1. Behrouzi A, Valles-Capetillo E, Kana RK. An ALE meta-analysis of the neural evidence of facial emotion processing in autism. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2025: 1-18.

OBJECTIVE: Facial emotion recognition is central to successful social interaction. People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have difficulties in this area. However, neuroimaging evidence on facial emotion processing in ASD has been diverse. This study aims to identify common and consistent brain activity patterns during facial emotion processing in autism. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, 22 fMRI studies (539 ASD, 502 typically developing participants (TD) were included. RESULTS: Both groups showed significant activation in the right fusiform gyrus (FG) and left fusiform face area (FFA). In addition, TD participants showed increased left amygdala activity. Compared to TD, ASD individuals had increased activation in the right cerebellum lobule VI and left secondary visual cortex. Age-based subgroup analysis showed that ASD children showed increased activity in bilateral FG, and ASD adults and TD children in the right FG. Finally, adults from both groups had increased activity in the right FG in the within-group and conjunction analyses. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that ASD and TD engage core face processing areas similarly while TD may use core and an extended social brain network. Findings of this study underscore the role of fusiform face area in facial emotion processing along with more insights into the neural processing of facial emotions.

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2. Chen H, Feng F, Lou P, Li Y, Zhang M, Zhao F. Prob-sparse self-attention extraction of time-aligned dynamic functional connectivity for ASD diagnosis. Heliyon. 2025; 11(1): e41120.

Dynamic functional connectivity (DFC) has shown promise in the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, extracting highly discriminative information from the complex DFC matrix remains a challenging task. In this paper, we propose an ASD classification framework PSA-FCN which is based on time-aligned DFC and Prob-Sparse Self-Attention to address this problem. Specifically, we introduce Prob-Sparse Self-Attention to selectively extract global features, and use self-attention distillation as a transition at each layer to capture local patterns and reduce dimensionality. Additionally, we construct a time-aligned DFC matrix to mitigate the time sensitivity of DFC and extend the dataset, thereby alleviating model overfitting. Our model is evaluated on fMRI data from the ABIDE NYU site, and the experimental results demonstrate that the model outperforms other methods in the paper with a classification accuracy of 81.8 %. Additionally, our research findings reveal significant variability in the DFC connections of brain regions of ASD patients, including Cuneus (CUN), Lingual gyrus (LING), Superior occipital gyrus (SOG), Posterior cingulate gyrus (PCG), and Precuneus (PCUN), which is consistent with prior research. In summary, our proposed PSA framework shows potential in ASD diagnosis as well as automatic discovery of critical ASD-related biomarkers.

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3. Choi JW, Oh J, Bennett DH, Kannan K, Tancredi DJ, Miller M, Schmidt RJ, Shin HM. Corrigendum to ‘Gestational exposure to organophosphate esters and autism spectrum disorder and other non-typical development in a cohort with elevated familial likelihood’ [Environ. Res. 263 (2024) 120141]. Environ Res. 2025; 265: 120492.

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4. Farkas K, Bálint M, Baráth K, Gallai M, Lakos E, Lisincki A, Matolcsi R, Somogyi A, Szuromi B, Réthelyi J. [Diagnostics and treatment of autism spectrum disorder in adulthood]. Psychiatr Hung. 2024; 39(3): 258-85.

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition with unique characteristics of perception and neurocognition that begins in childhood and persists into adulthood. It significantly affects social integration and adaptation, and is a great challenge in terms of psychological coping. Intensive genetic and neurobiological research is focused at understanding the brain underpinnings of autism, and it is also at the forefront of pharmacological development. From the point of view of people living with autism spectrum disorder, the quality of help they receive during examination and care, in terms of biological therapies and psychotherapy, is of great importance. Support in the higher education system and legal-financial help are similarly important issue. The purpose of this review article is to provide assistance to professionals working in the psychiatric system in Hungary in order to gain insight and develop their skills in the care of adults lining with autism spectrum disorder.

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5. Garza-Martínez MJ, J ÁH-M, Hurtado-Salgado EM, Cupul-Uicab LA. Maternal diabetes during pregnancy and offspring’s risk of autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2025; 182: 100-15.

INTRODUCTION: Whether in utero exposure to pregestational (type 2 [T2D] and type 1 diabetes [T1D]) and gestational diabetes (GDM) are contributing factors in the rise of neurodevelopmental alterations such as autism is yet unclear. Therefore, we summarized the evidence from studies that assessed such association. METHODS: A systematic review with meta-analyses was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines; eligible studies were identified in PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO up to April 3rd, 2023. We estimated pooled OR of autism from random effects meta-analyses for each type of maternal diabetes. RESULTS: 26 publications were selected (18 cohorts and 8 case-controls); 17 had data for the meta-analysis. We observed an increased risk of autism in the offspring exposed in utero to T2D (pooled OR = 1.48; 95%CI: 1.31, 1.68; n = 3,141,255), T1D (pooled OR = 1.73; 95%CI: 1.05, 2.87; n = 2,791,607), and GDM (pooled OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.47; n = 3,259,557) compared to those unexposed. No evidence of heterogeneity (I(2) = 0.0%) was observed for T2D, whereas for T1D the heterogeneity was substantial (I(2) = 64.7%) and for GDM was moderate (I(2) = 53.1%). The evidence was stronger for in utero exposure to GDM, followed by T2D and T1D. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the hypothesis that in utero exposure to maternal T2D or GDM moderately increased the offspring’s risk of developing autism later in life. Prospectively conducted studies are still warranted to better estimate the size of the effect of maternal diabetes on autism risk.

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6. Geng S, Dai Y, Rolls ET, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Deng L, Chen Z, Feng J, Li F, Cao M. Rightward brain structural asymmetry in young children with autism. Mol Psychiatry. 2025.

To understand the neural mechanism of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID) that can be associated with ASD, it is important to investigate individuals at an early stage with brain, behavioural and also genetic measures, but such research is still lacking. Here, using the cross-sectional sMRI data of 1030 children under 8 years old, we employed developmental normative models to investigate the atypical development of gray matter volume (GMV) asymmetry in individuals with ASD without DD/ID, ASD with DD/ID and individuals with only DD/ID, and their associations with behavioral and clinical measures and transcription profiles. By extracting the individual deviations of patients from the typical controls with normative models, we found a commonly abnormal pattern of GMV asymmetry across all ASD children: more rightward laterality in the inferior parietal lobe and precentral gyrus, and higher individual variability in the temporal pole. Specifically, ASD with DD/ID children showed a severer and more extensive abnormal pattern in GMV asymmetry deviation values, which was linked with both ASD symptoms and verbal IQ. The abnormal pattern of ASD without DD/ID children showed higher and more extensive individual variability, which was linked with ASD symptoms only. DD/ID children showed no significant differences from healthy population in asymmetry. Lastly, the GMV laterality patterns of all patient groups were significantly associated with both shared and unique gene expression profiles. Our findings provide evidence for rightward GMV asymmetry of some cortical regions in young ASD children (1-7 years) in a large sample (1030 cases), show that these asymmetries are related to ASD symptoms, and identify genes that are significantly associated with these differences.

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7. Gorlewicz A, Kanpska E. Different faces of autism: Patients with mutations in PTEN and FMR1 genes. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2025; 84(4): 352-8.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is among the most common neurodevelopmental conditions in humans. While public awareness of the challenges faced by individuals with autism is steadily increasing, the underlying causes of abnormalities observed in ASD remains incompletely understood. The autism spectrum is notably broad, with symptoms that can manifest in various forms and degrees of severity. Core features of ASD, such as communication difficulties, impaired social interactions, and restricted patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, are often accompanied by other co‑occurring conditions, such as anxiety. ASD affects individuals regardless of gender, race, or ethnicity. Although we are currently unable to pinpoint a single definitive cause of autism, it is clear that genetics play a crucial role in its development. The first genes associated with an increased risk for ASD were discovered in rare monogenic disorders, such as fragile X syndrome (FXS), caused by mutations in the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene, and macrocephaly, linked to mutations in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of ASD in patients with mutations in the FMR1 and PTEN genes.

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8. Hesami E, Bakhshani NM, Dahouie MA, Zaheri Y. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a serious game titled « Kookism » on the receptive lexicon in 4-9-year-old autistic children. Heliyon. 2025; 11(1): e41036.

BACKGROUND: Autistic children often face difficulties with semantic skills such as receptive lexicon. Games based on behavioral principles have been emphasized for treating autistic children. Serious Games are a new and effective way to alleviate deficits in autistic children. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to design and investigate the efficiency of a Serious Game titled « Kookism » on the receptive lexicon of autistic children. METHODS: The empirical study with a pretest-posttest design, and a two-months follow-up, involved 30 children (aged 4-9) at Birjand and Zahedan, Iran. The participants were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (each 15 participants). The control group received the Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), while the experimental group received a treatment consisting of the ABA plus the « Kookism » game. The 20-min sessions were held every other day for two months. Data were collected using MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories. After confirming the essential assumptions for the covariance analysis, ANCOVA was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The findings showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the increase in the participants’ receptive lexicon after eliminating the effects of the covariate (p < 0.05). Two months later, there was no statistically significant difference. (P = 0.144, F = 0.077, p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study indicate that Serious Games significantly improved the receptive lexicon of autistic children. This result remained for up to two months.

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9. Howlin P. Changing approaches to interventions for autistic adults. World Psychiatry. 2025; 24(1): 131-2.

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10. Jenabi E, Maleki A, Ayubi E, Bashirian S, Seyedi M, Abdoli S. The predictors of sleep quality in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders in the west of Iran: A path analysis. Heliyon. 2025; 11(1): e41136.

There is limited data available on the impact of sleep problems in children with ASD on parents’ sleep quality. Due to the lack of research in Iran on factors affecting the sleep quality of mothers of children with ASD, this study was designed to explore predictors of mothers’ sleep quality using path analysis. From October 2022 to May 2023, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Hamadan, a city in western Iran, involving 100 mothers of children with ASD. Data were collected using a demographic checklist and four questionnaires were included Perceived social support, Petersburg Sleep Quality Questionnaire (PSQI), Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), and Perceived Stress. Data analysis was performed using SPSS Version 16, and path analysis was conducted with LISREL software version 8.5. Statistical significance was determined by P-values less than 0.05. The sleep quality of mothers had no significant relationship with any of the demographic variables (p > 0.05). Correlation bivariate analysis showed that the total score of Sleep Quality of mothers had a positive significant correlation with Perceived Stress (r=0.28) and Sleep Habit of Children (r=0.51) but had a negative significant correlation with Social Support (r=-0.31). Children’s sleep habits, perceived stress, and perceived social support are the main predictors of Sleep Quality in Mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. Our study showed sleep quality in mothers of children with ASD may be the function of the child’s sleep pattern, social support, and stress. We recommended that our hypothesized model should be enriched with more covariates and modifiers and also be tested in further large-scale prospective studies.

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11. Kalınlı EM, Akbas E, Yolal Ertural D, Gunes S, Buyukafsar K. Correction: Investigation of RhoA, ROCK1, and ROCK2 Gene Expressions in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Cureus. 2025; 17(1): c206.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.74810.].

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12. Kristensen RK, Andersen PT, Bilenberg N, Milling ED, Dalgaard Guldager J. Mapping the landscape and evidence of cross-sectoral collaboration models targeting individuals referred for assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or autism spectrum disorder: protocol for a scoping review. BMJ Open. 2025; 15(1): e088850.

INTRODUCTION: Neurodevelopmental disorders, notably attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), present substantial challenges in mental health. Individuals referred for assessment in a psychiatric unit experience complex needs. This implies that their needs necessitate coordination across multiple sectors. Cross-sectoral collaboration models have emerged as essential strategies for addressing the complexities of these disorders. However, evidence of their existence, implementation and success remains limited. This protocol aims to outline a scoping review where we will explore existing collaboration models, evaluate their implementation and gain an understanding of how cross-sectoral collaboration models can be developed to ultimately benefit individuals referred for assessment of ADHD or ASD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This proposed scoping review will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. A comprehensive search will be conducted across PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO and Google Scholar, as well as grey literature sources, between 1 December 2024 and 1 January 2025. Inclusion criteria will encompass studies focusing on cross-sectoral collaboration for individuals referred for assessment of ADHD or ASD, published in English, Danish, Norwegian or Swedish. The search will use a three-block search string, with iterative refinement guided by familiarity with the evidence base. Data extraction will involve study characteristics and implementation details, using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research in combination with Proctor et al’s implementation outcomes framework. Results will be synthesised into descriptive tables, providing a comprehensive mapping of existing models and emphasising implementation feasibility. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval is not required for this protocol since it involves the review of existing literature without the involvement of human participants or personal data. Findings will be disseminated at national and international conferences and will be integrated into future efforts to develop cross-sectoral collaboration models in Denmark.

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13. Majumder P, Chatterjee B, Akter K, Ahsan A, Tan SJ, Huang CC, Chu JF, Shen CJ. Molecular switch of the dendrite-to-spine transport of TDP-43/FMRP-bound neuronal mRNAs and its impairment in ASD. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2025; 30(1): 6.

BACKGROUND: Regulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) transport and translation in neurons is essential for dendritic plasticity and learning/memory development. The trafficking of mRNAs along the hippocampal neuron dendrites remains translationally silent until they are selectively transported into the spines upon glutamate-induced receptor activation. However, the molecular mechanism(s) behind the spine entry of dendritic mRNAs under metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-mediated neuroactivation and long-term depression (LTD) as well as the fate of these mRNAs inside the spines are still elusive. METHOD: Different molecular and imaging techniques, e.g., immunoprecipitation (IP), RNA-IP, Immunofluorescence (IF)/fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), live cell imaging, live cell tracking of RNA using beacon, and mouse model study are used to elucidate a novel mechanism regulating dendritic spine transport of mRNAs in mammalian neurons. RESULTS: We demonstrate here that brief mGluR1 activation-mediated dephosphorylation of pFMRP (S499) results in the dissociation of FMRP from TDP-43 and handover of TDP-43/Rac1 mRNA complex from the dendritic transport track on microtubules to myosin V track on the spine actin filaments. Rac1 mRNA thus enters the spines for translational reactivation and increases the mature spine density. In contrast, during mGluR1-mediated neuronal LTD, FMRP (S499) remains phosphorylated and the TDP-43/Rac1 mRNA complex, being associated with kinesin 1-FMRP/cortactin/drebrin, enters the spines owing to Ca(2+)-dependent microtubule invasion into spines, but without translational reactivation. In a VPA-ASD mouse model, this regulation become anomalous. CONCLUSIONS: This study, for the first time, highlights the importance of posttranslational modification of RBPs, such as the neurodevelopmental disease-related protein FMRP, as the molecular switch regulating the dendrite-to-spine transport of specific mRNAs under mGluR1-mediated neurotransmissions. The misregulation of this switch could contribute to the pathogenesis of FMRP-related neurodisorders including the autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It also could indicate a molecular connection between ASD and neurodegenerative disease-related protein TDP-43 and opens up a new perspective of research to elucidate TDP-43 proteinopathy among patients with ASD.

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14. Nagy CA, Hann F, Brezóczki B, Farkas K, Vékony T, Pesthy O, Németh D. Intact ultrafast memory consolidation in adults with autism and neurotypicals with autism traits. Brain Res. 2025; 1847: 149299.

The processes of learning and memory consolidation are closely interlinked. Therefore, to uncover statistical learning in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), an in-depth examination of memory consolidation is essential. Studies of the last five years have revealed that learning can take place not only during practice but also during micro rest (<1 min) between practice blocks, termed micro offline gains. The concept of micro offline gains refers to performance improvements during short rest periods interspersed with practice, rather than during practice itself. This phenomenon is crucial for the acquisition and consolidation of motor skills and has been observed across various learning contexts. Numerous studies on learning in autism have identified intact learning but there has been no investigation into this fundamental aspect of memory consolidation in autistic individuals to date. We conducted two studies with two different samples: 1) neurotypical adults with distinct levels of autistic traits (N = 166) and 2) ASD-diagnosed adults (N(ASD) = 22, N(NTP) = 20). Participants performed a well-established probabilistic learning task, allowing us to measure two learning processes separately in the same experimental design: statistical learning (i.e., learning probability-based regularities) and visuomotor performance (i.e., speed-up regardless of probabilities). Here we show considerable individual differences in offline (between blocks) changes during statistical learning and between-blocks improvement during visuomotor performance. However, cumulative evidence from individual studies suggests that the degree of autistic traits and ASD status are not associated with micro offline gains, indicating that, like statistical learning, rapid memory consolidation is intact.

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15. Nayak NN, Shakya S, Gudi N, Khurana S, Gopalakrishnan S, Rao V, Rao BK. Corrigendum to « Clothing design solutions for children with developmental disabilities: A scoping review protocol » [MethodsX Volume 13 (2024) 102974]. MethodsX. 2025; 14: 103101.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102974.].

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16. Octavia A, Sitthisettapong T, Kettaratad-Pruksapong M, Dewanto I. Structured-Visual Model for Dental Examination in Autism Spectrum Disorder Children: Cooperation and Compliance. Int Dent J. 2025.

INTRODUCTION: Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may experience challenges in social interaction, communication, and sensory processing, which might influence their cooperative behavior during dental visits. To address this issue, visual pedagogy is commonly employed as a behavioral technique to facilitate successful dental examinations and treatments. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a structured-visual behavioral approach in promoting compliance and cooperation during dental examinations in children with ASD in the Yogyakarta Special Region Province, Indonesia. METHODS: A structured visual study was performed at the Muhammadiyah University Dental Hospital during the 2021-2022 period. The study included 5 intervention visits at 1-week intervals and consisted of the Success Approach, Tell-Show-Feel-Do, Visual Pedagogy, Audiovisual Modeling, In vivo Modelling, Behavioral Trial, and Auto modeling. A total of 37 ASD children who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. The study employed a quasi-experimental design comprising 1 pre-test and 3 post-tests. The efficacy assessment encompassed 2 key dimensions: firstly, the ability to comply with the stages of the dental examination, and secondly, the degree of cooperation was evaluated using the Frankl Behavior Scale (FBS). RESULTS: The findings showed that 64% of the cohort could achieve the highest score in achieving the highest score stage of dental examination in post-test 1. As for cooperation, 75% achieved a score of 4 (FBS) in post-test 1. Changes in the achievement of examination steps and cooperativeness after completing the intervention showed statistically significant changes with the Wilcoxon test (P < .01). CONCLUSION: The structured-visual behavioral model approach was found to be effective in improving compliance and cooperation during dental examination in children with ASD in Yogyakarta Special Region Province, Indonesia. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These findings highlight the important point that the use of a structured-visual model in daily practice can be beneficial for children with ASD.

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17. Ottman MS. One Size Does Not Fit All: Clothing Choice in Young People with Autism and Gender Dysphoria. Arch Sex Behav. 2025.

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18. Tang X, Ran X, Liang Z, Zhuang H, Yan X, Feng C, Qureshi A, Gao Y, Shen L. Screening biomarkers for autism spectrum disorder using plasma proteomics combined with machine learning methods. Clin Chim Acta. 2025; 565: 120018.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children. Early intervention is effective. Investigation of novel blood biomarkers of ASD facilitates early detection and intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sequential window acquisition of all theoretical spectra-mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS)-based proteomics technology and 30 DSM-V defined ASD cases versus age- and sex-matched controls were initially evaluated, and candidate biomarkers were screened using machine learning methods. Candidate biomarkers were validated by targeted proteomics multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) analysis using an independent group of 30 ASD cases vs. controls. RESULTS: Fifty-one differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified by SWATH analysis. They were associated with the immune response, complements and coagulation cascade pathways, and apolipoprotein-related metabolic pathways. Machine learning analysis screened 10 proteins as biomarker combinations (TFRC, PPBP, APCS, ALDH1A1, CD5L, SPARC, FGG, SHBG, S100A9, and PF4V1). In the MRM analysis, four proteins (PPBP, APCS, FGG, and PF4V1) were significantly different between the groups, and their combination as a screening indicator showed high potential (AUC = 0.8087, 95 % confidence interval 0.6904-0.9252, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides data that suggests that a few plasma proteins have potential use in screening for ASD.

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19. Vale P, Santos JGD, Silva RAE, Andrade SMS, Aragão NSC, Tonin L, Carvalho RC, Carvalho ESS. Implementation of the care agreements of the CACTO program for mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Rev Gaucha Enferm. 2025; 45(spe1): e20240123.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the implementation of care agreements developed in the CACTO program for mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. METHOD: exploratory, qualitative study, guided by Unitary Caring Science and the Implementation Science methodological framework, based on the Consolidated Conceptual Framework for Implementation Research. Conducted with 20 mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, between April 2023 and February 2024, during care meetings developed in a non-governmental organization. For analysis, deductive thematic content analysis was used. RESULTS: the agreements were categorized into three dimensions of human existence: body-mind-soul. The health needs of mothers determined the implementation of the agreements, such as: difficulties in body acceptance, sedentary lifestyle, lack of awareness of their own potential, insufficient self-care, unresolved past conflicts, self-blame, family conflicts, signs and symptoms of overload and fragility in the relationship with God. The lack of time and oppressive relationships were barriers, while motivation and spirituality served as strengths for the mothers in applying the agreement device. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: in-depth dialogue and the leading role of the mothers were decisive in the implementation of the agreements. Professional caregivers play a fundamental role in epistemological development while triggering innovative care in the health field.

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20. Wang B, Qin Y, Chen Y, Zheng X, Chen Y, Zhao J, Zhang F, Duan S. Adipose tissue may not be a major player in the inflammatory pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2025; 43: 100929.

PURPOSE: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder increasingly recognized for its strong association with chronic inflammation. Adipose tissue functions as an endocrine organ and can secrete inflammatory cytokines to mediate inflammation. However, its involvement in ASD-related inflammation remains unclear. The present study aimed to clarify the role of adipose tissue in inducing inflammatory responses associated with ASD. METHODS: A total of 36 children with ASD and 18 unrelated healthy controls, aged 2-14.5 years, were enrolled in the study. The up-regulated differentially expressed genes from the GSE18123 dataset were subjected to gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis to explore ASD-associated pathways. Plasma cytokines and adipokines levels were quantified using Milliplex MAP immunoaffinity technology. The BTBR T + Itprtf/J (BTBR) mice that are known for their core ASD behavioral traits and inflammatory phenotypes were employed as an animal ASD model to verify the key clinical findings. RESULTS: GO enrichment analyses revealed immune dysfunction in ASD. Symptom analysis showed that the recruited individuals had typical autistic symptoms. Plasma analysis showed no significant difference in adipokines levels, including adiponectin, leptin, resistin, adipsin, and lipocalin-2, between the ASD and control groups. However, markedly elevated levels of IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were detected in children with ASD, suggesting that the inflammatory state is independent of adipokines. Similar results were also observed in BTBR autistic mice. Notably, levels of insulin, which are closely related to the exertion of adipokines function, also showed no significant changes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that inflammation in ASD likely originates from non-adipocyte sources, implying that adipose tissue may not play a major role in inflammatory pathogenesis of ASD. Consequently, targeting adipose-related inflammation may not be an effective treatment approach, providing new directions for the development of targeted interventions.

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21. Wang D, Jiang Y, Jiang J, Pan Y, Yang Y, Fang X, Liang L, Li H, Dong Z, Fan S, Ma D, Zhang XS, Li H, He Y, Li N. Gut microbial GABA imbalance emerges as a metabolic signature in mild autism spectrum disorder linked to overrepresented Escherichia. Cell Rep Med. 2025: 101919.

Gut microbiota (GM) alterations have been implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yet the specific functional architecture remains elusive. Here, employing multi-omics approaches, we investigate stool samples from two distinct cohorts comprising 203 children with mild ASD or typical development. In our screening cohort, regression-based analysis for metabolomic profiling identifies an elevated γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to glutamate (Glu) ratio as a metabolic signature of ASD, independent of age and gender. In the validating cohort, we affirm the GABA/Glu ratio as an ASD diagnostic indicator after adjusting for geography, age, gender, and specific food-consuming frequency. Integrated analysis of metabolomics, 16S rRNA sequencing, and metagenomics reveals a correlation between overrepresented Escherichia and disrupted GABA metabolism. Furthermore, we observe social behavioral impairments in weaning mice transplanted with E. coli, suggesting a potential link to ASD symptomatology. Collectively, these findings provide insights into potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies aimed at evaluating and restoring gut microbial neurotransmitter homeostasis.

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22. Wei J, Li Y, Wu Q, Lei B, Gui X. Bidirectional association between allergic rhinitis and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2025; 369: 499-507.

BACKGROUND: This meta-epidemiological study seeks to further investigate the reciprocal relationship between allergic rhinitis (AR) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: A comprehensive search of the databases was conducted up to March 3, 2024. We performed a synthesis and meta-analysis of odds ratios and their corresponding 95 % confidence intervals using Stata 14.0. Funnel plot analysis and Egger’s regression test were utilized to assess potential publication bias. RESULTS: Eighteen articles involving 4,289,444 participants were included. AR patients had an increased risk of developing ADHD (OR: 1.83; 95 % CI: 1.37-2.43), while ADHD patients were also more likely to have AR (OR: 1.38; 95 % CI: 1.11-1.72). Subgroup analysis indicated a predisposition of AR patients to autism spectrum disorder (OR: 1.34; 95 % CI: 0.86-1.0) and a higher risk of ADHD in cohort studies (OR: 1.90; 95 % CI: 1.26-2.88). Female AR patients were more likely to develop ADHD than males (OR: 1.86; 95 % CI: 1.43-2.43), and children aged ≤8 years with AR were at greater risk for ADHD compared to older children (OR: 1.75; 95 % CI: 1.14-2.69). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis confirms a bidirectional association between AR and ADHD, indicating that they are mutually independent risk factors.

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