1. Aiyeolemi AA, Amaeze OU, Okugbeni V, Kehinde O, Adeleke AF, Barner JC. Nigerian Hospital and Community Pharmacists’ Knowledge, Awareness, and Perceptions of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Health Serv Insights. 2024; 17: 11786329241299314.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacists can play a role in enhancing treatment outcomes of autistic people, but they must possess sufficient knowledge and awareness of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Current evidence is scant among Nigerian pharmacists. The objectives of this study were to: (1) Describe and compare Nigerian hospital and community pharmacists’ ASD knowledge, awareness, and perceptions; (2) Determine if there is a significant correlation between ASD knowledge, awareness, and perceptions; (3) Determine if demographic and practice-related factors are significantly related to pharmacists’ ASD awareness. METHOD: Hospital and community pharmacists were administered a self-report survey to assess ASD knowledge and awareness, as well as confidence in caring for autistic people, and perceived benefits of ASD training and care. Data were collected from August to December 2021 and analyzed using inferential and descriptive statistics. Cronbach’s alphas were used to assess reliability. RESULTS: Of respondents, (Total N = 383; N = 201 hospital pharmacists from various states) and N = 182 community pharmacists in Lagos state) community pharmacists had significantly higher mean knowledge than hospital pharmacists (58.10% ± 19.00% vs 53.20% ± 20.10%; P = .016). Overall mean awareness score was 2.90 ± 0.80, with no significant difference between community and hospital pharmacists (P = .096). Perception regarding ASD continuing education (CE) was strongly correlated with the perceived benefits of pharmacy services to autistic people in Nigeria (r = .69; P < .0001). Additionally, awareness was positively correlated with knowledge (r = .47, P < .0001) and perceived confidence in ASD medication counseling (r = .54, P < .0001). Multivariate analysis revealed that being a hospital pharmacist, having courses on ASD during pharmacy degree programs, undergoing ASD CE, and having <5 years of practice experience were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with higher ASD awareness. CONCLUSION: Respondents had suboptimal knowledge and awareness of ASD. Including ASD in the pharmacy curriculum and providing CE programs may help improve pharmacists' ability to provide more optimal patient care services for autistic people.

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2. Aleman-Tovar J, Burke MM, Monárrez E, Zaldivar NE. Examining the effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability of an advocacy program for Latinx families of transition-aged autistic youth. Autism. 2024: 13623613241292159.

To support Latinx families of autistic youth navigate school-based transition services and adult disability services, we provided a family advocacy program entitled, ASISTIR (Apoyando a nueStros hIjo/as con autiSmo obTener servIcios de tRansición; Supporting our Children with Autism to Obtain Transition Services). The ASISTIR program consisted of six, two-hour sessions and included the following topics: school-based transition planning, person-centered planning, Supplemental Security Income, Vocational Rehabilitation, and Home and Community-Based Medicaid Waiver. Twenty-nine Latinx family members completed the cohort-based ASISTIR program. After participating family members demonstrated increased knowledge of school-based transition planning and adult disability services. Participants also demonstrated increased empowerment and advocacy.

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3. Berman L, Onyema I, Bieber E. Letter: Mirtazapine-Associated Hyperkinetic Movements in a 17-Year-Old with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Chronic Catatonia: A Case Report. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2024.

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4. Bertelli MO, Paletti F, Piva Merli M, Hassiotis A, Bianco A, Lassi S. Eating and feeding disorders in adults with intellectual developmental disorder with and without autism spectrum disorder. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2024.

BACKGROUND: The present observational cross-sectional study aimed at investigating the prevalence of feeding and eating disorders (FEEDs) in adults with intellectual disability (ID)/intellectual developmental disorder (IDD) with or without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and specific problem behaviours (PBs). METHODS: Two hundred six adults with ID/IDD consecutively attending residential and rehabilitative facilities, 59.2% of which had co-occurring ASD, were assessed for presence of FEEDs by a structured interview specifically developed for the study and Diagnostic Manual – Intellectual Disability criteria. RESULTS: The 4.3% of the sample fully met the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa, 6.7% for bulimia nervosa (BN) and 22.8% for binge eating disorder (BED). Furthermore, at least one observable symptom of these disorders was found in higher percentages of the sample. A higher prevalence of FEEDs was found in ID/IDD plus ASD than in ID/IDD alone. PBs were also significantly higher in participants with co-occurring ASD and had a positive correlation with the number of FEED symptoms, especially for BN and BED. CONCLUSIONS: The study enriches previous literature and considers novel aspects such as the behavioural/observable presentation of symptoms as well as the association with ASD and PBs. These issues deserve a specific consideration within standard psychiatric assessment and future research, especially in persons with major communication and/or cognitive difficulties.

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5. Cao J, Wang J, Shi B, Ma X, Wu W, Wang N. [DDX5-Targeting Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Regulates the Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway to Promote Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2024; 55(5): 1138-49.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) in promoting cell migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer (BC) and the potential mechanisms involved. METHODS: The mRNA and protein expressions of FMRP in MCF-10A, a normal human breast epithelial cell line, and four breast cancer cell lines, including MCF-7, BT474, MDA-MB-231, and HCC1937, were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blot. The expression of FMRP in BC tissues was measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC). FMRP expression in BC and its relationship with clinical prognosis were analyzed using GEO database. Lentiviral infection and siRNA interference were used to construct FMRP overexpression and interference vectors, respectively, and the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was subsequently transfected. A Control group, an interference empty vector group (the NC group), a knockdown vector group (the siFMRP group), an overexpression empty vector group (the Lv-NC group), and an overexpression vector group (the Lv-FMRP group) were set up. The migration and invasion abilities of the cells were assessed by scratch assay and Transwell assay. The expression of EMT markers, including E-cadherin, an epithelial marker, N-cadherin, an mesenchymal markers, vimentin, zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), and snail family zinc finger 2 (Slug), in the cells of each group was determined by Western blot. The interaction between FMRP and DEAD-box RNA helicase-5 (DDX5) protein was analyzed by immunocoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry (IP-MS). The regulatory effect of FMRP on DDX5 protein expression was assessed using the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) and proteasome inhibitor MG132. In addition, transfection with siDDX5 vector was conducted to observe whether DDX5 could reverse the effects of FMRP overexpression on cell migration and EMT. The localization and expression of β-catenin were determined by immunofluorescence staining, and the expression of core markers of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was examined by Western blot. RESULTS: FMRP was highly expressed in BC tissues and cells (P<0.05), and overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) of the FMRP high expression group were significantly lower than those of the FMRP low expression group (P<0.05). The migration ability of MCF-7 cells was weakened after FMRP knockdown, while overexpression of FMRP promoted cell migration (P<0.05). After FMRP knockdown, the expression of E-cadherin was increased, while the expression levels of N-cadherin, vimentin, ZEB1, and Slug were decreased, which inhibited the occurrence of EMT. In contrast, the overexpression of FMRP promoted the EMT process (P<0.05). FMRP interacted with DDX5 protein and promoted DDX5 protein stability by blocking the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. DDX5 knockdown reversed the effect of FMRP overexpression to promote cell migration and EMT (P<0.05), effectively inhibited β-catenin nuclear translocation, and decreased β-catenin nuclear distribution. Furthermore, it was found that the expression of p-β-catenin, GSK3β and Axin2 protein was increased and the expression of C-myc protein was decreased after DDX5 downregulation (P<0.05). On the other hand, the expression of these proteins was reversed by combined FMRP overexpression (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: FMRP targets DDX5 and promotes BC cell migration and EMT via the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

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6. Chen QX, Chen Q, Zhai K, Chen HT, Wu YL, Liu JM, Jin Y. Inefficient and unique processing of social-emotional interference in school-aged children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2024; 15: 1412533.

INTRODUCTION: Interest is growing in investigating the ability of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to process social information under conflicting and complex environments. However, few studies have employed objective behavioral measures to directly explore the underlying profile of social-emotional interference control. METHODS: In the current study, 53 children with ASD and 53 typically developing (TD) control, aged 6-12 years, completed a set of modified flanker tasks involving arrows, schematic faces, same real faces (with facial interference by the same person), and different real faces (with facial interference by different people), respectively. Response time in incongruent (RT(Inc)) and congruent conditions (RT(Con)), percentage of errors in incongruent (%Error(Inc)) and congruent conditions (%Error(Con)), and flanker effect calculated by ΔRT = (RT(Inc) – RT(Con))/RT(Con) and Δ%Error = %Error(Inc) – %Error(Con) were used as outcome metrics. RESULTS: We obtained three major results: (1) the ASD group had longer RT(Inc) and RT(Con) compared to the TD group in the arrow, schematic-face, and same real-face tasks; (2) compared with the performance in the arrow flanker task, both groups exhibited longer RTs and reduced ΔRTs in the same real-face task; however, in the schematic-face task, longer RT and reduced ΔRT were exhibited in the TD group, but not in the ASD group; and (3) in the different real-face task, ASD group had higher %Error than the TD group, and %Error was negatively correlated with RT only in the ASD group. CONCLUSION: The current study delineates the inefficient processing of social-emotional interference in school-aged children with ASD and further suggests that these children might adopt a relatively optimized strategy like symbolization when dealing with emotional conflict. However, such compensatory cognitive strategies may be exhausted along with the increase in information load. These findings provide new perspectives of considering the difference more than difficulty in the cognitive profile of ASD, which will benefit the development of targeted behavioral interventions.

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7. Erdogan MA, Akbulut MC, Altuntaş İ, Tomruk C, Uyanıkgil Y, Erbaş O. Amelioration of propionic acid-induced autism-like behaviors in rats by fenofibrate: A focus on reduction of brain galectin-3 levels. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2024.

INTRODUCTION: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interactions and repetitive behaviors. This study examines the effects of fenofibrate on a propionic acid (PPA)-induced rat model of ASD, focusing on behavioral changes, inflammatory markers, and histological findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: a control group, a group receiving PPA and saline, and a group treated with PPA and fenofibrate for 15 days. Behavioral assessments, including the three-chamber sociability test, open-field test, and passive avoidance learning, were conducted. Biochemical analyses measured TNF-α, NGF, IL-17, IL-2, and galectin-3 levels in brain tissues. Histological evaluations focused on Purkinje neuron counts in the cerebellum and neuronal changes in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, along with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels. RESULTS: Fenofibrate treatment significantly improved behavioral outcomes, reducing autism-like behaviors compared to the PPA/saline group. Biochemically, the PPA/saline group showed elevated levels of malondialdehyde, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-17, and galectin-3, which were reduced following fenofibrate treatment. Histologically, the PPA/saline group exhibited fewer, dysmorphic Purkinje neurons and increased glial activity in the CA1 region, both of which were ameliorated by fenofibrate treatment. CONCLUSION: Fenofibrate shows promise in mitigating autism-like behaviors in a rat model of ASD, likely due to its antioxidative and neuroprotective properties, which contribute to preserving neuronal integrity and reducing inflammation.

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8. Finn A, Shah P, de la Rosa S, Teufel C, von dem Hagen E. The influence of body posture on facial expression perception in Autism. Sci Rep. 2024; 14(1): 27655.

Facial expression perception is influenced by body posture, with perception biased toward the body emotion. Previous research has suggested that the magnitude of this biasing influence of body posture is driven by individual differences in the precision of facial expression representations underlying discrimination abilities, where lower precision leads to a greater influence of body posture. It is unclear however whether similar mechanisms might drive the influence of contextual cues in Autism, which is often characterised by reduced facial expression discrimination abilities. Here, we addressed this question by using online psychophysical methods to determine the precision of isolated face and body expression representations of anger and disgust, and the influence of body on facial expression perception, in autistic and non-autistic adults. Both groups showed a strong influence of body context on facial expression perception, but this influence was larger in the autistic group, mirroring their lower overall precision of facial expression representations relative to non-autistic individuals. Crucially, the magnitude of the biasing influence of body posture in both groups was related to the precision of individuals’ facial expression representations. The results suggest that similar principles govern the integration of facial expression and body posture information in both autistic and non-autistic individuals.

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9. Fournier C, Michelon C, Granit V, Audoyer P, Bernardot A, Picot MC, Kheddar A, Baghdadli A. Pilot study protocol evaluating the impact of telerobotics interactions with autistic children during a Denver intervention on communication skills using single-case experimental design. BMJ Open. 2024; 14(11): e084110.

INTRODUCTION: For several years, studies have been conducted on the contribution of social robots as an intervention tool for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). One of the early intervention models recommended by the French National Authority for Health is the Early Start Denver Model, an individualised, intensive programme based on play activities chosen by the child. While studies published in recent years suggest that robots provide benefits for autistic children in learning social interactions within a clinical setting, there is no scientific consensus on the widespread contribution and maintenance of their effects over time. On the other hand, a robotic solution controlled directly by a practitioner (ie, on-site telepresence system) enables greater adaptability to children’s responses and choices during interventions. We believe that such a solution would enable better assessment of progress in the fundamental skills of expressive communication and imitation as well as greater engagement during interventions. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a prospective, monocentric, descriptive and evaluative pilot study based on single-case experimental design (SCED) methodology. The study will recruit eight children diagnosed with ASD aged between 2 and 5 years. The intervention will take place 15 min after the usual weekly care. The SCED methodology is constructed in three stages: (A) 4 weekly sessions at baseline without the robot, (B) 9 weekly sessions with intervention modification using a social robot as cotherapist and (C) 4 weekly sessions without the robot for follow-up. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval was obtained from the South East IV Ethics Committee (CPP Sud-Est IV) (number: 2023-A00895-40) in France. Explicit consent is required from all legal representatives (parents) of children participating in this study. We aim to disseminate the results of this study through national and international conferences, international peer-reviewed journals and social media. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05991791.

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10. Hayse B, M AS, Mazurek MO, Curtis AF, Nair N, Chan WS, Munoz M, K DM, Beversdorf DQ, Golzy M, K AS, Ner ZH, Davis BE, Takahashi N, McCrae CS. Exploratory analyses of sleep intraindividual variability and fatigue in parents of children on the autism spectrum. Autism. 2024: 13623613241292691.

Fatigue is associated with numerous harmful physical and mental health outcomes. Despite research indicating a relationship between fatigue and sleep, there has been a limited focus on how the variability of a person’s sleep may be associated with fatigue. In addition, previous studies have not explicitly explored relationships among child sleep, parent sleep, and parent fatigue. Increasing knowledge about this area of research could be particularly relevant for families with autistic children with an increased likelihood of sleep disturbances. The current study used two weeks of objective sleep (actigraphy) data and subjective ratings of parent fatigue from 81 parents and their autistic children to examine associations among child and parent within-person sleep variability regarding average parent fatigue levels. Evidence was assessed for the role of parent sleep variability in hypothesized connections between child sleep variability and parent fatigue. We found that only greater variability in parents’ total sleep time was associated with higher levels of parents’ average daily fatigue rating over the two weeks. Child sleep variability was not significantly associated with parent sleep variability or average daily fatigue. In addition, average levels of child sleep were unrelated to parent total sleep time variability and fatigue. Although cautious interpretation is required, findings support the idea that variability in total sleep time may be a unique aspect of parental sleep’s association with fatigue, independent of child sleep. In addition, sleep variability could be important to consider when examining sleep in addition to average levels of parameters like total sleep time.

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11. Inal-Kaleli I, Dogan N, Kose S, Bora E. Investigating the Presence of Autistic Traits and Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms in Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Eat Disord. 2024.

OBJECTIVE: The present meta-analysis aims to assess whether individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) demonstrate elevated autistic traits, to explore potential associations between autistic traits and eating disorder symptoms; as well as to estimate the prevalence of a positive screen for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) assessed via Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), in AN. METHOD: A systematic literature search was conducted in PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and Web of Science in August 2023 and later updated in April 2024 to identify relevant studies. Twenty-two studies with 1172 AN patients and 2747 healthy controls (HCs) met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between AN and HC groups in autistic traits (g = 0.88, CI = 0.65-1.12), and a significant but modest correlation was found between autistic traits and severity of eating disorder symptoms (r = 0.28, CI = 0.11-0.44). Proportion meta-analysis indicated that 29% (CI = 0.19-0.38) of children and adults scored above the cut-off for ASD. DISCUSSION: The current findings suggest that AN frequently overlaps with both autistic traits and autistic symptomatology. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate autism and autistic traits in individuals with AN to tailor individualized treatment plans.

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12. Lara Green R, Joanne Carrington S, Shaw DJ, Kessler K. Investigating visual perspective taking and belief reasoning in autistic adults: A pre-registered online study. Autism. 2024: 13623613241290880.

Many autistic individuals report difficulties in social situations, where they are required to think about what goes on in others’ minds. These states of the mind can include how others perceive the world around them, their beliefs, or their desires. While research has shown that autistic children could be delayed in developing their full capacity in this regard, less is known about how adults process others’ experiences and beliefs. Here we used a novel task and asked adults to participate online. Participants self-reported whether they had been diagnosed with autism or not and we split them into two groups depending on their response. We also asked participants to fill in a self-report questionnaire about social preferences and habits and we also asked them to conduct a test of their nonverbal reasoning ability. Importantly, the autistic and the non-autistic groups did not differ in their nonverbal reasoning abilities, and on our task, we observed that the autistic group committed fewer mistakes than the non-autistic group. Autistic participants were particularly fast and made fewer mistakes on those responses that overlapped with their own view and belief of reality. In conclusion, our findings do not support a simple view of autism in terms of deficits in either social or more general thinking abilities. Instead, autistic adults might favour slightly different ways of thinking about other’s experiences and beliefs that is more firmly linked to their own experience and knowledge.

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13. Qiu S, Jia J, Xu B, Wu N, Cao H, Xie S, Cui J, Ma J, Pan YH, Yuan XB. Development and evaluation of an autism pig model. Lab Anim (NY). 2024.

Developing cost-effective and disease-relevant animal models is essential for advancing biomedical research into human disorders. Here we investigate the feasibility of a pig model for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using embryonic exposure to valproic acid (VPA), an antiepileptic drug known to increase ASD risk. We established experimental paradigms to assess the behavioral characteristics of these pig models. Administration of VPA to Bama miniature pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) during critical embryonic stages resulted in abnormal gait, increased anxiety levels, reduced learning capabilities and altered social patterns, while largely preserving social preference of treated piglets. Notably, we detected significant neuroanatomical changes in cortical regions associated with ASD in the VPA-treated pigs, including cortical malformation, increased neuronal soma size, decreased dendritic complexity and reduced dendritic spine maturation. Transcriptome analysis of the prefrontal cortex of VPA-treated pigs further revealed substantial alterations in the expression of genes linked to ASD, especially genes of the dopamine signaling pathway, highlighting the model’s relevance and potential for shedding light on ASD’s underlying neuropathological and molecular mechanisms. These findings suggest that pig models could serve as a promising alternative to traditional rodent models and provide a more ethical substitute for the use of primates in translational research on neurodevelopmental disorders.

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14. Romani PW, Luehring MC, Koerner AM, Baikie SM. Characterization and Outcomes of Profoundly and Non-profoundly Autistic Individuals Admitted to a Specialized Psychiatric Inpatient Unit. J Autism Dev Disord. 2024.

PURPOSE: The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is currently estimated to be 1 in 36 children. While much is known about the impact of ASD on family and community functioning as well as treatment outcomes, less is known about a relatively new categorization of ASD, called « profound autism. » METHODS: The current study evaluated 14 consecutively admitted patients meeting criteria for profound autism to a specialized psychiatric inpatient and partial hospitalization program. We then selected 15 non-profoundly autistic youth admitted immediately before or after each profoundly autistic youth to serve as a comparison. Patient caregivers completed measures about parental stress and the severity and frequency of patient problem behavior, and patients participated in functional analyses of problem behavior and function-based treatment programs during their admission. RESULTS: Results showed profoundly autistic youth spent an average of 14 more days admitted to the psychiatric unit, and they engaged in higher parent-reported severity and frequency of self-injurious and stereotypic behavior. Functional analysis results for profoundly autistic youth showed a higher occurrence of automatically reinforced problem behavior but otherwise similar results. As well, profoundly autistic youth showed a lower percentage reduction in problem behavior at the end of the psychiatric hospitalization than their non-profoundly autistic peers. CONCLUSION: Profoundly autistic youth seem to require a high level of behavioral support, even after psychiatric hospitalization. Insurance companies and therapists need to recognize these challenges and invest sufficient resources to meet their treatment needs.

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15. Urbaniak K, D’Amico M. Disability barriers autistic girls face in secondary education: A systematic review. Autism. 2024: 13623613241294189.

Autistic adolescent girls face complex and diverse challenges in the school setting, specifically mental health issues, unmet social and education needs, and social exclusion. The purpose of this review was to provide a general idea of research relating to the experiences of autistic females in secondary school settings by reporting on their experiences and the lived experiences of autistic women reflecting on their past. Based on the identified articles, the barriers girls face in the compulsory education setting centred on four themes of societal barriers grounded in gender; the institutional or physical barriers of schools; social and communicative expectations; and stigmatization. The study highlighted that there is a need to sensitize and educate widely on the topic of autism for teachers, to support staff, school psychologists and peers of autistic youth. The results call attention to the need for future research to focus on the different lived experiences and knowledge of autistic girls.

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16. Wang F, Du W, Iao LS. Perceived quality of parent-child interaction in parents of autistic children: relationship with parental education level. Front Psychiatry. 2024; 15: 1433823.

INTRODUCTION: Most autism research was conducted in Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich and Democratic (WEIRD) countries. This study is the first to examine factors that were associated with perceived quality of parent-child interaction in non-WEIRD parents of autistic children. METHODS: Ninety-one Chinese parents of autistic children (82 females, 9 males) completed an online survey which involved two sections. The first section included demographics questions about the parent and the family, including age, gender, educational level, and household income. It also assessed parents’ perceived quality of parent-child interaction and their autistic traits. The second section included demographics questions about their autistic child, including age and gender, and assessed autistic traits and behavioural problems. RESULTS: Parent’s education level was associated with and the only predictor of their perceived quality of parent-child interaction. The higher educational level in parents the higher quality of parent-child interaction was perceived by the parents. DISCUSSION: These findings underscored the significance of parents’ education level as a unique predictor of perceived parent-child interaction quality among Chinese parents of autistic children, providing implications to corresponding education and social policies in China and other non-WEIRD countries.

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