Pubmed du 17/10/21
1. Braden BB, Pagni BA, Monahan L, Walsh MJM, Dixon MV, Delaney S, Ballard L, Ware JE, Jr. Quality of life in adults with autism spectrum disorder: influence of age, sex, and a controlled, randomized mindfulness-based stress reduction pilot intervention. Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation. 2022; 31(5): 1427-40.
PURPOSE: Adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) consistently report worse functional health and well-being, compared to neurotypical (NT) peers. In a series of studies, we aimed to elucidated the effects of sex, age, and their interaction on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and evaluated the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) for improving health-, disability-, and autism-related QoL, with possible sex and age outcome moderators, in adults with ASD. METHODS: Study 1 used the 36-Item Short Form Survey to compare mental and physical HRQoL composite scores in adults with ASD (n = 67) and matched NT adults (n = 66). Study 2 was a randomized pilot evaluation of the effect of MBSR, compared to an active control intervention with social support and relaxation education (support/education; n = 56), on the World Health Organization QoL BREF, Disability, and Autism-Specific scales in adults with ASD. RESULTS: In Study 1, we replicated findings that mental HRQoL is worse in both men and women with ASD, compared to NT counterparts, but physical HRQoL is only worse in women with ASD. We present novel findings that older age is associated with better mental HRQoL in women with ASD only. In Study 2, MBSR improved disability-related QoL in adults with ASD over and above the support/education intervention, but both interventions improved mental HRQoL. Lastly, both interventions were more effective for HRQoL improvements in women with ASD. CONCLUSION: Findings encourage precision medicine approaches tailored to age and sex groups for best HRQoL outcomes in adults with ASD. CLINICALTRIALS: gov Identifier: NCT04017793.
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2. Buro AW, Salinas-Miranda A, Marshall J, Gray HL, Kirby RS. Correlates of obesity in adolescents with and without autism spectrum disorder: The 2017-2018 National Survey of Children’s Health. Disability and health journal. 2022; 15(2): 101221.
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and childhood obesity are increasing, and youth with ASD are at an increased risk of obesity compared to typically developing youth. Specific obesity risk factors in adolescents with ASD remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: This study examined correlates of obesity among adolescents with and without ASD using extant 2017-2018 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) data. METHODS: This cross-sectional study examined the co-occurrence of obesity among US adolescents with ASD aged 10-17 years compared to those without ASD, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, co-occurring conditions, and relevant covariates, using 2017-2018 NSCH data. Multiple logistic regression was used to compare the odds of obesity among children with mild ASD, moderate/severe ASD, and without ASD. RESULTS: Odds of obesity were higher in adolescents with ASD compared to adolescents without ASD (cOR 1.9, CI 1.3-2.7). In the adjusted model, the odds of obesity were not significantly higher in those with mild or moderate/severe ASD compared to those without ASD. Odds of obesity were higher for all adolescents who were Hispanic or Black, as well as those with lower household income or with one or more co-occurring conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The association between obesity and ASD in this study highlights the need for greater attention to nutrition, physical activity, and co-occurring conditions among adolescents with ASD. Effective interventions to curtail the risks among racial/ethnic minority adolescents and adolescents with lower household income are needed. Further research is needed to examine additional factors associated with obesity in adolescents with ASD, including family, community, organizational, and policy factors.
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3. DeLucia EA, McKenna MP, Andrzejewski TM, Valentino K, McDonnell CG. A Pilot Study of Self-Regulation and Behavior Problems in Preschoolers with ASD: Parent Broader Autism Phenotype Traits Relate to Child Emotion Regulation and Inhibitory Control. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2021.
Little is known about the development of self-regulation processes during the preschool period in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). How parental characteristics such as the broader autism phenotype (BAP) relate to children’s self-regulation is not well understood. Preschool-aged children with (n = 24) and without ASD (n = 21) completed an inhibitory control task and mothers reported on child emotion regulation and their own BAP traits. Children with ASD had lower emotion regulation, and emotion regulation was a protective factor in the association between ASD and internalizing behavioral concerns. Lability/negativity was highly overlapping with externalizing. Maternal BAP characteristics were differentially associated with all self-regulation outcomes across groups. Parental factors should be considered in emotion regulation interventions for young children with ASD.
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4. Garb HN. Race bias and gender bias in the diagnosis of psychological disorders. Clinical psychology review. 2021; 90: 102087.
Bias is said to occur when validity is better for one group than another (e.g., when diagnoses are more valid for male or female clients). This article provides (a) a methodological critique of studies on race bias and gender bias in diagnosis and (b) a narrative review of results from studies with good internal validity. The results suggest that race bias occurs for the diagnosis of conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder, comorbid substance abuse and mood disorders, eating disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, and the differential diagnosis of schizophrenia and psychotic affective disorders. Other results suggest that gender bias occurs for the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and antisocial and histrionic personality disorders. The way that symptoms are expressed (e.g., Black cultural expressions of depression) appears to have a significant effect on diagnoses. It may be possible to decrease bias by expanding the use of (a) mental health screening, (b) self-report measures including some psychological tests, (c) structured interviews, and (d) statistical prediction rules. Finally, evidence exists that (a) the diagnosis of personality disorders should be made using dimensional ratings and (b) training in cultural diversity and debiasing strategies should be provided to mental health professionals.
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5. Gómez LE, Schalock RL, Verdugo M. A quality of life supports model: Six research-focused steps to evaluate the model and enhance research practices in the field of IDD. Research in developmental disabilities. 2021; 119: 104112.
In the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) the constructs of quality of life and supports have been combined into a Quality of Life Supports Model (QOLSM) that is currently used internationally for supports provision, organization transformation, and systems change. With the model’s increasing and widespan use in research and practice, there is a need to evaluate the model’s impact at the individual, organization, and systems levels. The purpose of this article is to outline six specific research-focused evaluation steps that allow researchers to evaluate the model and thereby enhance research practices is the field of IDD. These steps involve: (1) operationalizing components of the QOLSM; (2) relating QOLSM components to the type of research planned and intended outcome indicators; (3) gathering evidence and establishing its credibility; (4) interpreting and communicating the results; (5) implementing research outcomes at the level of the microsystem, mesosystem and macrosystem; and (6) judging the impact of the model. These steps delineate a research framework that is based on a systematic approach to evidence-based practices and enhanced research practices in the field of IDD.
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6. Grzadzinski R, Amso D, Landa R, Watson L, Guralnick M, Zwaigenbaum L, Deák G, Estes A, Brian J, Bath K, Elison J, Abbeduto L, Wolff J, Piven J. Pre-symptomatic intervention for autism spectrum disorder (ASD): defining a research agenda. Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders. 2021; 13(1): 49.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) impacts an individual’s ability to socialize, communicate, and interact with, and adapt to, the environment. Over the last two decades, research has focused on early identification of ASD with significant progress being made in understanding the early behavioral and biological markers that precede a diagnosis, providing a catalyst for pre-symptomatic identification and intervention. Evidence from preclinical trials suggest that intervention prior to the onset of ASD symptoms may yield more improved developmental outcomes, and clinical studies suggest that the earlier intervention is administered, the better the outcomes. This article brings together a multidisciplinary group of experts to develop a conceptual framework for behavioral intervention, during the pre-symptomatic period prior to the consolidation of symptoms into diagnosis, in infants at very-high-likelihood for developing ASD (VHL-ASD). The overarching goals of this paper are to promote the development of new intervention approaches, empirical research, and policy efforts aimed at VHL-ASD infants during the pre-symptomatic period (i.e., prior to the consolidation of the defining features of ASD).
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7. Li X, Zhou Y, Dvornek N, Zhang M, Gao S, Zhuang J, Scheinost D, Staib LH, Ventola P, Duncan JS. BrainGNN: Interpretable Brain Graph Neural Network for fMRI Analysis. Medical image analysis. 2021; 74: 102233.
Understanding which brain regions are related to a specific neurological disorder or cognitive stimuli has been an important area of neuroimaging research. We propose BrainGNN, a graph neural network (GNN) framework to analyze functional magnetic resonance images (fMRI) and discover neurological biomarkers. Considering the special property of brain graphs, we design novel ROI-aware graph convolutional (Ra-GConv) layers that leverage the topological and functional information of fMRI. Motivated by the need for transparency in medical image analysis, our BrainGNN contains ROI-selection pooling layers (R-pool) that highlight salient ROIs (nodes in the graph), so that we can infer which ROIs are important for prediction. Furthermore, we propose regularization terms-unit loss, topK pooling (TPK) loss and group-level consistency (GLC) loss-on pooling results to encourage reasonable ROI-selection and provide flexibility to encourage either fully individual- or patterns that agree with group-level data. We apply the BrainGNN framework on two independent fMRI datasets: an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) fMRI dataset and data from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) 900 Subject Release. We investigate different choices of the hyper-parameters and show that BrainGNN outperforms the alternative fMRI image analysis methods in terms of four different evaluation metrics. The obtained community clustering and salient ROI detection results show a high correspondence with the previous neuroimaging-derived evidence of biomarkers for ASD and specific task states decoded for HCP. Our code is available at https://github.com/xxlya/BrainGNN_Pytorch.
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8. Sher DA, Gibson JL, Browne WV. « It’s Like Stealing What Should be Theirs. » An Exploration of the Experiences and Perspectives of Parents and Educational Practitioners on Hebrew-English Bilingualism for Jewish Autistic Children. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2021: 1-34.
Parents of autistic children are routinely advised to raise them monolingually, despite potential negative effects of monolingualism and no evidence of harm from bilingualism. There is, however, limited research on this topic. This study explored experiences and perspectives of educational practitioners (‘practitioners’) and parents of Hebrew-English bilingual autistic children on bilingualism and monolingualism. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, we explored the experiences of 22 parents and 31 practitioners using both oral and written interviews. The analysis revealed that religious continuity is a crucial factor in bilingual decision-making. Unexpectedly, both practitioners and parents felt that having to adopt a monolingual approach was unjust, in line with conceptions of forced monolingualism. This article recommends awareness training on community languages and research in other communities.
