1. Bradley V, Hiersteiner D, Rotholz D, Maloney J, Li H, Bonardi A, Bershadsky J. {{Personal characteristics and outcomes of individuals with developmental disabilities who need support for self-injurious behaviour}}. {J Intellect Disabil Res}. 2018.
BACKGROUND: For people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, self-injurious behaviour (SIB) can have serious negative effects on both health and quality of life. This descriptive analysis will provide information on the characteristics and outcomes of a subsample of individuals who are identified as needing some or extensive support for SIB in the National Core Indicators Adult Consumer Survey sample. METHODS: The data for this analysis come from states that participated in the 2015-2016 data collection cycle of National Core Indicators Adult Consumer Survey which is a face-to-face survey of adults receiving services through state developmental disability agencies. RESULTS: The characteristics and outcomes of individuals who need at least some support for SIB differ from those of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities who do not need support for SIB. Individuals with SIB support needs, for example, tend to live in more structured settings, have fewer relationships, less inclusion in their communities and poorer employment outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The exploratory descriptive analysis concludes with suggested recommendations for more standardised definitions of SIB in public systems, enhanced behaviour plan protocols and the need for additional research.
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2. Chlebowski C, Magana S, Wright B, Brookman-Frazee L. {{Implementing an intervention to address challenging behaviors for autism spectrum disorder in publicly-funded mental health services: Therapist and parent perceptions of delivery with Latinx families}}. {Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology}. 2018.
OBJECTIVES: As implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs) in publicly funded children’s mental health services has become increasingly common, concerns have been raised about the appropriateness of specific EBPs to the diverse client populations served in these settings. Exploring stakeholder perspectives can provide direction for refinements of EBPs when delivered with Latinx families. The current study used qualitative methods to examine therapist and Latinx parent perceptions of therapist-parent interactions and the intervention process when therapists are trained to deliver AIM HI (An Individualized Mental Health Intervention for ASD), a structured, parent-mediated intervention for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHOD: Therapist and parent participants were a subset of participants from a large-scale community effectiveness trial. Perceptions were gathered through focus groups with therapists (n = 17) and semistructured interviews with Latinx parents (n = 29). Therapists were 94% female, 35% Latinx, and 47% were fluent in Spanish. Parents were 93% female, 100% Latinx, and 66% preferred Spanish. A coding, consensus, co-occurrence and comparison approach was used to analyze data. RESULTS: Three primary themes emerged: (a) limited parental knowledge about ASD and the need to address knowledge gaps; (b) differing perceptions regarding parental participation in treatment; and (c) identification of influences on parent-therapist interaction, including the cultural value of respeto/deference (emphasized by therapists), and importance of personalismo/personal connection (emphasized by parents). CONCLUSIONS: The themes provide specific direction for enhancements to AIM HI to maximize engagement of Latinx families. The themes also have broader implications for intervention development and community implementation including refinement of EBPs to facilitate fit and sustained implementation. (PsycINFO Database Record
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3. Doenyas C. {{Dietary interventions for autism spectrum disorder: New perspectives from the gut-brain axis}}. {Physiol Behav}. 2018; 194: 577-82.
There is still controversy surrounding the effectiveness of dietary interventions for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), namely the gluten-free/casein free diet and the ketogenic diet. Additionally, as studies mainly investigated their impact on ASD symptoms and behaviors, much remains unknown about their mechanisms of action and physiological effects. Given the recent surge of global interest in the gut-brain axis and its involvement in ASD, we underline the importance of understanding the physiological effects of such restrictive diets that remove certain nutritional items from one’s diet. Some evidence has emerged with findings of the gut-microbial, inflammatory, and neuronal effects of these diets. We propose probiotics as a potential alternative that can serve similar biological purposes as these elimination diets and outline different physiological routes whereby probiotics can lead to improvements for individuals with ASD. We hope that future research can delineate the complete physiological effects of these diets. Such knowledge can guide the creation of more informed interventions, which conserve the components resulting in positive behavioral change while being less restrictive and devoid of the harmful effects of limiting certain nutrients.
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4. Friedman C. {{Direct Support Professionals and Quality of Life of People With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities}}. {Intellectual and developmental disabilities}. 2018; 56(4): 234-50.
Direct Support Professionals (DSPs) are the « backbone » of long term services and supports (LTSS) in the United States ( Bogenschutz, Hewitt, Nord, & Hepperlen, 2014 , p. 317). This study examined the relationship between DSPs and people with intellectual and developmental disabilities’ (IDD) quality of life. To do so, we utilized Personal Outcome Measures(R) interviews from over 1,300 people with IDD to examine the impact DSP change has at individual and organizational levels. We found DSP continuity is central to quality of life of people, including human security, community, relationships, choice, and goals. States cannot continue to provide near-poverty level reimbursement rates for DSPs and still ensure quality of life.
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5. Kambanaros M, Christou N, Grohmann KK. {{Interpretation of compound words by Greek-speaking children with autism spectrum disorder plus language impairment (ASD-LI)}}. {Clinical linguistics & phonetics}. 2018: 1-40.
The language abilities of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are highly variable. More insight is needed into the mechanisms that underlie co-morbid language impairments (LI) in children with ASD (henceforth, ASD-LI) across complex lexical and/or grammatical phenomena, particularly for languages beyond English. The present study tested the comprehension and production of two-constituent compound words at the single-word level for Greek (e.g., pondikopayideltaa ‘mouse trap’). The Compound Word Test, measured on a range of psycholinguistic variables, was used to assess the (compound) constitutent recognition, comprehension/definition, and production of compositional noun-noun compounds in four school-aged children diagnosed with ASD-LI. Their results were compared to age-matched peers with typical language development as a group and as single cases. Comprehension was probed in relation to the word’s constituents, for which semantic interpretation involved explaining the meaning of the compound. Production of compound words was tested using a picture confrontation naming task. The results revealed that the four children with ASD-LI who participated had less difficulty recognizing the compound constituents but showed a significant deficit in deriving the compound meaning. Naming compounds was exceptionally difficult despite generally intact comprehension of the object pictures. This leads us to suggest a dissociation between linguistic and conceptual knowledge about the constituents and the compound word. Moreover, the children with ASD-LI produced semantically infelicitous responses when explaining the meaning of compounds, an error not evident in their typically developing peers. Generalizing over the four single clinical cases, we hypothesize that children with ASD-LI have difficulties at the interface of (morpho)syntax with semantics and pragmatics, that is, at the conceptual-intentional system.
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6. Kee SE, Mou X, Zoghbi HY, Ji D. {{Impaired spatial memory codes in a mouse model of Rett syndrome}}. {eLife}. 2018; 7.
The Mecp2(+/-) mouse model recapitulates many phenotypes of patients with Rett syndrome (RTT), including learning and memory deficits. It is unknown, however, how the disease state alters memory circuit functions in vivo in RTT mice. Here we recorded from hippocampal place cells, which are thought to encode spatial memories, in freely moving RTT mice and littermate controls. We found that place cells in RTT mice are impaired in their experience-dependent increase of spatial information. This impairment is accompanied by an enhanced baseline firing synchrony of place cells within ripple oscillations during rest, which consequently occludes the increase in synchrony after a novel experience. Behaviorally, contextual memory is normal at short but not long time scale in RTT mice. Our results suggest that hypersynchrony interferes with memory consolidation and leads to impaired spatial memory codes in RTT mice, providing a possible circuit mechanism for memory deficits in Rett Syndrome.
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7. Kheirouri S, Alizadeh M. {{Response to ‘Does l-Carnitine Supplementation Improve Sleep Quality in Children with Autism?’}}. {Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology}. 2018.
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8. Maneeton N, Maneeton B, Putthisri S, Woottiluk P, Narkpongphun A, Srisurapanont M. {{Risperidone for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review}}. {Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat}. 2018; 14: 1811-20.
Background: Various clinical trials suggested that risperidone was beneficial in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children and adolescents. Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to determine the efficacy, acceptability and tolerability of risperidone in the treatment of children and adolescents with ASD. Data sources: The databases of Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched in February 2017. Study eligibility criteria participants and interventions: Eligible RCTs of risperidone in the treatment of child and adolescent patients with ASD. Languages were not restricted. Study appraisal and synthesis methods: The full-text versions of relevant studies were thoroughly assessed and extracted. The primary efficacy of outcome was the pooled response rate and the pooled mean changed scores of the standardized rating scales for ASD. Results: A total of 372 randomized subjects from seven RCTs were included in this review. In acute treatment, the pooled mean change score of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist for irritability subscale (ABC-I) and response rate for the risperidone-treated group had a greater significance than that of the placebo-treated group. In the long-term treatment, the pooled mean change score of the CARS in the risperidone-treated group was significantly greater than that in the placebo-treated group. According to the discontinuation phase, the overall pooled relapse rate of the risperidone-treated group was significantly less than that of the placebo-treated group. The rates of pooled overall discontinuation and discontinuation due to adverse events rates were not different between the two groups in acute and long-term treatments. Limitations: A small study was included in the current review. Conclusion: In relation to the current systematic review, risperidone is efficacious in the treatment of symptoms in children and adolescents with ASD. Although its acceptability is comparable to placebo, treatment with risperidone is well tolerated in children and adolescents with ASD.
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9. Marshall SK, Stainton T, Wall JM, Zhu M, Murray J, Wu S, El Bouhali A, Parada F, Zaidman-Zait A, Young RA. {{Transition to Adulthood as a Joint Parent-Youth Project for Young Persons With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities}}. {Intellectual and developmental disabilities}. 2018; 56(4): 263-77.
Eight dyads ( N = 16) residing in Western Canada participated in this investigation of how young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and their parents jointly construct, articulate, and act on goals pertinent to the young adults’ transition to adulthood. Using the action-project method to collect and analyze conversations and video recall data, cases were grouped representing the ways goal-directed projects brought relationship ( n = 4), planning ( n = 3) or both ( n = 1) to the foreground as joint projects. Resources internal to the dyad such as emotional resources, and external to the dyad, facilitated formulation and pursuit of projects. Lack of external supports and limited parental knowledge about IDD hindered joint project formulation.
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10. Ormstad H, Bryn V, Verkerk R, Skjeldal OH, Halvorsen B, Saugstad OD, Isaksen J, Maes M. {{Serum tryptophan, tryptophan catabolites and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in subgroups of youngsters with autism spectrum disorders}}. {CNS & neurological disorders drug targets}. 2018.
BACKGROUND: There is evidence that changes in neuro-immune responses coupled with dysfunctions in serotonin metabolism underpin the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to delineate whether ASD subgroups or characteristics show aberrations in tryptophan and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) metabolism. METHODS: 65 individuals with ASD (diagnosed according to ICD criteria) and 30 healthy control patients were included. Measured were serum levels of tryptophan, kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KA), quinolinic acid (QA), BDNF and PRO-BDNF and total blood 5-HT and 5-OH-tryptophan (5-HTP). RESULTS: Elevated BDNF levels and lower tryptophan and KA levels were characteristics of both childhood autism and intellectual disability disorder, whilst elevated tryptophan and lower 5-HT synthesis were hallmarks of Asperger syndrome. A pathological MRI was associated with elevated tryptophan and lowered KA. Abnormal EEG results and dysmorphology were both associated with an elevated BDNF/ PRO-BDNF ratio. Any brain pathology and gastro-intestinal symptoms were accompanied by lowered KA. CONCLUSIONS: Increased BDNF production and changes in the metabolism of tryptophan are associated with many ASD characteristics, showing particularly strong associations with childhood autism and Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Peripheral BDNF and tryptophan metabolism appear to take part in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders and their phenotypes.
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11. Pereira NRM, Tufik S, Hachul H. {{Does L-Carnitine Supplementation Improve Sleep Quality in Children with Autism?}}. {Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology}. 2018.
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12. Schelinski S, von Kriegstein K. {{The Relation Between Vocal Pitch and Vocal Emotion Recognition Abilities in People with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typical Development}}. {J Autism Dev Disord}. 2018.
We tested the relation between vocal emotion and vocal pitch perception abilities in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and pairwise matched adults with typical development. The ASD group had impaired vocal but typical non-vocal pitch and vocal timbre perception abilities. The ASD group showed less accurate vocal emotion perception than the comparison group and vocal emotion perception abilities were correlated with traits and symptoms associated with ASD. Vocal pitch and vocal emotion perception abilities were significantly correlated in the comparison group only. Our results suggest that vocal emotion recognition difficulties in ASD might not only be based on difficulties with complex social tasks, but also on difficulties with processing of basic sensory features, such as vocal pitch.
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13. Singer AB, Daniele Fallin M, Burstyn I. {{Bayesian Correction for Exposure Misclassification and Evolution of Evidence in Two Studies of the Association Between Maternal Occupational Exposure to Asthmagens and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {Current environmental health reports}. 2018.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Inference in epidemiologic studies is plagued by exposure misclassification. Several methods exist to correct for misclassification error. One approach is to use point estimates for the sensitivity (Sn) and specificity (Sp) of the tool used for exposure assessment. Unfortunately, we typically do not know the Sn and Sp with certainty. Bayesian methods for exposure misclassification correction allow us to model this uncertainty via distributions for Sn and Sp. These methods have been applied in epidemiologic literature, but are not considered a mainstream approach, especially in occupational epidemiology. RECENT FINDINGS: Here, we illustrate an occupational epidemiology application of a Bayesian approach to correct for the differential misclassification error generated by estimating occupational exposures from job codes using a job exposure matrix (JEM). We argue that analyses accounting for exposure misclassification should become more commonplace in the literature.
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14. Stancliffe RJ, Kramme JED, Nye-Lengerman K. {{Exploring Retirement for Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: An Analysis of National Core Indicators Data}}. {Intellectual and developmental disabilities}. 2018; 56(4): 217-33.
To begin to understand retirement, we examined age-related differences in (a) employment rates, employment hours, and rates of individual-plan employment goals; and (b) participation rates in unpaid formal day programs. We report weighted analyses of 2014-15 National Core Indicators data from 32 states. Unlike younger age groups, a similar proportion of workers with intellectual and developmental disabilities continued working beyond age 65 as for the general community. We found that most workers with intellectual and developmental disabilities retire in older age and that their retirement appears to be sudden, rather than a gradual reduction in work hours. Facility-based day programs were the only program with an increased participation rate in older age groups, revealing an even greater reliance on facility-based services for older participants.
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15. Wong CT, Bestard-Lorigados I, Crawford DA. {{Autism-related behaviours in the cyclooxygenase-2-deficient mouse model}}. {Genes, brain, and behavior}. 2018: e12506.
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an endogenous lipid molecule involved in normal brain development. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) is the main regulator of PGE2 synthesis. Emerging clinical and molecular research provides compelling evidence that abnormal COX2/PGE2 signalling is associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We previously found that COX2 knockout mice had dysregulated expression of many ASD genes belonging to important biological pathways for neurodevelopment. The current study is the first to demonstrate the connection between irregular COX2/PGE2 signalling and autism-related behaviours in male and female COX2-deficient knockin, (COX)-2(-) , mice at young (4-6 weeks) or adult (8-11 weeks) ages. Autism-related behaviours were prominent in male (COX)-2(-) mice for most behavioural tests. In the open field test, (COX)-2(-) mice travelled more than controls and adult male (COX)-2(-) mice spent less time in the center indicating elevated hyperactive and anxiety-linked behaviours. (COX)-2(-) mice also buried more marbles, with males burying more than females, suggesting increased anxiety and repetitive behaviours. Young male (COX)-2(-) mice fell more frequently in the inverted screen test revealing motor deficits. The three-chamber sociability test found that adult female (COX)-2(-) mice spent less time in the novel mouse chamber indicative of social abnormalities. In addition, male (COX)-2(-) mice showed altered expression of several autism-linked genes: Wnt2, Glo1, Grm5, and Mmp9. Overall, our findings offer new insight into the involvement of disrupted COX2/PGE2 signalling in ASD pathology with age-related differences and greater impact on males. We propose that (COX)-2(-) mice might serve as a novel model system to study specific types of autism.
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16. Yan Y, Liu C, Ye L, Liu Y. {{Using animated vehicles with real emotional faces to improve emotion recognition in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder}}. {PLoS One}. 2018; 13(7): e0200375.
The objective of the present study was to conduct an intervention study which aimed to improve emotion recognition for Chinese children with ASD by using animated vehicles with real emotional faces. A total of 21 children participated in the current study; participants consisted of 14 children (2 girls) with a formal diagnosis of ASD and 7 typically developing children. Participants were measured on emotional vocabulary and situation-facial expression matching before and after the intervention. Results indicated that the intervention significantly improved ASD children’s emotion recognition compared to their pre-intervention scores. Our findings suggest that this emotional recognition intervention using animated vehicles (i.e. The Transporters) is an effective early intervention for Chinese children with ASD.
