1. Bello-Mojeed MA, Omigbodun OO, Bakare MO, Adewuya AO. {{Pattern of impairments and late diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder among a sub-Saharan African clinical population of children in Nigeria}}. {Glob Ment Health (Camb)}. 2017; 4: e5.
BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex group of neurodevelopmental disorders. Studies conducted among Africans living outside the continent indicate that African children are more likely than Caucasian children to have a late diagnosis of ASD. There is a dearth of information on this topic among children with ASD living in Africa. METHODS: To determine the pattern of impairments and age at diagnosis in ASD, sixty Nigerian children with a diagnosis of ASD were recruited from a neurodevelopmental clinic. DSM-V criteria were used to make a diagnosis of ASD, while a symptom checklist for ASD was used to determine the pattern of impairments in ASD. RESULTS: Ages of the children ranged from 2 to 17 years with a mean age of 9.45 +/- 4.33 years with the majority of them (75%) being 12 years or younger. All the children (100%) with ASD exhibited poor eye contact, difficulty in mixing with other children and inability to consistently respond to his/her name. More than a half of them (55%) lack verbal communication. Impairments that were uncommon are in the areas of object attachment (20.0%), odd postures (26.7%) and inappropriate facial expression (30.0%). Mean age at the observation of ASD features was 17.0 +/- 6.7 months. Mean age at diagnosis of ASD was 9.00 +/- 4.30 years. The mean time lag from a parental concern of ASD features to seeking specialist care was 85 months and to diagnosis was 91 months. CONCLUSIONS: Core symptoms/impairments of ASD are present in Nigerian children but a late diagnosis is common.
Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
2. Chien CW, Rodger S, Copley J. {{Differences in patterns of physical participation in recreational activities between children with and without intellectual and developmental disability}}. {Res Dev Disabil}. 2017; 67: 9-18.
BACKGROUND: Children with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) are at risk of experiencing limited participation in recreational activities, where they may be present but not physically engaged. AIM: To compare patterns of physical engagement in recreational activities between children with and without IDD. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Fifty children with IDD (26 boys, 24 girls; mean age 8.7 years) were matched for age and sex with 50 typically developing children. Parents completed a questionnaire which captured participation in 11 recreational activities involving hand use as an indication of physical engagement. OUTCOME AND RESULTS: More than 80% of children in both groups participated physically in eight recreational activities, but fewer children with IDD participated in six activities when compared with typically developing children. Children with IDD also participated less frequently in five activities and required more assistance to participate in all the 11 activities. Parents wanted their child with IDD to participate in 10 recreational activities with less assistance. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The difference between the groups related to participation frequency, independence, and parents’ desire for changes in their child’s participation. Greater efforts are needed to address these differences and to support recreational participation in children with IDD.
Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
3. Constantino JN. {{Taking stock of critical clues to understanding sex differences in the prevalence and recurrence of autism}}. {Autism}. 2017: 1362361317704414.
Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
4. Dewinter J, De Graaf H, Begeer S. {{Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Romantic Relationships in Adolescents and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {J Autism Dev Disord}. 2017.
This study compared sexual orientation and romantic relationship experience in a large sample of adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (n = 675) and general population peers (n = 8064). Gender identity was explored in the ASD group in relation to assigned gender at birth. Compared to general population peers, more people with ASD, especially women, reported sexual attraction to both same- and opposite-sex partners. About half of the participants with ASD was in a relationship (heterosexual in most cases) and most of them lived with their partner. A notable number of autistic participants, again more women than men, reported gender non-conforming feelings. Attention to gender identity and sexual diversity in education and clinical work with people with ASD is advised.
Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
5. English MCW, Maybery MT, Visser TAW. {{Modulation of Global and Local Processing Biases in Adults with Autistic-like Traits}}. {J Autism Dev Disord}. 2017.
Previous work shows that doing a continuous performance task (CPT) shifts attentional biases in neurotypical individuals towards global aspects of hierarchical Navon figures by selectively activating right hemisphere regions associated with global processing. The present study examines whether CPT can induce similar modulations of attention in individuals with high levels of autistic traits who typically show global processing impairments. Participants categorized global or local aspects of Navon figures in pre- and post-CPT blocks. Post-CPT, high trait individuals showed increased global interference during local categorization. This result suggests that CPT may be useful for temporarily enhancing global processing in individuals with high levels of autistic traits and possibly those diagnosed with autism.
Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
6. Ethridge LE, White SP, Mosconi MW, Wang J, Pedapati EV, Erickson CA, Byerly MJ, Sweeney JA. {{Neural synchronization deficits linked to cortical hyper-excitability and auditory hypersensitivity in fragile X syndrome}}. {Mol Autism}. 2017; 8: 22.
BACKGROUND: Studies in the fmr1 KO mouse demonstrate hyper-excitability and increased high-frequency neuronal activity in sensory cortex. These abnormalities may contribute to prominent and distressing sensory hypersensitivities in patients with fragile X syndrome (FXS). The current study investigated functional properties of auditory cortex using a sensory entrainment task in FXS. METHODS: EEG recordings were obtained from 17 adolescents and adults with FXS and 17 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Participants heard an auditory chirp stimulus generated using a 1000-Hz tone that was amplitude modulated by a sinusoid linearly increasing in frequency from 0-100 Hz over 2 s. RESULTS: Single trial time-frequency analyses revealed decreased gamma band phase-locking to the chirp stimulus in FXS, which was strongly coupled with broadband increases in gamma power. Abnormalities in gamma phase-locking and power were also associated with theta-gamma amplitude-amplitude coupling during the pre-stimulus period and with parent reports of heightened sensory sensitivities and social communication deficits. CONCLUSIONS: This represents the first demonstration of neural entrainment alterations in FXS patients and suggests that fast-spiking interneurons regulating synchronous high-frequency neural activity have reduced functionality. This reduced ability to synchronize high-frequency neural activity was related to the total power of background gamma band activity. These observations extend findings from fmr1 KO models of FXS, characterize a core pathophysiological aspect of FXS, and may provide a translational biomarker strategy for evaluating promising therapeutics.
Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
7. Franchini M, Glaser B, Wood de Wilde H, Gentaz E, Eliez S, Schaer M. {{Social orienting and joint attention in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders}}. {PLoS One}. 2017; 12(6): e0178859.
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) orient less to socially salient stimuli, such as dynamic social images, than typically developing children. In turn, this lack of social orienting is thought to impair affected individuals’ socio communicative development. Here, we aim to explore the relationship between time spent on dynamic social images and ASD behaviors, such as joint attention and communication, in preschoolers on the autism spectrum. In this study, social orienting is measured using eye-tracking during a task consisting of side-by-side presentations of dynamic social images and dynamic geometric images. The side of the screen where each type of video was presented alternated between items to avoid visual perseveration from influencing the location of participants’ first fixations. Visual exploration patterns recorded during the task from 33 preschoolers with ASD were compared with those of 27 typical developing (TD) children. Additionally, we quantified joint attention behaviors and used standardized parent reports to measure communication. We observed reduced orienting to dynamic social images in preschoolers with ASD compared to TD children. Also, ASD participants went to the dynamic social images less frequently for their first fixations. However, we observed great heterogeneity within the ASD group. ASD preschoolers who spent more time on the dynamic social images also presented more pronounced visual engagement with the dynamic social images (longer mean fixation duration and fewer saccades per second). Moreover, in the ASD group, more time spent on dynamic social images correlated with increased frequency of joint attention behaviors, which in turn correlated with improved communication skills. Our results support reduced social orienting in children with ASD, which correlated with their visual exploration patterns. Further, reduced orienting to the social world in young children with ASD is related to socio communicative deficits and should, therefore, be a focus of intervention programs as early as possible.
Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
8. Geier DA, Kern JK, Geier MR. {{Increased risk for an atypical autism diagnosis following Thimerosal-containing vaccine exposure in the United States: A prospective longitudinal case-control study in the Vaccine Safety Datalink}}. {J Trace Elem Med Biol}. 2017; 42: 18-24.
BACKGROUND: Thimerosal is an organic-mercury (Hg)-containing compound (49.55% Hg by weight) historically added to many multi-dose vials of vaccine as a preservative and still added to some vaccines today. Concerns about the toxic effects from Thimerosal-containing childhood vaccines and the risk of an atypical autism diagnosis were evaluated in this study. METHODS: A hypothesis-testing, prospective longitudinal, case-control study assessed exposure to Hg from Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccines (TM-HepB) among cases diagnosed with atypical autism (n=164) and controls (n=15,216). Automated medical records for subjects born from 1991 to 2000 and continuously enrolled in the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) database were examined. RESULTS: Cases diagnosed with atypical autism were statistically significantly more likely to have received greater overall and dose-dependent exposures to Hg from TM-HepB vaccines administered within the first month of life, first two months of life, and first six months of life than the controls. Similar phenomena were observed when cases and controls were separated by gender. CONCLUSIONS: Routine childhood vaccination is an important public health tool to reduce infectious diseases. The present study provides important epidemiological evidence significantly associating increasing Hg exposure from Thimerosal-containing childhood vaccines and the subsequent risk of atypical autism diagnosis, and suggests that Thimerosal should be eliminated from vaccines.
Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
9. Harrison AJ, Long KA, Tommet DC, Jones RN. {{Examining the Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender on Social and Behavioral Ratings Within the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule}}. {J Autism Dev Disord}. 2017.
The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) is widely used to assess symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Given well-documented differences in social behaviors across cultures, this study examined whether item-level biases exist in ADOS scores across sociodemographic groups (race, ethnicity, and gender). We examined a subset of ten ADOS items among participants (N = 2458). Holding level of overall ADOS behavioral symptoms constant, we found significant item level bias (measurement noninvariance) for race and ethnicity on three ADOS items. Item-level bias was not apparent across gender. Although the magnitude of bias was small, our findings highlight the need to reevaluate norms and operational definitions used in assessments to increase ASD diagnostic accuracy among culturally-diverse groups.
Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
10. Jozefczuk J, Kasprzycka W, Czarnecki R, Graczyk A, Jozefczuk P, Magda K, Lampart U. {{Homocysteine as a Diagnostic and Etiopathogenic Factor in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {J Med Food}. 2017.
Substantial characteristics of autism are cognitive and psychophysical disorders. Etiopathogenetic factors are thought to be responsible for development of autism in children with genetic predisposition as well as have their effect on the severity of the disorders. The main problem of early identification of patients affected by autism spectrum disorder is that there are no clear diagnostic criteria. The aim of our study was assessment of hair magnesium and serum homocysteine concentrations in children with autism. The presented work is a continuation of previous study in which we investigated the influence of disturbances in magnesium and homocysteine levels in children with autism, performed on a new, larger group of patients. One hundred and forty children had hair magnesium levels analyzed, as well as blood serum levels of homocysteine and magnesium. Hair magnesium analysis was performed using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer, blood serum homocysteine determination was performed using a radioimmunological method, and blood serum magnesium level was determined using a biochemical method. Our research showed normal magnesium blood levels and significantly high homocysteine levels and very low hair magnesium levels, low concentration of hair magnesium progresses with age. Our hypothesis is that magnesium deficiency, as a relevant epigenetic factor, might be decreasing methylation of homocysteine, therefore decreasing genome transcription and lowering the synaptic plasticity. We suggest that analysis of hair magnesium and serum homocysteine levels might be useful in identification of children with autism spectrum disorder, as well as control of its treatment. Obtained results and performed analysis might therefore justify supplementation of magnesium among children with autism.
Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
11. Pino MC, Mazza M, Mariano M, Peretti S, Dimitriou D, Masedu F, Valenti M, Franco F. {{Simple Mindreading Abilities Predict Complex Theory of Mind: Developmental Delay in Autism Spectrum Disorders}}. {J Autism Dev Disord}. 2017.
Theory of mind (ToM) is impaired in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The aims of this study were to: (i) examine the developmental trajectories of ToM abilities in two different mentalizing tasks in children with ASD compared to TD children; and (ii) to assess if a ToM simple test known as eyes-test could predict performance on the more advanced ToM task, i.e. comic strip test. Based on a sample of 37 children with ASD and 55 TD children, our results revealed slower development at varying rates in all ToM measures in children with ASD, with delayed onset compared to TD children. These results could stimulate new treatments for social abilities, which would lessen the social deficit in ASD.
Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
12. Shield A, Cooley F, Meier RP. {{Sign Language Echolalia in Deaf Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {J Speech Lang Hear Res}. 2017; 60(6): 1622-34.
Purpose: We present the first study of echolalia in deaf, signing children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We investigate the nature and prevalence of sign echolalia in native-signing children with ASD, the relationship between sign echolalia and receptive language, and potential modality differences between sign and speech. Method: Seventeen deaf children with ASD and 18 typically developing (TD) deaf children were video-recorded in a series of tasks. Data were coded for type of signs produced (spontaneous, elicited, echo, or nonecho repetition). Echoes were coded as pure or partial, and timing and reduplication of echoes were coded. Results: Seven of the 17 deaf children with ASD produced signed echoes, but none of the TD deaf children did. The echoic children had significantly lower receptive language scores than did both the nonechoic children with ASD and the TD children. Modality differences also were found in terms of the directionality, timing, and reduplication of echoes. Conclusions: Deaf children with ASD sometimes echo signs, just as hearing children with ASD sometimes echo words, and TD deaf children and those with ASD do so at similar stages of linguistic development, when comprehension is relatively low. The sign language modality might provide a powerful new framework for analyzing the purpose and function of echolalia in deaf children with ASD.
Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
13. Sim A, Vaz S, Cordier R, Joosten A, Parsons D, Smith C, Falkmer T. {{Factors associated with stress in families of children with autism spectrum disorder}}. {Dev Neurorehabil}. 2017: 1-11.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify key factors associated with severe stress in families raising a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS: Questionnaires were mailed to families with one or more children with a diagnosis of ASD. Data from 543 surveys were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Forty-four percent (n = 241) of the caregivers reported severe family stress related to raising a child with ASD. Severe family stress was associated with (1) reduced ability to socialize; (2) not having accessed individual therapy; (3) negative co-parent relationships; and (4) high out of pockets costs due to the child’s ASD. The specific ASD diagnosis, comorbid conditions, socio-demographic variables, and social support were not associated with severe family stress. CONCLUSION: The findings of the current study highlight the importance of a systemic approach to family stress, whereby individual, family, and ecological factors are investigated.
Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
14. Simon DM, Damiano CR, Woynaroski TG, Ibanez LV, Murias M, Stone WL, Wallace MT, Cascio CJ. {{Neural Correlates of Sensory Hyporesponsiveness in Toddlers at High Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {J Autism Dev Disord}. 2017.
Altered patterns of sensory responsiveness are a frequently reported feature of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Younger siblings of individuals with ASD are at a greatly elevated risk of a future diagnosis of ASD, but little is known about the neural basis of sensory responsiveness patterns in this population. Younger siblings (n = 20) of children diagnosed with ASD participated in resting electroencephalography (EEG) at an age of 18 months. Data on toddlers’ sensory responsiveness were obtained using the Sensory Experiences Questionnaire. Correlations were present between hyporesponsiveness and patterns of oscillatory power, functional connectivity, and signal complexity. Our findings suggest that neural signal features hold promise for facilitating early identification and targeted remediation in young children at risk for ASD.
Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
15. Tekola B, Baheretibeb Y, Roth I, Tilahun D, Fekadu A, Hanlon C, Hoekstra RA. {{Challenges and opportunities to improve autism services in low-income countries: lessons from a situational analysis in Ethiopia}}. {Glob Ment Health (Camb)}. 2016; 3: e21.
BACKGROUND: Little has been reported about service provision for children with autism in low-income countries. This study explored the current service provision for children with autism and their families in Ethiopia, the existing challenges and urgent needs, and stakeholders’ views on the best approaches to further develop services. METHODS: A situational analysis was conducted based on (i) qualitative interviews with existing service providers; (ii) consultation with a wider group of stakeholders through two stakeholder workshops; and (iii) information available in the public domain. Findings were triangulated where possible. RESULTS: Existing diagnostic and educational services for children with autism are scarce and largely confined to Ethiopia’s capital city, with little provision in rural areas. Families of children with autism experience practical and psychosocial challenges, including severe stigma. Informants further raised the lack of culturally and contextually appropriate autism instruments as an important problem to be addressed. The study informants and local stakeholders provided several approaches for future service provision expansion, including service decentralisation, mental health training and awareness raising initiatives. CONCLUSIONS: Services for children with autism in Ethiopia are extremely limited; appropriate care for these children is further impeded by stigma and lack of awareness. Ethiopia’s plans to scale up mental healthcare integrated into primary care provide an opportunity to expand services for children with autism and other developmental disorders. These plans, together with the additional strategies outlined in this paper can help to address the current service provision gaps and may also inform service enhancement approaches in other low-income countries.
Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
16. Thurman AJ, Kover ST, Ted Brown W, Harvey DJ, Abbeduto L. {{Noncomprehension Signaling in Males and Females With Fragile X Syndrome}}. {J Speech Lang Hear Res}. 2017; 60(6): 1606-21.
Purpose: This study used a prospective longitudinal design to evaluate the trajectory and predictors of noncomprehension signaling in male and female youth with fragile X syndrome (FXS). Method: A direction-following task in which some of the directions were inadequate was administered. Participants were 52 youth (36 boys, 16 girls) with FXS. Upon study entry, participants ranged from 10 to 16 years. The average number of annual assessments per participant was 3.65 (range = 1-4), providing 198 data points for analysis. Results: Participants with FXS were less likely to signal noncomprehension than younger, typically developing, cognitively matched children. The average rate of change in noncomprehension signaling was not significantly different from 0 for either boys or girls, suggesting a plateau. Both FMRP and nonverbal IQ were significant independent predictors of noncomprehension signaling for boys. Variability in noncomprehension signaling among girls was not explained by any of the predictors, but trends similar to those observed for boys were observed. Conclusions: Noncomprehension signaling appears to be an area of weakness for individuals with FXS. Because the failure to signal noncomprehension can have negative, cumulative effects on comprehension, the results suggest a need for interventions targeting the requisite cognitive skills.
Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
17. Volkmar FR, Jackson SLJ, Hart L. {{Transition Issues and Challenges for Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders}}. {Pediatr Ann}. 2017; 46(6): e219-e23.
Earlier detection and effective, evidence-based practices are gradually improving outcomes for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although some continue to need intensive support as adults, an increasing number are now going to college, becoming independent, and marrying. With the transition to adulthood, people with ASD will face a number of significant challenges. Health care providers who are knowledgeable about these challenges can help foster better outcomes and support those requiring higher levels of care. We summarize the challenges faced by youth with ASD as they transition into adulthood and note areas where more research is needed. [Pediatr Ann. 2017;46(6):e219-e223.].
Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
18. Williams DL, Siegel M, Mazefsky CA. {{Problem Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Association with Verbal Ability and Adapting/Coping Skills}}. {J Autism Dev Disord}. 2017.
Data from the Autism Inpatient Collection was used to examine the relationship between problem behaviors and verbal ability, which have generally, though not universally, been highly associated. In a comparison of 169 minimally-verbal and 177 fluently-verbal 4 to 20-year-old psychiatric inpatients with ASD, the severity of self-injurious behavior, stereotyped behavior, and irritability (including aggression and tantrums) did not significantly differ, when controlling for age and NVIQ. Verbal ability was not strongly related to the severity of problem behaviors. However, lower adapting/coping scores were significantly associated with increasing severity of each type of problem behavior, even when accounting for verbal ability. Interventions to develop adapting/coping mechanisms may be important for mitigation of problem behaviors across the spectrum of individuals with ASD.
