JH, Williams LA. {{Derived Equivalence Relations of Geometry Skills in Students with Autism: an Application of the PEAK-E Curriculum}}. {Anal Verbal Behav};2016 (Jun);32(1):38-45.
The present study evaluated the efficacy of equivalence-based instruction (EBI) as described in the PEAK-E curriculum (Dixon, 2015) for promoting the emergence of derived geometry skills in two children with high-functioning autism. The results suggested that direct training of shape name (A) to shape property (B) (i.e., A-B relations) was effective for both participants. Following A-B training, both participants demonstrated emergent relations that are consistent with symmetry (B-A), as well as emergent shape name (A) to shape picture (C) relations that are consistent with transitivity (A-C). The results expand on existing literature by demonstrating the emergence of an A-C relation when neither A nor B stimuli were ever trained to C stimuli and illustrate the efficacy of EBI for training geometry skills.
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9. Franchini M, Wood de Wilde H, Glaser B, Gentaz E, Eliez S, Schaer M. {{Brief Report: A Preference for Biological Motion Predicts a Reduction in Symptom Severity 1 Year Later in Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorders}}. {Front Psychiatry};2016;7:143.
Recent research has consistently demonstrated reduced orienting to social stimuli in samples of young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, social orienting greatly varies between individual children on the spectrum. Better understanding this heterogeneity in social orienting may contribute to our comprehension of the mechanisms underlying autistic symptoms thereby improving our ability to intervene. Indeed, children on the autism spectrum who show higher levels of interest in social stimuli demonstrate reduced clinical symptoms and increased adaptive functioning. However, longitudinal studies examining the influence of social orienting on subsequent outcome are critically lacking. Here, we aim to explore the relationship between social interest at the age of 3 and changes in severity of autistic symptoms over the subsequent year, in 20 children with ASD and 20 age-matched typically developing (TD) children. A visual preference for social stimuli was measured using an eye-tracking task at baseline, consisting of a previously studied visual preference paradigm presenting biological and geometric motion side-by-side. The task was altered for the current study by alternating presentation side for each type of stimuli to keep visual perseveration from influencing participants’ first fixation location. Clinical data were collected both at baseline and 1 year later at follow-up. As a group, we observed reduced interest for biological motion (BIO-M) in children with ASD compared to TD children, corroborating previous findings. We also confirmed that a preference for BIO-M is associated with better adaptive functioning in preschoolers with ASD. Most importantly, our longitudinal results showed that a preference for BIO-M strongly predicted decreased severity of diagnostic symptoms. Participants who preferred social stimuli at the age of 3 showed drastic reductions in their severity level of autistic symptoms 1 year later, whereas participants who preferred geometric stimuli showed autistic symptoms that were unchanged or more severe after 1 year. As a whole, our results suggest that a preference for BIO-M may be key to understanding the behavioral phenotype of young children with ASD, and may represent a promising candidate behavior for predicting early developmental trajectories and outcome.
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10. Kramer K, Gawronski A, Vogeley K. {{[Diagnosis and Therapeutic Interventions in Autism Spectrum Disorders in Adulthood]}}. {Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr};2016 (Sep);84(9):578-588.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by disturbed social interaction and communication as well as stereotyped or repetitive behaviors and interests. Although adults with ASD often acquire complex compensatory strategies that help them master social situations in a rule-based fashion, they still show impairments in intuitive processing of social signals and especially nonverbal communication in complex everyday situations. This constitutes a particular challenge for the psychotherapy of ASD. Psychotherapists are required to explicitly inform and act as an agent of the non-autistic world to enable patients to acquire the ability to take different perspectives. The overall aim of cognitive behavioral therapy interventions addressing ASD in adulthood is to extend the patients’ behavioral repertoire to improve their quality of life. Thus, besides psychoeducation on ASD and its frequently associated comorbidities, psychotherapy for adults with ASD should focus on the training and development of social-communicative skills. Furthermore, dealing with stress in everyday situations is an important aspect of psychotherapy of these patients.
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11. Leaf JA, Leaf JB, Milne C, Townley-Cochran D, Oppenheim-Leaf ML, Cihon JH, Taubman M, McEachin J, Leaf R. {{The Effects of the Cool Versus Not Cool Procedure to Teach Social Game Play to Individuals Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {Behav Anal Pract};2016 (Mar);9(1):34-49.
This study evaluated the utility of the cool versus not cool procedure for teaching three structured indoor games to eight children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The study took place as part of a social skills group for individuals diagnosed with ASD, and this study was one component of that group. The cool versus not cool procedure consisted of the teacher demonstrating each game the cool (i.e., appropriate) and not cool (i.e., inappropriate) way and having the participants provide a rationale as to why the demonstration was either cool or not cool. This was followed by giving the participants the opportunity to role-play the game in front of the group. The teachers utilized unprompted performance probes with no programmed reinforcement to create opportunities for the participants to display the targeted behavior (s). A multiple baseline design across behaviors and replicated across participants was utilized. The results indicated that seven of the eight participants mastered each of the games taught.
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12. Liu JA, Hagerman RJ, Miller RM, Craft LT, Finucane B, Tartaglia N, Berry-Kravis EM, Sherman SL, Kidd SA, Cohen J. {{Clinicians’ experiences with the fragile X clinical and research consortium}}. {Am J Med Genet A};2016 (Sep 8)
The objectives of the study were to assess the attitudes and experiences of clinicians involved in a consortium of clinics serving people with fragile X-associated disorders to gauge satisfaction with the consortium and its efforts to improve quality of life for patients and the community. An internet survey was sent to 26 fragile X (FX) clinic directors participating in the Fragile X Clinical and Research Consortium (FXCRC). Respondents were asked to complete 19 questions on consortium performance and outcomes relevant for their own clinic. The response rate was 84% (22/26), with two surveys providing incomplete data. Assistance with clinic establishment, opportunities for research collaborations, and access to colleagues and information were highly valued. Approximately 76% of clinicians reported improvements in patient care and 60% reported an increase in patient services. There was a 57% increase in participation in a FX-related clinical trial among clinics since joining the FXCRC (24% vs. 81%). Overall, respondents reported primarily positive experiences from participation in the FXCRC. Common suggestions for improvement included additional financial support and increased utilization of collected patient data for research purposes. Additionally, a Clinic Services Checklist was administered annually to examine changes in services offered over time. There were several important changes regarding the provision of services by clinics, often with multiple clinics changing with respect to a service. In conclusion, the FXCRC has led to the establishment and sustainment of fragile X clinics in the U.S., fostered cooperation among fragile X clinicians, and provided clinics with a platform to share recommendations and best practices to maximize quality of life for their patients and the overall fragile X community. The results from the survey and checklist also provide suggestions to strengthen the FXCRC and enhance future collaborations among FXCRC members. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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13. Liu S, Qiu S, Lu Y, Kanu JS, Li R, Bai Y, Zhu X, Lei J, Xu N, Yu Y, Liu Y, Jiang H. {{The rs251684 Variant of PLA2G4C Is Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Northeast Han Chinese Population}}. {Genet Test Mol Biomarkers};2016 (Sep 9)
AIM: To investigate the association between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the phospholipase A2 group IVC (PLA2G4C) and phospholipase A2 group XIIA (PLA2G12A) polymorphisms in the Northeast Han Chinese population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 68 family trios (children diagnosed with ASD and their unaffected parents) were enrolled. Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs9226, rs1045376, rs251684, rs2307279, and rs156631) in PLA2G4C and four SNPs (rs6533451, rs2285714, rs2285713, and rs11728699) in PLA2G12A were selected and genotyped. The association between the SNPs and ASD was analyzed using the transmission disequilibrium test. RESULTS: Our results showed a significant association between ASD and the rs251684 variant of PLA2G4C (transmitted/nontransmitted = 36/21, chi2 = 3.947, p = 0.047), but no association between ASD and the other eight SNPs investigated (all p > 0.05). Moreover, we found no preference in the transmission of haplotypes constructed for either PLA2G4C or PLA2G12A. CONCLUSION: The rs251684 polymorphism of PLA2G4C may be associated with ASD risk.
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14. Page J, Constantino JN, Zambrana K, Martin E, Tunc I, Zhang Y, Abbacchi A, Messinger D. {{Quantitative autistic trait measurements index background genetic risk for ASD in Hispanic families}}. {Mol Autism};2016;7(1):39.
BACKGROUND: Recent studies have indicated that quantitative autistic traits (QATs) of parents reflect inherited liabilities that may index background genetic risk for clinical autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in their offspring. Moreover, preferential mating for QATs has been observed as a potential factor in concentrating autistic liabilities in some families across generations. Heretofore, intergenerational studies of QATs have focused almost exclusively on Caucasian populations-the present study explored these phenomena in a well-characterized Hispanic population. METHODS: The present study examined QAT scores in siblings and parents of 83 Hispanic probands meeting research diagnostic criteria for ASD, and 64 non-ASD controls, using the Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2). Ancestry of the probands was characterized by genotype, using information from 541,929 single nucleotide polymorphic markers. RESULTS: In families of Hispanic children with an ASD diagnosis, the pattern of quantitative trait correlations observed between ASD-affected children and their first-degree relatives (ICCs on the order of 0.20), between unaffected first-degree relatives in ASD-affected families (sibling/mother ICC = 0.36; sibling/father ICC = 0.53), and between spouses (mother/father ICC = 0.48) were in keeping with the influence of transmitted background genetic risk and strong preferential mating for variation in quantitative autistic trait burden. Results from analysis of ancestry-informative genetic markers among probands in this sample were consistent with that from other Hispanic populations. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative autistic traits represent measurable indices of inherited liability to ASD in Hispanic families. The accumulation of autistic traits occurs within generations, between spouses, and across generations, among Hispanic families affected by ASD. The occurrence of preferential mating for QATs-the magnitude of which may vary across cultures-constitutes a mechanism by which background genetic liability for ASD can accumulate in a given family in successive generations.
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15. Papatola KJ, Lustig SL. {{Navigating a Managed Care Peer Review: Guidance for Clinicians Using Applied Behavior Analysis in the Treatment of Children on the Autism Spectrum}}. {Behav Anal Pract};2016 (Jun);9(2):135-145.
As autism rates increase, providers of applied behavioral analysis (ABA) services are more frequently engaging with managed care companies to discuss the medical necessity of treatment. In an effort to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of these reviews, we draw upon our experience as peer reviewers for a managed care company to guide ABA providers in discussions with managed care on behalf of their patients. In this article, we first provide an overview of the managed care peer review process. We then discuss the elements of medical necessity that managed care companies ask about during the review process. Finally, we review specific strategies that ABA providers can use during the process to optimize authorizations for payment for services. Throughout the paper, we provide sample dialogues between providers and peer reviewers based on our experience working for a managed care company along with specific recommendations that we hope will ensure a more collegial and effective peer review process for all involved.
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16. Pauwels AA, Ahearn WH, Cohen SJ. {{Recombinative Generalization of Tacts Through Matrix Training with Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {Anal Verbal Behav};2015 (Oct);31(2):200-214.
Foss (Journal of Experimental Psychology, 76, 450-459, 1968a; Journal of Experimental Psychology, 77, 341-344, 1968b) compared overlap and non-overlap instruction to promote recombinative response generalization using a matrix training procedure. In the present study, we used a similar set of procedures to teach tacting of kitchen items and prepositions (i.e., relational autoclitics) to three females ages 13-20, diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. We taught some kitchen items/prepositions as tacts (e.g., « the strainer is to the right of the box ») according to a non-overlap instructional sequence. Subsequently, we taught more combinations in an overlap instructional sequence. Each training procedure was followed by probes of untrained relations. Two participants demonstrated recombinative generalization of untrained combinations following the first non-overlap phase, while the third participant demonstrated some response generalization of untrained relations after a few additional training sequences. All three participants demonstrated generalized tacting of object components while two participants showed generalized tacting of preposition components.
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17. Puts NA, Wodka EL, Harris AD, Crocetti D, Tommerdahl M, Mostofsky SH, Edden RA. {{Reduced GABA and altered somatosensory function in children with autism spectrum disorder}}. {Autism Res};2016 (Sep 9)
Sensory (e.g., touch) abnormalities are common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In previous work we have shown that children with ASD have altered sensitivity to touch. This altered sensitivity is specific to tasks that involve filtering and habituation to touch. GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human brain, and plays a key role in encoding touch. Previous studies suggest that the GABA system is altered in ASD. Using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), it is now possible to measure GABA levels in the human brain. Recent MRS work suggests that GABA levels are reduced in ASD. In this study we investigated whether brain GABA levels are altered in ASD and whether changes in brain GABA levels can predict differences in tactile sensitivity. Our results suggest that GABA levels are reduced in sensorimotor areas, but not in occipital visual areas. Lower GABA levels are associated with less « filtering » of touch information, and are not associated with habituation in ASD, whereas they are in typically developing children. Further research is necessary to elucidate the specific GABAergic mechanisms altered in ASD. Our results suggest that reduced brain GABA levels could underlie altered tactile function in ASD, and that altered GABA function in ASD disrupts the link between GABA and behavior. Understanding the link between brain GABA and tactile behavior is an important step in understanding brain behavior links in ASD, potentially leading to future therapies to reduce the severity of sensory symptoms.
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18. Sellers TP, Kelley K, Higbee TS, Wolfe K. {{Effects of Simultaneous Script Training on Use of Varied Mand Frames by Preschoolers with Autism}}. {Anal Verbal Behav};2016 (Jun);32(1):15-26.
Young children with autism may fail to mand using a range of frames (e.g., « I want, » « May I have, » « Please give me »). We examined the effects of simultaneous script training and script fading on acquisition and maintenance of varied mand frames with six preschool children with autism. For participants who did not demonstrate increased mand variability under fixed-ratio (FR) 1 conditions, we assessed the effects of post script-training extinction on response variability. Following training of up to four different mand frames, three of six participants emitted more varied mands under FR1 conditions relative to baseline. Posttraining extinction resulted in increased mand variability for two of the three remaining participants. Results are discussed in terms of considerations for both establishing and ensuring the persistence of varied verbal behavior among children with autism.
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19. Smith DP, Eikeseth S, Fletcher SE, Montebelli L, Smith HR, Taylor JC. {{Emergent Intraverbal Forms may Occur as a Result of Listener Training for Children with Autism}}. {Anal Verbal Behav};2016 (Jun);32(1):27-37.
The purpose of the present study was to assess whether intraverbal behavior, in the form of answers to questions, emerges as a result of listener training for five children diagnosed with autism. Listener responses were targeted and taught using prompting and differential reinforcement. Following successful acquisition of listener responses, the intraverbal form of the response was probed. Data were evaluated via a nonconcurrent multiple-baseline design that included a control series. Results showed listener-to-intraverbal transfer for four of the five participants. One participant required additional teaching that involved tacting the items selected during listener training.
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20. Stevenson MT, Ghezzi PM, Valenton KG. {{FCT and Delay Fading for Elopement with a Child with Autism}}. {Behav Anal Pract};2016 (Jun);9(2):169-173.
Nearly half of children with autism have eloped from their caregivers. In assessing elopement, the initial functional analytic results of this case study found positive reinforcement in the form of attention and access to tangibles were the maintaining variables. Functional communication training (FCT) in combination with delay fading was utilized to increase communication and decrease elopement. Results indicated that communication was consistent, elopement remained low, and the child learned to wait.
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21. Sys M, A VDB, Roosens B, Lampo A, Jansen A, Wouters S, Keymolen K. {{Can clinical characteristics be criteria to perform chromosomal microarray-analysis in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders?}}. {Minerva Pediatr};2016 (Sep 8)
BACKGROUND: Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) has become increasingly important in the assessment of patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but is sometimes restricted to patients with specific additional characteristics or comorbidities. We aim to evaluate whether certain clinical characteristics could be criteria to perform CMA and also to investigate the diagnostic value of CMA compared to other genetic analyses in our patient population. METHODS: The files of 311 children diagnosed with ASD were retrospectively analysed. The retrieved clinical characteristics included: intellectual disability, major congenital anomalies, epilepsy, prematurity, familial history of ASD, EEG- and MRI brain-findings. Results of the genetic analyses, including CMA, were collected and statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: CMA was performed in 79 patients and was found to be normal in 55 (group 1) and abnormal in 23 children (group 2). We found no statistically significant difference between groups in the presence of the clinical characteristics. The diagnostic yield of CMA (8.9%) was higher than in conventional karyotyping (1.6%) and other genetic analyses (3.8%). CONCLUSION: In our study, there was no significant difference in the presence of clinical characteristics in patients diagnosed with ASD who had abnormal CMA results compared to patients with normal CMA results. Therefore, the presence of these characteristics should not be used as criteria to perform CMA. Secondly, the diagnostic yield of CMA is higher than that of other genetic analyses. Our study supports the general recommendation that CMA should be offered as a first-tier test in the assessment of patients with ASD.
22. Tyner S, Brewer A, Helman M, Leon Y, Pritchard J, Schlund M. {{Nice Doggie! Contact Desensitization Plus Reinforcement Decreases Dog Phobias for Children with Autism}}. {Behav Anal Pract};2016 (Mar);9(1):54-57.
Dog phobias are common in individuals with autism; however, evidence supporting behavioral interventions is limited. The current study evaluated the efficacy of contact desensitization plus reinforcement on dog phobic behavior exhibited by three children diagnosed with autism. The treatment package improved contact with dogs in analog and naturalistic settings and the improvements were maintained at follow-up and in generalization tests. Parents/caregivers also provided high consumer satisfaction reports.Approximately 30 % of individuals diagnosed with autism also receive a comorbid diagnosis of a clinical phobia.Research has shown that behavioral treatment for dog phobias in individuals with intellectual disabilities is contact desensitization plus reinforcement using two hierarchies: size of the dog and distance to the dog; no escape extinction was necessary.The current systematic replication shows that this treatment package was effective for children with autism using only a single hierarchy composed of distance to the dog.Future practitioners may wish to examine whether this treatment package also produces changes in supplemental physiological measures such as pupil dilation, heart rate, galvanic skin responses, and respiration.
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23. Veazey SE, Valentino AL, Low AI, McElroy AR, LeBlanc LA. {{Teaching Feminine Hygiene Skills to Young females with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability}}. {Behav Anal Pract};2016 (Jun);9(2):184-189.
Little applied research focuses on teaching feminine hygiene skills to females with disabilities, yet this is a common clinical concern. The current study demonstrates the use of chaining to teach two young females with autism spectrum disorder feminine hygiene skills. A nonconcurrent multiple baseline across participants was utilized, and the results indicate that both participants acquired the skill. Generalization probes with one participant indicated the skill generalized to novel stimuli.
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24. Vedora J, Conant E. {{A Comparison of Prompting Tactics for Teaching Intraverbals to Young Adults with Autism}}. {Anal Verbal Behav};2015 (Oct);31(2):267-276.
Several researchers have compared the effectiveness of tact or textual prompts to echoic prompts for teaching intraverbal behavior to young children with autism. We extended this line of research by comparing the effectiveness of visual (textual or tact) prompts to echoic prompts to teach intraverbal responses to three young adults with autism. An adapted alternating treatments design was used with 2 to 3 comparisons for each participant. The results were mixed and did not reveal a more effective prompting procedure across participants, suggesting that the effectiveness of a prompting tactic may be idiosyncratic. The role of one’s learning history and the implications for practitioners teaching intraverbal behavior to individuals with autism are discussed.
