1. An KM, Ikeda T, Yoshimura Y, Hasegawa C, Saito DN, Kumazaki H, Hirosawa T, Minabe Y, Kikuchi M. {{Altered Gamma Oscillations during Motor Control in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {J Neurosci}. 2018.
Autism is hypothesized to result in a cortical excitatory and inhibitory imbalance driven by inhibitory interneuron dysfunction, which is associated with the generation of gamma oscillations. On the other hand, impaired motor control has been widely reported in autism. However, no study has focused on the gamma oscillations during motor control in autism. In the present study, we investigated the motor-related gamma oscillations in autism using magnetoencephalography. Magnetoencephalographic signals were recorded from 14 right-handed human children with autism (5 female), aged 5–7 years, and age- and IQ-matched 15 typically developing children during a motor task using their right index finger. Consistent with previous studies, the autism group showed a significantly longer button response time and reduced amplitude of motor-evoked magnetic fields. We observed that the autism group exhibited a low peak frequency of motor-related gamma oscillations from the contralateral primary motor cortex, and these were associated with the severity of autism symptoms. The autism group showed a reduced power of motor-related gamma oscillations in the bilateral primary motor cortex. A linear discriminant analysis using the button response time and gamma oscillations showed a high classification performance (86.2% accuracy). The alterations of the gamma oscillations in autism might reflect the cortical excitatory and inhibitory imbalance. Our findings provide an important clue into the behavioral and neurophysiological alterations in autism and a potential biomarker for autism.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCurrently, the diagnosis of autism has been based on behavioral assessments, and a crucial issue in the diagnosis of autism is to identify objective and quantifiable clinical biomarkers. A key hypothesis of the neurophysiology of autism is an excitatory and inhibitory imbalance in the brain, which is associated with the generation of gamma oscillations. On the other hand, motor deficits have also been widely reported in autism. This is the first study to demonstrate low motor performance and altered motor-related gamma oscillations in autism, reflecting a brain excitatory and inhibitory imbalance. Using these behavioral and neurophysiological parameters, we classified autism and control group with good accuracy. This work provides important information on behavioral and neurophysiological alterations in patients with autism.
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2. Becerra-Culqui TA, Getahun D, Chiu V, Sy LS, Tseng HF. {{Prenatal Tetanus, Diphtheria, Acellular Pertussis Vaccination and Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {Pediatrics}. 2018.
: media-1vid110.1542/5803567555001PEDS-VA_2018-0120Video Abstract BACKGROUND: Increasing vaccination of pregnant women makes it important to assess safety events potentially linked to prenatal vaccination. This study investigates the association between prenatal tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccination and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk in offspring. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of mother-child pairs with deliveries January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2014 at Kaiser Permanente Southern California hospitals. Maternal Tdap vaccination from pregnancy start to delivery date was obtained from electronic medical records. A diagnosis of ASD was obtained by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revision codes. Children were managed from birth to first ASD diagnosis, end of membership, or end of follow-up (June 30, 2017). Cox proportional hazards models estimated the unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for the association between maternal Tdap vaccination and ASD, with inverse probability of treatment weighting to adjust for confounding. RESULTS: Women vaccinated were more likely to be Asian American or Pacific Islander, be nulliparous, have a higher education, receive influenza vaccination prenatally, and give birth at term. ASD was diagnosed in 1341 (1.6%) children, and the incidence rate was 3.78 per 1000 person years in the Tdap exposed and 4.05 per 1000 person years in the unexposed group (HR: 0.98, 95% confidence interval: 0.88-1.09). The inverse probability of treatment weighting-adjusted analyses revealed that prenatal Tdap vaccination was not associated with an increased ASD risk (HR: 0.85, 95% confidence interval: 0.77-0.95). CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal Tdap vaccination was not associated with an increased ASD risk. We support recommendations to vaccinate pregnant women to protect infants, who are at highest risk of death after pertussis infection.
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3. Brown HK, Ray JG, Liu N, Lunsky Y, Vigod SN. {{Rapid repeat pregnancy among women with intellectual and developmental disabilities: a population-based cohort study}}. {CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne}. 2018; 190(32): E949-e56.
BACKGROUND: Rapid repeat pregnancy within 12 months of a live birth is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. We evaluated the risk for rapid repeat pregnancy among women with intellectual and developmental disabilities, with whom sharing of information about pregnancy planning and contraception may be inadequate. METHODS: We accessed population-based health administrative data for all women with an index live birth in Ontario, Canada, for the period 2002-2013. We used modified Poisson regression to compare relative risks (RRs) for a rapid repeat pregnancy within 12 months of the index live birth in women with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities, first adjusting for demographic factors and then additionally adjusting for social, health and health care disparities. RESULTS: We compared 2855 women with intellectual and developmental disabilities and 923 367 women without such disabilities. At the index live birth, women with intellectual and developmental disabilities were more likely to be younger than 25 years of age (46.8% v. 18.2%) and to be disadvantaged on each measure of social, health and health care disparities. These women had a higher rate of rapid repeat pregnancy than those without such disabilities (7.6% v. 3.9%; adjusted RR 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-1.54, after controlling for demographic factors). This risk was attenuated upon further adjustment for social, health and health care disparities (adjusted RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.87-1.14). INTERPRETATION: Rapid repeat pregnancy, which was more common among women with intellectual and developmental disabilities, may be explained by social, health and health care disparities. To optimize reproductive health, multifactorial approaches to address the marginalization experienced by this population are likely needed.
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4. Healy S, Aigner CJ, Haegele JA. {{Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US youth with autism spectrum disorder}}. {Autism}. 2018: 1362361318791817.
The purpose of this study was to examine current overweight and obesity prevalence rates among US youth (aged 10-17 years) with and without autism spectrum disorder, based on the 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health. Analyses of weight status, derived from parent-reported height and weight measures, were conducted for a weighted sample of 875,963 youth with autism spectrum disorder and 31,913,657 typically developing youth. Controlling for age, race/ethnicity, income, and sex, youth with autism spectrum disorder had significantly higher odds of overweight (odds ratio = 1.48, p = 0.04) and obesity (odds ratio = 1.49, p = 0.02) compared to typically developing youth. Among youth with autism spectrum disorder, 19.4% were overweight and 23.05% were obese. Among typically developing youth, 14.9% were overweight and 15.91% were obese. Higher odds of obesity were reported for youth with severe autism spectrum disorder (odds ratio = 3.35, p < 0.01), compared to those with mild autism spectrum disorder. Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
5. Knight E, Blacher J, Eisenhower A. {{Predicting reading comprehension in young children with autism spectrum disorder}}. {School psychology quarterly : the official journal of the Division of School Psychology, American Psychological Association}. 2018.
Relationships between early literacy measures (i.e., curriculum-based measurement) and advanced literacy measures (i.e., reading comprehension) were examined in young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Participants in this study were 167 children between the ages of 4 and 7 years (M = 5 years 8 months), who were assessed at 2 time points during 1 school year. Results indicated that, compared to other measures of early literacy skills, curriculum-based measurements (CBMs) accurately assessed skills in students with ASD. Furthermore, early literacy skills predicted reading comprehension approximately six months later in this sample. The reading development of children with ASD compared to typically developing children appears to be similar in the predictive capacity of decoding skills on later reading skills and dissimilar in the variability and range of skills. CBM tools can provide educators with information about the early reading skills of children with ASD to help address reading and language difficulties seen in this population. (PsycINFO Database Record
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6. Ozyurt G, Dinsever C, Tufan AE, Baykara B. {{Are language features and emotional regulation related with maternal depression in autism and language delay?}}. {Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society}. 2018.
OBJECTIVE: Language and communication is very important in social, emotional and cognitive development of children. Delay in language is usually the first complaint for children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or developmental language delays (DLDs). This study evaluated language features and emotional regulation skills of children diagnosed with ASD and DLDs and their relationships with maternal depression levels METHOD: The sample included children aged 24- 54 months diagnosed with ASD (n=31), or with DLDs (n=45) and 52 healthy controls. The Test of Early Language Development (TELD-3) was used to evaluate language profiles and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to examine maternal depression. Children’s emotion regulation skills were evaluated with Emotion Regulation Checklist. RESULTS: As a result it was found that children with DLDs had significantly higher developmental ages, were linguistically more developed and had better emotion regulation compared to the ASD group. All domains of language in TELD-3 except expressive syntax were more developed in DLD. Maternal BDI scores did not differ significantly between DLDs and ASD. Both of these disorders were not related with maternal depression. CONCLUSION: In this study; it was found that children with DLDs were less impaired than children with ASDs both in terms of language and emotion regulation areas. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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7. Raspa M, Fitzgerald T, Furberg RD, Wylie A, Moultrie R, DeRamus M, Wheeler AC, McCormack L. {{Mobile technology use and skills among individuals with fragile X syndrome: implications for healthcare decision making}}. {J Intellect Disabil Res}. 2018.
BACKGROUND: Little is known about how individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS) and their families use technology in daily life and what skills individuals with FXS can perform when using mobile technologies. METHODS: Using a mixed-methods design, including an online survey of parents (n = 198) and a skills assessment of individuals with FXS (n = 6), we examined the experiences and abilities of individuals with FXS for engaging with mobile technology. RESULTS: Parents reported that individuals with FXS often used technology in their daily lives, with variations based on age of child, sex, autism status, depression, and overall ability. Parents frequently sought and shared FXS-related information online. Assessment data revealed that individuals with FXS demonstrated proficiency in interacting with technology. CONCLUSIONS: Mobile technology is a tool that can be used in FXS to build skills and increase independence rather than simply for recreational purposes. Implications for using mobile technology to enhance healthcare decision making are discussed.
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8. Vallee A, Vallee JN, Lecarpentier Y. {{PPARgamma agonists: potential treatment for autism spectrum disorder by inhibiting the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway}}. {Mol Psychiatry}. 2018.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by a deficit in social interactions and communication with repetitive and restrictive behavior. No curative treatments are available for ASD. Pharmacological treatments do not address the core ASD behaviors, but target comorbid symptoms. Dysregulation of the core neurodevelopmental pathways is associated with the clinical presentation of ASD, and the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway is one of the major pathways involved. The canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway participates in the development of the central nervous system, and its dysregulation involves developmental cognitive disorders. In numerous tissues, the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) act in an opposed manner. In ASD, the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway is increased while PPARgamma seems to be decreased. PPARgamma agonists present a beneficial effect in treatment for ASD children through their anti-inflammatory role. Moreover, they induce the inhibition of the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway in several pathophysiological states. We focus this review on the hypothesis of an opposed interplay between PPARgamma and the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway in ASD and the potential role of PPARgamma agonists as treatment for ASD.
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9. Wu Y, Qi F, Song D, He Z, Zuo Z, Yang Y, Liu Q, Hu S, Wang X, Zheng X, Yang J, Yuan Q, Zou J, Guo K, Yao Z. {{Prenatal influenza vaccination rescues impairments of social behavior and lamination in a mouse model of autism}}. {J Neuroinflammation}. 2018; 15(1): 228.
BACKGROUND: Prenatal infection is a substantial risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism in offspring. We have previously reported that influenza vaccination (VAC) during early pregnancy contributes to neurogenesis and behavioral function in offspring. RESULTS: Here, we probe the efficacy of VAC pretreatment on autism-like behaviors in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced maternal immune activation (MIA) mouse model. We show that VAC improves abnormal fetal brain cytoarchitecture and lamination, an effect associated with promotion of intermediate progenitor cell differentiation in MIA fetal brain. These beneficial effects are sufficient to prevent social deficits in adult MIA offspring. Furthermore, whole-genome analysis suggests a strong interaction between Ikzf1 (IKAROS family zinc-finger 1) and neuronal differentiation. Intriguingly, VAC rescues excessive microglial Ikzf1 expression and attenuates microglial inflammatory responses in the MIA fetal brain. CONCLUSIONS: Our study implies that a preprocessed influenza vaccination prevents maternal bacterial infection from causing neocortical lamination impairments and autism-related behaviors in offspring.
