1. {{International society for autism research news}}. {Autism Res};2014 (Oct);7(5):627.
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2. Corejova A, Janosikova D, Pospisilova V, Rauova D, Kyselovic J, Hrabovska A. {{Cessation of Nocturnal Enuresis After Intervention with Methylcobalamin in an 18-Year-Old Patient with Autism}}. {J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol};2014 (Oct 17)
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3. Crutchfield SA, Mason RA, Chambers A, Wills HP, Mason BA. {{Use of a Self-monitoring Application to Reduce Stereotypic Behavior in Adolescents with Autism: A Preliminary Investigation of I-Connect}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2014 (Oct 18)
Many students with autism engage in a variety of complex stereotypic behaviors, impacting task completion and interfering with social opportunities. Self-monitoring is an intervention with empirical support for individuals with ASD to increase behavioral repertoires and decrease behaviors that are incompatible with successful outcomes. However, there is limited evidence for its utility for decreasing stereotypy, particularly for adolescents in school settings. This study evaluated the functional relationship between I-Connect, a technology-delivered self-monitoring program, and decreases in the level of stereotypy for two students with ASD in the school setting utilizing a withdrawal design with an embedded multiple baseline across participants. Both students demonstrated a marked decrease in stereotypy with the introduction of the self-monitoring application. Results and implications for practice and future research will be discussed.
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4. Curatolo P, Ben-Ari Y, Bozzi Y, Catania MV, D’Angelo E, Mapelli L, Oberman LM, Rosenmund C, Cherubini E. {{Synapses as therapeutic targets for autism spectrum disorders: an international symposium held in pavia on july 4th, 2014}}. {Front Cell Neurosci};2014;8:309.
New progresses into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have been discussed in 1 day international symposium held in Pavia (Italy) on July 4th, 2014 entitled « synapses as therapeutic targets for autism spectrum disorders » (satellite of the FENS Forum for Neuroscience, Milan, 2014). In particular, world experts in the field have highlighted how animal models of ASDs have greatly advanced our understanding of the molecular pathways involved in synaptic dysfunction leading sometimes to « synaptic clinical trials » in children.
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5. Delfs CH, Conine DE, Frampton SE, Shillingsburg MA, Robinson HC. {{Evaluation of the efficiency of listener and tact instruction for children with autism}}. {J Appl Behav Anal};2014 (Oct 17)
Recent literature reviews have highlighted the need to better understand the relation between speaker and listener behavior when teaching learners with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The current study used a modified parallel-treatments design to compare directly the degree to which tact and listener behavior emerged during instruction in the opposite relation for 4 children with ASD. Results showed tact training to be either equally or more efficient than listener training for all participants. However, varied patterns of emergent responding across participants indicate a need for further research. Data on collateral responding during instruction did not suggest that the presence or absence of overt collateral behaviors were predictive of emergence. The results highlight the importance for clinicians and educators to assess emergent tact and listener repertoires periodically.
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6. Feldman MA, Hendry AM, Ward RA, Hudson M, Liu X. {{Behavioral Development and Sociodemographics of Infants and Young Children at Higher and Lower Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2014 (Oct 18)
Identification of early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) could lead to earlier diagnosis and intervention. This cross-sectional study used the Parent Observation of Early Markers Scale (POEMS, Feldman et al. in J Autism Dev Disord 42:13-12, 2012) to identify early signs of ASD in 69 ASD high-risk (older sibling diagnosed with ASD) and 69 sex and aged-matched ASD low-risk second-born or later infants (no family history of ASD) between 6 and 36 months of age. Family sociodemographic comparisons were also made between the risk groups. The high-risk children had significantly more elevated POEMS items than the low-risk children at 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months of age, even when the children subsequently diagnosed with ASD were removed from the analyses. Families of the high-risk group had older parents, lower family income and fewer mothers working out of the home than the low-risk group. These sociodemographic variables were not significantly correlated with POEMS scores. The results suggest that high-risk infants may show signs of the broader ASD phenotype as early as 12 months of age that may be unrelated to observed sociodemographic family differences.
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7. Glazebrook JF, Wallace R. {{Pathologies in functional connectivity, feedback control and robustness: a global workspace perspective on autism spectrum disorders}}. {Cogn Process};2014 (Oct 18)
We study the background to problems of functional connectivity in autism spectrum disorders within the neurocognitive framework of the global workspace model. This we proceed to do by observing network irregularities detracting from that of a well-formed small world network architecture. This is discussed in terms of pathologies in functional connectivity and lack of central coherence disrupting inter-network communication thus impairing effective cognitive action. A typical coherence-connectivity measure as a by-product of various neuroimaging results is considered. This is related to a model of feedback control in which a coherence function in the frequency domain is modified by an environmentally determined interaction parameter. With respect to the latter, we discuss the stability question that in theory may counterbalance inessential metabolic costs and incoherence of processing. We suggest that factors such as local overconnectivity and global underconnectivity, along with acute over-expenditure of metabolic costs give rise to instability within the connective core of the workspace.
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8. Hesselmark E, Eriksson JM, Westerlund J, Bejerot S. {{Autism Spectrum Disorders and Self-reports: Testing Validity and Reliability Using the NEO-PI-R}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2014 (Oct 18)
Although self-reported measures are frequently used to assess adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), the validity of self-reports is under-researched in ASD. The core symptoms of ASD may negatively affect the psychometric properties of self-reported measures. The aim of the present study was to test the validity and reliability of self-reported data using the NEO personality inventory-revised (NEO-PI-R). Forty-eight adults with ASD and 53 controls completed the NEO-PI-R and a psychiatric interview. Results indicate satisfactory internal consistency of the NEO-PI-R, a satisfactory factor structure, predicted correlations with clinician ratings in the ASD group, and predicted differences in personality between the ASD group and controls. In conclusion, the present results support the use of self-reported measures when assessing adults with ASD .
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9. Kaye L, Kurtz M, Tierney C, Soni A, Augustyn M. {{Gaze Maintenance and Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {J Dev Behav Pediatr};2014 (Oct 16)
CASE: Chase is a 5(1/2)-year-old boy whom you have followed in your primary care practice since age 26 months. He was born full-term vaginal delivery weighing 6 pounds 15 ounces. His biological mother used heroin, tobacco, and cocaine during pregnancy. From 8 weeks to 18 months, he spent time in a foster home where he was provided limited attention and nurturing. At age 18 months, he entered a loving foster home; at 26 months, he was adopted. There is maternal history of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning disability, depression, bipolar disorder, and substance abuse but no history of autism or cognitive disability.Chase received early intervention before adoption. Specific concerns are unknown. At the time of his adoption, he had delays in gross motor and fine motor skills, nonverbal communication, and speech production. Familiar listeners find Chase to be 100% intelligible but unfamiliar listeners understand about 70% of what Chase says. He enjoys being with his adopted mother and imitating her. He has demonstrated significant anxiety during his play therapy. He has difficulty in paying attention to multistep directions. Chase can point and wave but has difficulty following someone’s eyes to see where another person is looking.Chase enjoys a variety of interests but has a special fixation on Toy Story characters. Chase does initiate social interactions but can be aggressive toward his siblings and oppositional toward his parents. He is not aggressive at school. Teachers note hyperactivity and impulsivity. Chase is bothered by bright lights and by others making loud noises but has no difficulty with crowds. Chase is reported to have difficulty in transitioning between activities.At his 5-year-old visit, you as well as his mother and therapists note that he has trouble following with his eyes so he is referred to a neuro-ophthalmologist. Evaluation showed Chase was able to fix on and follow objects and light, his peripheral vision was normal, his pupils were equal and reactive without afferent pupillary defect, and normal visual tracking as assessed through pursuit and saccades. There were some head jerking motions observed which were not thought to be part of Chase’s attempts to view objects. Gaze impersistence was noted, although it was not clear if this was due to a lack of attention or a true inability to maintain a gaze in the direction instructed.On review of the school’s speech and language report, they state that he is >90% intelligible. He has occasional lip trills. Testing with the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals shows mild delays in receptive language, especially those that require visual attention. Verbal Motor Production Assessment for Children reveals focal oromotor control and sequencing skills that are below average, with groping when asked to imitate single oromotor nonspeech movements and sequenced double oromotor nonspeech movements.At 5(1/2) years, he returns for follow-up, and he is outgoing and imaginative, eager to play and socialize. He makes eye contact but does not always maintain it. He asks and responds to questions appropriately, and he is able to follow verbal directions and verbal redirection. He is very interested in Toy Story characters but willing to share them and plays with other toys. Chase’s speech has predictable, easy to decode sound substitutions.On interview with him, you feel that he has borderline cognitive abilities. He also demonstrates good eye contact but lack of visual gaze maintenance; this is the opposite of the pattern you are accustomed to in-patients with autism spectrum disorder. What do you do next?
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10. Oakes A, Ma M, McDuffie A, Machalicek W, Abbeduto L. {{Providing a parent-implemented language intervention to a young male with fragile X syndrome: Brief Report}}. {Dev Neurorehabil};2014 (Oct 17):1-4.
Abstract Purpose: Although fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading inherited cause of intellectual disability, there are no published intervention studies focused on improving communication and language outcomes for affected children. The current study utilized a collaborative coaching approach incorporating strategies from speech-language pathology and applied behavior analysis to examine the efficacy of a naturalistic parent-implemented language intervention for a young boy with FXS. Methods: The mother was taught the language and behavioral support strategies and submitted weekly video recordings of a caregiving routine. Written feedback was provided. Results: Results indicated moderate increases in maternal use of targeted language support strategies and variable performance in maternal use of behavior support strategies. Child use of appropriate requests increased while challenging behaviors decreased. Conclusions: This collaborative approach model should be used to guide future larger scale replications and develop new intervention models.
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11. Radoeva PD, Coman IL, Salazar CA, Gentile KL, Higgins AM, Middleton FA, Antshel KM, Fremont W, Shprintzen RJ, Morrow BE, Kates WR. {{Association between autism spectrum disorder in individuals with velocardiofacial (22q11.2 deletion) syndrome and PRODH and COMT genotypes}}. {Psychiatr Genet};2014 (Oct 16)
Velocardiofacial (VCFS; 22q11.2 deletion) syndrome is a genetic disorder that results from a hemizygous deletion of the q11.2 region on chromosome 22, and is associated with greatly increased risk for psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia. There is emerging evidence for the involvement of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and proline dehydrogenase (oxidase) 1 (PRODH) in the psychiatric phenotype of individuals with VCFS. Here, we tested the hypothesis that PRODH and COMT are associated with ASD in youths with VCFS. We found that individuals with VCFS and the low-activity alleles of both PRODH and COMT (rs4819756A and rs4680A) were more likely to present with ASD as compared with individuals with VCFS and the high-activity alleles of these genes [P<0.05; odds ratio=6.0 (95% confidence interval=1.27-28.26; N=87)]. Our results suggest that PRODH and COMT may interact to contribute to the ASD phenotype in individuals with VCFS.
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12. Seol KI, Song SH, Kim KL, Oh ST, Kim YT, Im WY, Song DH, Cheon KA. {{A Comparison of Receptive-Expressive Language Profiles between Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Language Delay}}. {Yonsei Med J};2014 (Nov 1);55(6):1721-1728.
PURPOSE: It is well known that expressive language impairment is commonly less severe than receptive language impairment in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, this result is based on experiments in Western countries with Western language scales. This study tries to find whether the result above is applicable for toddlers in a non-Western country; more specifically, in Korea with non-Western language scales. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The participants were 166 toddlers aged between 20 months and 50 months who visited the clinic from December 2010 to January 2013. The number of toddlers diagnosed as ASD and developmental language delay (DLD) was 103 and 63, respectively. Language development level was assessed using Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI), a Korean language scale. Using SELSI, each group was divided into 3 sub-groups. Moreover, the group difference by age was observed by dividing them into three age groups. Chi-square test and linear-by-linear association was used for analysis. RESULTS: Receptive language ability of the DLD group was superior to that of the ASD group in all age groups. However, expressive language ability in both groups showed no difference in all age groups. A greater proportion of expressive dominant type was found in ASD. The 20-29 months group in ASD showed the largest proportion of expressive language dominant type in the three age groups, suggesting that the younger the ASD toddler is, the more severe the receptive language impairment is. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that receptive-expressive language characteristics in ASD at earlier age could be useful in the early detection of ASD.
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13. Smith T. {{Behavior analysts can be interdisciplinary too: a review of durand’s autism spectrum disorder}}. {J Appl Behav Anal};2014 (Oct 17)
V. Mark Durand’s (2013) book, Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Clinical Guide for General Practitioners, eases readers into the vast scientific literature on individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), encourages behavior analysts to examine our place in this literature, and illustrates how we might communicate effectively with a general audience. Durand shows that we have developed many beneficial interventions for individuals with ASD yet may harbor obsolete views about what ASD is. Moreover, his description of ASD suggests that we should consider expanding our range of treatment targets and serve a broader segment of the ASD population. He also shows that investigators in disciplines outside applied behavior analysis (ABA) have contributed to understanding the causes and characteristics of ASD. Thus, rather than focusing mainly on ABA, Durand portrays ABA as one of many disciplines engaged in productive research on ASD; this portrayal may be both accurate and effective as a communication strategy.
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14. van Asselt-Goverts AE, Embregts PJ, Hendriks AH, Wegman KM, Teunisse JP. {{Do Social Networks Differ? Comparison of the Social Networks of People with Intellectual Disabilities, People with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Other People Living in the Community}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2014 (Oct 18)
The aim of this study was to determine the similarities and differences in social network characteristics, satisfaction and wishes with respect to the social network between people with mild or borderline intellectual disabilities (ID), people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and a reference group. Data were gathered from 105 young adults living independently in the community. The social networks of people with ID and ASD are more restricted than those of the reference group. Compared with the other groups, people with ASD are less often satisfied with their networks. Each group has its own characteristics, issues and wishes with respect to their social network. Practical measures to enable professionals to adapt to these issues are discussed.
