1. Chen YW, Bundy A, Cordier R, Einfeld S. {{Feasibility and usability of experience sampling methodology for capturing everyday experiences of individuals with autism spectrum disorders}}. {Disabil Health J};2014 (Jul);7(3):361-366.
BACKGROUND: Understanding experiences from the perspective of adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), in the myriad of circumstances in which they find themselves every day, is crucial for developing client-centered interventions. However, capturing these experiences can be difficult. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility and usability of experience sampling method (ESM), an ecological momentary assessment, for studying individuals with ASD. METHODS: Four participants (2 males) with Asperger’s syndrome or high functioning autism aged 16-32 years carried an iPod touch or iPhone with a pre-installed ESM survey exploring the situation and their perceived internal experiences. Participants were asked to respond to the survey 7 times daily, at random times generated by the device, for 7 days. RESULTS: A high signal response rate (mean = 71%) and a short average time required for survey completion (mean = 1 min 42 s) supported feasibility of the ESM for use in research with individuals with ASD. Participants reported that the questions were straightforward and that survey completion interfered very little with everyday activities, supporting acceptability of the method. Results of a split-week analysis revealed consistency of experiences; correlations among experiences that are linked logically provided evidence of the internal logic of data gathered using the ESM. Through graphic analysis, we illustrated the usability of ESM for capturing the influence of everyday contexts on internal experiences/perceptions. CONCLUSIONS: The ESM holds promise for examining the impact of social context on the everyday experiences of individuals with ASD.
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2. Machado Junior SB, Celestino MI, Serra JP, Caron J, Ponde MP. {{Risk and protective factors for symptoms of anxiety and depression in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder}}. {Dev Neurorehabil};2014 (Jun 20):1-8.
Abstract Objective: The severity of symptoms of anxiety and depression was evaluated in 102 parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and correlated with the severity of their child’s behavioral symptoms. Design: An observational, cross-sectional study. Methods: The Portuguese versions of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Aberrant Behavior Checklist were used to assess symptoms in the parents and in their children. Main outcomes and results: Depression was present in 26.7% of parents and anxiety in 33.7%. Severe behavioral symptoms in the child increased the likelihood of severe anxiety and depression symptoms in the parents by a factor of 35. If the child had severe behavioral symptoms and the father lived in the family home, the likelihood of severe symptoms of anxiety and depression in the parents was 95.2% lower. Conclusion: The presence of the father living in the family home acted as a buffer against parents’ symptoms.
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3. Oschwald M, Leotti S, Raymaker D, Katz M, Goe R, Harviston M, Wallington A, Howard L, Beers L, Nicolaidis C, Robinson-Whelen S, Hughes RB, Lund E, Powers LE. {{Development of an audio-computer assisted self-interview to investigate violence and health in the lives of adults with developmental disabilities}}. {Disabil Health J};2014 (Jul);7(3):292-301.
BACKGROUND: Audio computer-assisted self-interviews (ACASIs) have safely and effectively obtained sensitive research data from the general public and have been recommended for use with people with disabilities. However, few studies have used ACASIs with people with disabilities and ACASIs have not been used to investigate the relationship between disability, interpersonal violence (IPV), and physical and psychological health among people with developmental disabilities (PWDD). OBJECTIVE: We developed an accessible ACASI specifically designed to allow PWDD to answer questions independently, while privately and securely collecting anonymous data related to their disability, IPV experiences, and physical and psychological health. METHODS: We used a safety protocol to apply community based participatory research (CBPR) principles and an iterative process to create, test, and administer a cross-sectional ACASI survey to 350 adults with developmental disabilities in urban and rural locales. RESULTS: Most participants completed the ACASI independently and reported that its accessibility features allowed them to do so. Most also agreed that the ACASI was easy to use, its questions were easy to understand, and that they would prefer using an ACASI to answer IPV and health-related questions rather than in a face-to-face interview. The majority agreed that health and safety were critical issues to address. CONCLUSIONS: ACASI technology has the potential to maximize the independent and private participation of PWDD in research on sensitive topics. We recommend further exploration into accessibility options for ACASI technology, including hardware and Internet applications.
