1. Lee Y, Park JY, Lee EH, Yang J, Jeong BR, Kim YK, Seoh JY, Lee S, Han PL, Kim EJ. {{Rapid Assessment of Microbiota Changes in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Bacteria-derived Membrane Vesicles in Urine}}. {Exp Neurobiol}. 2017; 26(5): 307-17.
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have altered gut microbiota, which appears to regulate ASD symptoms via gut microbiota-brain interactions. Rapid assessment of gut microbiota profiles in ASD individuals in varying physiological contexts is important to understanding the role of the microbiota in regulating ASD symptoms. Microbiomes secrete extracellular membrane vesicles (EVs) to communicate with host cells and secreted EVs are widely distributed throughout the body including the blood and urine. In the present study, we investigated whether bacteria-derived EVs in urine are useful for the metagenome analysis of microbiota in ASD individuals. To address this, bacterial DNA was isolated from bacteria-derived EVs in the urine of ASD individuals. Subsequent metagenome analysis indicated markedly altered microbiota profiles at the levels of the phylum, class, order, family, and genus in ASD individuals relative to control subjects. Microbiota identified from urine EVs included gut microbiota reported in previous studies and their up- and down-regulation in ASD individuals were partially consistent with microbiota profiles previously assessed from ASD fecal samples. However, overall microbiota profiles identified in the present study represented a distinctive microbiota landscape for ASD. Particularly, the occupancy of g_Pseudomonas, g_Sphingomonas, g_Agrobacterium, g_Achromobacter, and g_Roseateles decreased in ASD, whereas g_Streptococcus, g_Akkermansia, g_Rhodococcus, and g_Halomonas increased. These results demonstrate distinctively altered gut microbiota profiles in ASD, and validate the utilization of urine EVs for the rapid assessment of microbiota in ASD.
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2. Shi HF, Zhang JX, Zhang R, Wang XL. {{[Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in children aged 0-6 years in China: a meta-analysis]}}. {Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban}. 2017; 49(5): 798-806.
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and trend of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in children aged 0-6 years in China. METHODS: Systematic literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), Wanfang and Weipu Database (VIP ), and the literatures published before February 25, 2017 were selected according to the same criteria. Prevalence Data of three periods were abstracted, then pooled using random effect model. Subgroup analysis was done across data resource, age group, screening criteria, diagnostic criteria, and literature quality. RESULTS: In the study, 9 ASD studies and 20 autism (also known as autistic disorder, AD) studies were eligible for review. The pooled prevalence of AD in children aged 0-6 years in 2006-2010 and 2011-2015 was 1.74 per thousand (95%CI: 1.12 per thousand-2.69 per thousand) and 1.80 per thousand (95%CI: 1.33 per thousand-2.43 per thousand), and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.898), but they were higher than 0.94 per thousand (95%CI: 0.67 per thousand-1.33 per thousand) in 1996-2005 (P=0.031; P=0.005) significantly. The pooled prevalence of ASD in children aged 0-6 years was 3.52 per thousand (95% CI: 1.48 per thousand-8.34 per thousand) and 3.48 per thousand (95%CI: 1.77 per thousand-6.84 per thousand) in 2006-2010 and 2011-2015, respectively, and the difference between the two periods was not significant (P=0.983). There was no significant difference between the pooled prevalence in the three periods among the boys, and girls’ too. The pooled prevalence of ASD in children aged 0-6 years was 3.51 per thousand (95%CI: 2.15 per thousand-5.74 per thousand) and AD was 1.77 per thousand (95%CI: 1.40 per thousand-2.24 per thousand) in 2006-2015, with prevalence ratios of boys to girls 2.59:1 and 3.63:1, respectively. The pooled prevalence of AD was lower in 0-6 years children than in other age groups and higher in high-quality studies than in low-quality studies, which was the same as ASD. Data resource, screening and diagnostic criteria were not significantly related with the pooled prevalence of AD and ASD. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of ASD and AD in children aged 0-6 years in China from 2006 to 2015 was stable, and there was not enough evidence to prove that it was higher than before 2005. National survey and monitoring of early childhood autism should to be conducted.
3. Tseng PT, Chen YW, Stubbs B, Carvalho AF, Whiteley P, Tang CH, Yang WC, Chen TY, Li DJ, Chu CS, Liang HY, Wu CK, Yen CF, Lin PY. {{Maternal breastfeeding and autism spectrum disorder in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis}}. {Nutr Neurosci}. 2017: 1-9.
OBJECTIVES: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a group of conditions variably affecting communicative and social interactive abilities presenting alongside behaviors with various restricted and repetitive patterns. In addition to genetic factors that influence the onset of the symptoms, there is growing interest in the potential involvement of non-genetic environmental factors. Some aspects of breastfeeding practices, including rates, timing, or optimality, have been put forward as environmental risk factors for autism. However, previous studies showed a controversial relationship between ASD and breastfeeding. METHODS: A meta-analysis on the association between maternal breastfeeding and ASD in children was conducted. We also explored potential moderating factors which might influence this association. Articles reporting the association between breastfeeding and a diagnosis of ASD were included. RESULTS: Seven articles were included in the meta-analysis. Cumulatively, children with ASD (n = 1463), either in the form of clinical diagnosis or self-report, were significantly less likely to have been breastfed than children without ASD (n = 1180) (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.45-0.83, P = 0.002). Subgroup analyses revealed that results remained significant for children who were breastfed with additional supplementation. DISCUSSION: This meta-analysis provides evidence that breastfeeding (exclusively or including additional supplements) may protect against ASD. Prospective longitudinal research is required to disentangle the complex relationships and to explore potential pathophysiological mechanisms.
