1. Arciuli J, Bailey B. {{An acoustic study of lexical stress contrastivity in children with and without autism spectrum disorders}}. {J Child Lang};2018 (Sep 12):1-11.
In this exploratory study, we examined stress contrastivity within real word productions elicited via picture naming in 20 children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and 20 typical peers group-wise matched on age and vocabulary. Targets had a dominant pattern of lexical stress beginning with a strong-weak pattern (SW: ‘caterpillar’, ‘butterfly’) or a non-dominant pattern of lexical stress beginning with a weak-strong pattern (WS: ‘tomato’, ‘potato’). Children produced each target twice (n = 320 productions). Acoustic measures were made for the duration, fundamental frequency, and intensity of the first two vowels for each word production. For vowel duration and fundamental frequency, children with ASD and typical peers produced a similar magnitude of stress contrastivity for SW and WS words. However, there was a significant group difference in the way contrastivity in intensity was realised for WS words whereby children with ASD produced less stress contrastivity than typical peers. Bayesian analyses were in line with our interpretation of our frequentist analyses.
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2. Kushima I, Aleksic B, Nakatochi M, Shimamura T, Okada T, Uno Y, Morikawa M, Ishizuka K, Shiino T, Kimura H, Arioka Y, Yoshimi A, Takasaki Y, Yu Y, Nakamura Y, Yamamoto M, Iidaka T, Iritani S, Inada T, Ogawa N, Shishido E, Torii Y, Kawano N, Omura Y, Yoshikawa T, Uchiyama T, Yamamoto T, Ikeda M, Hashimoto R, Yamamori H, Yasuda Y, Someya T, Watanabe Y, Egawa J, Nunokawa A, Itokawa M, Arai M, Miyashita M, Kobori A, Suzuki M, Takahashi T, Usami M, Kodaira M, Watanabe K, Sasaki T, Kuwabara H, Tochigi M, Nishimura F, Yamasue H, Eriguchi Y, Benner S, Kojima M, Yassin W, Munesue T, Yokoyama S, Kimura R, Funabiki Y, Kosaka H, Ishitobi M, Ohmori T, Numata S, Yoshikawa T, Toyota T, Yamakawa K, Suzuki T, Inoue Y, Nakaoka K, Goto YI, Inagaki M, Hashimoto N, Kusumi I, Son S, Murai T, Ikegame T, Okada N, Kasai K, Kunimoto S, Mori D, Iwata N, Ozaki N. {{Comparative Analyses of Copy-Number Variation in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia Reveal Etiological Overlap and Biological Insights}}. {Cell Rep};2018 (Sep 11);24(11):2838-2856.
Compelling evidence in Caucasian populations suggests a role for copy-number variations (CNVs) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). We analyzed 1,108 ASD cases, 2,458 SCZ cases, and 2,095 controls in a Japanese population and confirmed an increased burden of rare exonic CNVs in both disorders. Clinically significant (or pathogenic) CNVs, including those at 29 loci common to both disorders, were found in about 8% of ASD and SCZ cases, which was significantly higher than in controls. Phenotypic analysis revealed an association between clinically significant CNVs and intellectual disability. Gene set analysis showed significant overlap of biological pathways in both disorders including oxidative stress response, lipid metabolism/modification, and genomic integrity. Finally, based on bioinformatics analysis, we identified multiple disease-relevant genes in eight well-known ASD/SCZ-associated CNV loci (e.g., 22q11.2, 3q29). Our findings suggest an etiological overlap of ASD and SCZ and provide biological insights into these disorders.
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3. Malkin L, Abbot-Smith K, Williams D, Ayling J. {{When do Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Take Common Ground into Account During Communication?}}. {Autism Res};2018 (Sep 13)
One feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a deficit in verbal reference production, that is, providing an appropriate amount of verbal information for the listener to refer to things, people, and events. However, very few studies have manipulated whether individuals with ASD can take a speaker’s perspective to interpret verbal reference. A critical limitation of all interpretation studies is that comprehension of another’s verbal reference required the participant to represent only the other’s visual perspective. Yet, many everyday interpretations of verbal reference require knowledge of social perspective (i.e., a consideration of which experiences one has shared with which interlocutor). We investigated whether 22 5;0-7;11-year-old children with ASD and 22 well-matched typically developing (TD) children used social perspective to comprehend (Study 1) and produce (Study 2) verbal reference. Social perspective-taking was manipulated by having children collaboratively complete activities with one of two interlocutors such that for a given activity, one interlocutor was Knowledgeable and one was Naive. Study 1 found no between-group differences for the interpretation of ambiguous references based on social perspective. In Study 2, when producing referring terms, the ASD group made modifications based on listener needs, but this effect was significantly stronger in the TD group. Overall, the findings suggest that high-functioning children with ASD know with which interlocutor they have previously shared a given experience and can take this information into account to steer verbal reference. Nonetheless, they show clear performance limitations in this regard relative to well-matched controls. Autism Res 2018. (c) 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: No one had studied if young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) could take into account previous collaboration with particular conversation partners to drive how well they communicate with others. In both their language understanding and spoken language, we found that five to 7-year-olds with ASD were able to consider what they had previously shared with the conversation partner. However, they were impaired when compared to typically developing children in the degree to which they tailored their spoken language for a specific listener.
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4. Ota M, Matsuo J, Sato N, Teraishi T, Hori H, Hattori K, Kamio Y, Maikusa N, Matsuda H, Kunugi H. {{Relationship between Autistic Spectrum Trait and Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Healthy Male Subjects}}. {Psychiatry Investig};2018 (Sep 13)
Objective: Autistic spectrum traits are postulated to lie on a continuum that extends between individuals with autism and individuals with typical development. The present study was carried out to investigate functional and network abnormalities associated with autistic spectrum trait in healthy male subjects. Methods: Subjects were 41 healthy male subjects who underwent the social responsiveness scale-adult (SRS-A) and magnetic resonance imaging. Results: There was significant positive correlation between the total score of SRS-A and the regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Also, there were changes in functional network such as in cingulate corti, insula and fusiform cortex. Further, we also found the significant difference of functional networks between the healthy male subjects with high or low autistic spectrum trait, and these points were congruent with the previous perceptions derived from autistic-spectrum disorders. Conclusion: These findings suggest a biological basis for the autistic spectrum trait and may be useful for the imaging marker of autism symptomatology.
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5. Richard PR, 3rd, Noell GH. {{Teaching children with autism to tie their shoes using video prompt-models and backward chaining}}. {Dev Neurorehabil};2018 (Sep 13):1-7.
Video-Based Interventions (VBIs) are those that make use of pre-recorded video footage to assist in the acquisition of a variety of skills and behaviours. This study examined one type of VBI, video prompting, and its effectiveness when combined with backward chaining. Prior research suggests that both VBIs and backward chaining are effective intervention methods for skill acquisition. Using a single-subject multiple baseline design, this experiment expands the current literature by thoroughlyexamining backward chaining and a VBI for the acquisition of the shoe-tying behavior in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. The results obtained from this study support prior research that VBIs are effective and their effectiveness is influenced by a number of factors. We also found that majority of the participants were able to retain their newly acquired behaviors one week after achieving mastery.
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6. Usher LV, DaWalt LS, Greenberg JS, Mailick MR. {{Unaffected siblings of adolescents and adults with fragile X syndrome: Effects on maternal well-being}}. {J Fam Psychol};2018 (Sep 13)
The present study investigated the effects of children without disabilities on maternal physical and mental health in families with adolescents or adults with fragile X syndrome. Mothers with the FMR1 premutation (N = 87) reported on behavior problems and functional limitations of their adolescent or adult child with fragile X syndrome and their own physical and mental health. Mothers also provided a blood sample to determine FMR1 CGG repeat length. The proportion of unaffected children in the family significantly buffered the effect of both child behavior problems and functional limitations on maternal self-rated health, such that having a higher proportion of unaffected children in the family had a protective effect on maternal health when the target child had more severe behavior problems and functional limitations. There was a similar buffering process for maternal depressive symptoms but at a trend level. Additionally, maternal CGG repeat length had a significant curvilinear association with self-rated health, indicating that mothers with midrange repeat lengths reported the poorest health, whereas mothers with lower and higher repeat lengths in the premutation range reported better health. The data suggest that unaffected children in the family may be an important resource for premutation carrier mothers. Findings are consistent with previous research indicating that mothers with varying levels of genetic liability have variable risk for health problems. (PsycINFO Database Record
