Pubmed du 18/07/21
1. Fetit R, Hillary RF, Price DJ, Lawrie SM. The neuropathology of autism: A systematic review of post-mortem studies of autism and related disorders. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. 2021; 129: 35-62.
Post-mortem studies allow for the direct investigation of brain tissue in those with autism and related disorders. Several review articles have focused on aspects of post-mortem abnormalities but none has brought together the entire post-mortem literature. Here, we systematically review the evidence from post-mortem studies of autism, and of related disorders that present with autistic features. The literature consists of a small body of studies with small sample sizes, but several remarkably consistent findings are evident. Cortical layering is largely undisturbed, but there are consistent reductions in minicolumn numbers and aberrant myelination. Transcriptomics repeatedly implicate abberant synaptic, metabolic, proliferation, apoptosis and immune pathways. Sufficient replicated evidence is available to implicate non-coding RNA, aberrant epigenetic profiles, GABAergic, glutamatergic and glial dysfunction in autism pathogenesis. Overall, the cerebellum and frontal cortex are most consistently implicated, sometimes revealing distinct region-specific alterations. The literature on related disorders such as Rett syndrome, Fragile X and copy number variations (CNVs) predisposing to autism is particularly small and inconclusive. Larger studies, matched for gender, developmental stage, co-morbidities and drug treatment are required.
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2. Hobson H, Petty S. Moving forwards not backwards: heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorders. Molecular psychiatry. 2021; 26(12): 7100-1.
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3. Hwang IT, Hallock TM, Schwartz AE, Roth S, Pfeiffer B, Kramer JM. How people with intellectual and developmental disabilities on collaborative research teams use technology: A rapid scoping review. Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID. 2022; 35(1): 88-111.
BACKGROUND: We conducted a rapid scoping review to identify how inclusive research teams use technology during the research process that could support remote collaboration during public health emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: We searched three databases and conducted a hand search. Two independent reviewers screened 1498 abstracts and titles for inclusion criteria; 81 full text articles were further reviewed; 47 were included. We extracted information about each type of technology, categorised technology used during the research process, and documented described accommodations. RESULTS: We identified 47 articles and 94 examples of technologies used by people with intellectual and developmental disabilities throughout the research process: team formation and team function (38), data collection (19), data analysis (17) and dissemination (20). CONCLUSIONS: Technology use by team members with intellectual and developmental disabilities demonstrates promise for remote research collaborations during public health and climate emergencies and teams with members living in diverse locations.
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4. Morinaga M, Hollander AC, Heuvelman H, Lundberg M, Dalman C, Rai D, Magnusson C. Migration and risk of intellectual disability with and without autism: A population-based cohort study. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2021; 144(5): 487-500.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether parental migration, parental region of origin, timing of child’s birth in relation to maternal migration and parental reason for migration are associated with intellectual disability (ID) with and without autism. METHODS: We used a register-based cohort of all individuals aged 0-17 years in Stockholm County during 2001-2011. General estimating equation logistic model and additionally sibling comparison were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The models were adjusted for child’s sex and birth year and parental age at child’s birth, and additionally for migrant-specific variables in the analyses including only children with migrant parent(s). RESULTS: Within the eligible sample of 670,098 individuals, 3781 (0.6%) had ID with autism, and 5076 (0.8%) had ID without autism. Compared with children with Swedish-born parents, children with both parents born abroad had an increased risk of ID with autism (OR = 1.6, CI 1.5-1.8) and ID without autism (OR = 1.9, CI 1.7-2.0). Among these children with both parents born abroad, it was protective of ID with autism when the child’s birth occurred before and later than four years after maternal migration, which was replicated in the sibling comparison. The associations with both conditions were more pronounced with parental origin in regions comprising low- and middle-income countries and with reasons other than work or study. CONCLUSIONS: Parental migration is associated with ID regardless of co-occurrence of autism. Our results indicate an association between environmental factors during pregnancy related to migration and offspring ID with autism, although further confirmative studies are needed.
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5. Öz S, Bayhan P. An investigation of the relationship between the eating behaviours of children with typical development and autism spectrum disorders and parent attitudes during mealtime eating behaviours and parent attitudes during mealtime. Child: care, health and development. 2021; 47(6): 877-85.
BACKGROUND: Nutrition has significant importance in the course of growth and development in early childhood. Selective and fussy eating is prevalent among children with autism spectrum disorder and can have a profound impact on parents’ mealtime actions. AIMS: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between parental mealtime actions and the eating behaviours of children aged 3-5 years with typical development (TD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS: A total of 180 parents of children between 3 and 5 years in Ankara participated in the study; 90 were parents of children with TD, and 90 were parents of children with ASD. We measured the variables using the Brief Assessment of Mealtime Behaviour in Children (BAMBIC), Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ), and Parent Mealtime Action Scale (PMAS). RESULTS: The results revealed that food refusal, disruptive behaviours, and limited variety in TD children were related to parental actions, such as the use of rewards. We also found a negative correlation between enjoyment of food and the use of rewards. Children with ASD displayed differences concerning food refusal, and their parents were found to prepare more special meals for them compared with children with TD. CONCLUSION: Despite differences, the eating behaviours of children with TD and ASD show similarities in some cases. If a child has a low interest in eating, then their parents tend to be more insistent, use more rewards, and offer special meals. On the contrary, a child’s high interest in eating harms such parental behaviours. Because an acknowledgement that a relationship exists between the eating behaviours of children and parental actions would make intervening to shape parental attitudes easier, it is recommended that future studies should be carried out to respond to the eating problems of children by working with parents.
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6. Tavares V, Fernandes LA, Antunes M, Ferreira H, Prata D. Sex Differences in Functional Connectivity Between Resting State Brain Networks in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2021.
Functional brain connectivity (FBC) has previously been examined in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) between-resting-state networks (RSNs) using a highly sensitive and reproducible hypothesis-free approach. However, results have been inconsistent and sex differences have only recently been taken into consideration using this approach. We estimated main effects of diagnosis and sex and a diagnosis by sex interaction on between-RSNs FBC in 83 ASD (40 females/43 males) and 85 typically developing controls (TC; 43 females/42 males). We found increased connectivity between the default mode (DM) and (a) the executive control networks in ASD (vs. TC); (b) the cerebellum networks in males (vs. females); and (c) female-specific altered connectivity involving visual, language and basal ganglia (BG) networks in ASD-in suggestive compatibility with ASD cognitive and neuroscientific theories.
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7. Tinker SC, Cogswell ME, Peacock G, Ryerson AB. Important Considerations for COVID-19 Vaccination of Children With Developmental Disabilities. Pediatrics. 2021; 148(4).
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8. Woolard A, Stratton E, Demetriou EA, Boulton KA, Pellicano E, Glozier N, Gibbs V, Rogerson N, Quinn P, Hickie IB, Guastella AJ. Perceptions of social and work functioning are related to social anxiety and executive function in autistic adults. Autism : the international journal of research and practice. 2021; 25(7): 2124-34.
Many autistic adults have trouble in social situations and at work. Researchers do not know exactly why autistic people might find it difficult in these environments, and no studies to date have looked the way anxiety or other cognitive processes might affect autistic peoples’ ability to socialise and succeed in getting and keeping jobs. Anxiety (how much you worry) and difficulty with getting stuff done or switching attention (known as executive function) can be concerns for autistic people and may contribute to social and work difficulties. This study looked at the relationships between the way autistic people perceived their anxiety and executive functioning and their ability to socialise and work. Sixty-two autistic participants completed questionnaires related to their ability to socialise and work, their social anxiety and their executive function. We found that participants who thought that they had poorer ability to work also found themselves to have more difficulties with executive function and they were more socially anxious. Our results showed that how autistic participants perceived their social anxiety and executive function were important in their perception of their social skills and work ability. This study supports the idea that anxiety and executive function could be targeted in interventions to support autistic people and their social and work outcomes.
