1. Andreae LC, Basson MA. {{Sex bias in autism: new insights from Chd8 mutant mice?}}. {Nat Neurosci}. 2018.
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2. Baronio D, Bauer-Negrini G, Castro K, Della-Flora Nunes G, Riesgo R, Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Savino W, Gottfried C, Bambini-Junior V. {{Reduced CD4 T Lymphocytes in Lymph Nodes of the Mouse Model of Autism Induced by Valproic Acid}}. {Neuroimmunomodulation}. 2018: 1-5.
OBJECTIVE: Considering the potential role of lymphocytes in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we aimed to evaluate possible alterations of T cell pools in the lymphoid organs of an animal model of autism induced by valproic acid (VPA). Pregnant Swiss mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of 600 mg/kg of VPA (VPA group) or saline (control group) on day 11 of gestation. Male offspring were euthanized on postnatal day 60 for removal of thy-muses, spleens, and a pool of inguinal, axillary and brachial lymph nodes. Cellularity was evaluated, and flow cytometry analysis was performed on cell suspensions incubated with the mouse antibodies anti-CD3-FITC, anti-CD4-PE, and anti-CD8-PE-Cy7. We observed that the prenatal exposure to VPA induced a reduction in the numbers of CD3+CD4+ T cells in their lymph nodes when compared to the control animals. This was specific since it was not seen in the thymus or spleen. The consistent decrease in the number of CD4+ T cells in subcutaneous lymph nodes of mice from the animal model of autism may be related to the allergic symptoms frequently observed in ASD. Further research is necessary to characterize the immunological patterns in ASD and the connection with the pathophysiology of this disorder.
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3. Grace N, Johnson BP, Rinehart NJ, Enticott PG. {{Are Motor Control and Regulation Problems Part of the ASD Motor Profile? A Handwriting Study}}. {Developmental neuropsychology}. 2018: 1-14.
The primary aim of this study was to kinematically assess how children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) plan and control their handwriting actions. Forty-three boys aged between 8 to 12 years were included in the present analysis; 23 with ASD and 20 typically developing (TD) controls. Sophisticated objective and quantifiable assessment of movement metrics and dynamics was applied across a series of basic cursive handwriting sequences. Children with ASD demonstrated atypical control of handwriting metrics and dynamics, as well as significantly greater neuromotor noise relative to age-matched peers. They also engaged in less regular monitoring and regulation of their movement during the handwriting task. This study provides new insights into the way children with ASD plan and sequence their handwriting movements. Overall, results revealed that even at a basic level, children with ASD appear to have a breakdown in their ability to control and regulate their handwriting movements. This has important implications for the school-aged child who constantly engages in handwriting tasks within the classroom environment and provides insight into possible directions for future intervention.
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4. Maia FA, Almeida MTC, Alves MR, Bandeira LVS, Silva VBD, Nunes NF, Cardoso LCG, Silveira MF. {{[Autism spectrum disorder and parents’ age: a case-control study in Brazil]}}. {Cadernos de saude publica}. 2018; 34(8): e00109917.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has become a public health problem with major family, social, and economic impacts. This study aimed to estimate the association between ASD and parents’ age at the time of their child’s birth. A case-control study was performed, consisting of 243 individuals with ASD (cases) and 886 neurotypical controls. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied, following by multiple logistic regression. Associations between ASD and paternal age (in years) from 25 to 34 (OR = 1.65; 95%CI: 1.01-2.71), 35 to 44 (OR = 1.62; 95%CI: 0.96-2.73), and >/= 45 (OR = 2.44; 95%CI: 1.14-5.00); and maternal age from 25 to 34 (OR = 2.38; 95%CI: 1.54-3.37) and >/= 35 (OR = 2.09; 95%CI: 1.29-3.39) were significant when assessed in independent models. However, when included in a single model, only maternal age from 25 to 34 (OR = 2.27; 95%CI: 1.45-3.55) and >/= 35 years (OR = 2.15; 95%CI: 1.21-3.83) remained associated with ASD. The association was stronger when both parents were older (OR = 4.87; 95%CI: 1.71-13.80). The results have important implications for clinical psychiatry and public health, since parents’ age at childbirth has increased. Emphasis is needed on the prevention of late childbearing and screening and follow-up of children born to these couples.
