1. Bienkowski RS, Banerjee A, Rounds JC, Rha J, Omotade OF, Gross C, Morris KJ, Leung SW, Pak C, Jones SK, Santoro MR, Warren ST, Zheng JQ, Bassell GJ, Corbett AH, Moberg KH. {{The Conserved, Disease-Associated RNA Binding Protein dNab2 Interacts with the Fragile X Protein Ortholog in Drosophila Neurons}}. {Cell Rep};2017 (Aug 08);20(6):1372-1384.
The Drosophila dNab2 protein is an ortholog of human ZC3H14, a poly(A) RNA binding protein required for intellectual function. dNab2 supports memory and axon projection, but its molecular role in neurons is undefined. Here, we present a network of interactions that links dNab2 to cytoplasmic control of neuronal mRNAs in conjunction with the fragile X protein ortholog dFMRP. dNab2 and dfmr1 interact genetically in control of neurodevelopment and olfactory memory, and their encoded proteins co-localize in puncta within neuronal processes. dNab2 regulates CaMKII, but not futsch, implying a selective role in control of dFMRP-bound transcripts. Reciprocally, dFMRP and vertebrate FMRP restrict mRNA poly(A) tail length, similar to dNab2/ZC3H14. Parallel studies of murine hippocampal neurons indicate that ZC3H14 is also a cytoplasmic regulator of neuronal mRNAs. Altogether, these findings suggest that dNab2 represses expression of a subset of dFMRP-target mRNAs, which could underlie brain-specific defects in patients lacking ZC3H14.
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2. Chen H, Nomi JS, Uddin LQ, Duan X, Chen H. {{Intrinsic functional connectivity variance and state-specific under-connectivity in autism}}. {Hum Brain Mapp};2017 (Aug 09)
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition associated with altered brain connectivity. Previous neuroimaging research demonstrates inconsistent results, particularly in studies of functional connectivity in ASD. Typically, these inconsistent findings are results of studies using static measures of resting-state functional connectivity. Recent work has demonstrated that functional brain connections are dynamic, suggesting that static connectivity metrics fail to capture nuanced time-varying properties of functional connections in the brain. Here we used a dynamic functional connectivity approach to examine the differences in the strength and variance of dynamic functional connections between individuals with ASD and healthy controls (HCs). The variance of dynamic functional connections was defined as the respective standard deviations of the dynamic functional connectivity strength across time. We utilized a large multicenter dataset of 507 male subjects (209 with ASD and 298 HC, from 6 to 36 years old) from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) to identify six distinct whole-brain dynamic functional connectivity states. Analyses demonstrated greater variance of widespread long-range dynamic functional connections in ASD (P < 0.05, NBS method) and weaker dynamic functional connections in ASD (P < 0.05, NBS method) within specific whole-brain connectivity states. Hypervariant dynamic connections were also characterized by weaker connectivity strength in ASD compared with HC. Increased variance of dynamic functional connections was also related to ASD symptom severity (ADOS total score) (P < 0.05), and was most prominent in connections related to the medial superior frontal gyrus and temporal pole. These results demonstrate that greater intraindividual dynamic variance is a potential biomarker of ASD. Hum Brain Mapp, 2017. (c) 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
3. Hu Y, Masamune K. {{Flexible laser endoscope for minimally invasive photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) toward efficient tumor removal}}. {Opt Express};2017 (Jul 10);25(14):16795-16812.
Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) provides valuable assistance in distinguishing tumor from the normal tissue using fluorescent colors. These colors are affected by the illumination and the photosensitizer, and PDD may be applied during operation. After the diagnosis, photodynamic therapy (PDT) could destroy tiny lesion without removing the tissue, something that considerably reduces the possibility of tumor recurrence. However, the present endoscope technologies cannot realize PDD and PDT using the same endoscope. The use of different endoscopes presents three main disadvantages. First, the intra-operation diagnosis cannot be realized unless endoscopes are the different during operation; use of different endoscopes further burdens of the surgeon and the patients. Second, it is very difficult to find the exact same area via the PDT endoscope, one that is confirmed as tumor or cancer by the PDD endoscope, when different endoscopes are used just as present applied. Third, the laser irradiation field cannot be controlled with present technologies, something that may hurt the surrounding healthy tissue or blood vessels, thus leading to serious complications. To resolve the above-mentioned problems, we propose a new flexible laser endoscope, which integrates PDD and PDT, and provides a controllable laser irradiation field for the surgeon. Experimental results proved that the resolution of both diagnosis and therapy images were five times higher than that of standard laparoscopy, the laser power density was high enough for PDT for a distance of 20 to 50 mm away from the target tumor, and the position accuracy of the presented system was half of the required errors. Moreover, the in-vitro experiments further verified the effectiveness of the laser endoscope system. Therefore, this new flexible laser endoscope is potentially suitable for future in-vivo experiments or clinical applications.
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4. Kamimura-Nishimura K, Froehlich T, Chirdkiatgumchai V, Adams R, Fredstrom B, Manning P. {{Autism spectrum disorders and their treatment with psychotropic medications in a nationally representative outpatient sample: 1994-2009}}. {Ann Epidemiol};2017 (Jul);27(7):448-453.e441.
PURPOSE: No prior studies have assessed change in health care provider-coded rates of Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnoses over time, and few have investigated sociodemographic factors associated with having an ASD diagnosis, having behavioral conditions comorbid with ASD, or using psychotropic medications for this group. METHODS: We used data from the 1994-2009 National (Hospital) Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys for children aged 2-18 years (n = 158,488). RESULTS: Rates of visits with coded-ASD per 100 outpatient medical visits increased from 0.04% to 0.82% from 1994 to 2009. Factors associated with an ASD diagnosis included male gender, lack of private insurance, white race, and later study period. The most frequent comorbid behavioral diagnoses were ADHD, anxiety, disruptive behavior, and mood disorders. Older age was linked to an increased likelihood of having a comorbid behavioral diagnosis and using psychotropic medications. Geographic region was also associated with having a comorbid behavioral diagnosis, and psychotropic use was linked to have a behavioral comorbidity. Comorbidities with the highest rates of psychotropic use were ADHD, mood, and anxiety disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric outpatient visits with an ASD diagnosis have increased dramatically from 1994 to 2009. Further study is needed to determine the reasons for the observed sociodemographic disparities in ASD diagnosis.
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5. Lei J, Ventola P. {{Pivotal response treatment for autism spectrum disorder: current perspectives}}. {Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat};2017;13:1613-1626.
Pivotal response treatment (PRT) is an evidence-based behavioral intervention based on applied behavior analysis principles aimed to improve social communication skills in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). PRT adopts a more naturalistic approach and focuses on using a number of strategies to help increase children’s motivation during intervention. Since its conceptualization, PRT has received much empirical support for eliciting therapeutic gains in greater use of functional social communication skills in individuals with ASD. Building upon the empirical evidence supporting PRT, recent advancements have increasingly turned to using interdisciplinary research integrating neuroimaging techniques and behavioral measures to help identify objective biomarkers of treatment, which have two primary purposes. First, neuroimaging results can help characterize how PRT may elicit change, and facilitate partitioning of the heterogeneous profiles of neural mechanisms underlying similar profile of behavioral changes observed over PRT. Second, neuroimaging provides an objective means to both map and track how biomarkers may serve as reliable and sensitive predictors of responder profiles to PRT, assisting clinicians to identify who will most likely benefit from PRT. Together, a better understanding of both mechanisms of change and predictors of responder profile will help PRT to serve as a more precise and targeted intervention for individuals with ASD, thus moving towards the goal of precision medicine and improving quality of care. This review focuses on the recent emerging neuroimaging evidences supporting PRT, offering current perspectives on the importance of interdisciplinary research to help clinicians better understand how PRT works and predict who will respond to PRT.
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6. Singh R, Turner RC, Nguyen L, Motwani K, Swatek M, Lucke-Wold BP, Qaiser R. {{Corrigendum to « Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury and Autism: Elucidating Shared Mechanisms »}}. {Behav Neurol};2017;2017:5652160.
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2016/8781725.].
