Pubmed du 22/08/21
1. Alakhzami M, Chitiyo M. Using Functional Communication Training to Reduce Self-Injurious Behavior for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2021.
Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have a high risk of developing self-injurious behavior (SIB), which is often a result of deficits in communication skills. The use of functional communication training (FCT) to address SIB maintained by negative reinforcement among children with ASD is supported by an emerging trend of behavioral research. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of FCT on the SIB of children with ASD and to find out if the results would be maintained during periods of nonreinforcement. The results indicated significant reduction in SIB for all three participants and maintained for over two weeks following the withdrawal of the intervention. However, resurgence of SIB occurred when extinction was implemented for all participants.
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2. Farooqi S, Jabeen A. Child with intellectual disability misdiagnosed as autism: A case study. JPMA The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2021; 71(8): 2077-9.
Misdiagnosis has become a public health crisis and it is unavoidable in all health care systems. This case study is about a nine year old boy, referred by the special school teacher presenting with the complaints of Autism and slow learning. Contrary to his complaints, the developmental assessment showed that the child had no symptoms of Autism, whereas moderate symptoms of Intellectual Disability were made known. The brief therapeutic plan focused on enhancing his functional level of adaptive behaviour. This case report holds its implication to drift attention of stakeholders working in different health care systems towards the issue of misdiagnosis.
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3. Khalid H, Arif S, Hashmat A, Farrukh H. Psychiatric morbidity among informal caregivers of children suffering from intellectual developmental disorders. JPMA The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2021; 71(8): 2005-8.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the presence of psychiatric morbidity and associated socio-demographic factors among informal caregivers of children suffering from intellectual developmental disorders. METHODS: The analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at the Neurology Department of a tertiary care hospital in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2019, and comprised informal caregiver of children diagnosed with intellectual developmental disorders presenting at the paediatric or neurology outpatient clinics of the hospital. Intellectual developmental disorder was diagnosed by consultant neurologists or psychiatrists or paediatricians on the basis of International Classification of Diseases-11 criteria. Psychiatric morbidity in the informal caregiver was assessed using the 12-item general health questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS 23, and binary logistic regression was applied to assess association. RESULTS: Of the 500 informal caregivers, 323(64.6%) showed psychiatric morbidity. Increasing age and comorbid epilepsy among the patients were significantly related to the presence of psychiatric morbidity among the informal caregivers (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Majority of informal caregivers of children with learning difficulties were found to have psychiatric morbidity.
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4. Klockars A, Pal T, Levine AS, Olszewski PK. Neural Basis of Dysregulation of Palatability-Driven Appetite in Autism. Current nutrition reports. 2021; 10(4): 391-8.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In research on autism spectrum disorder (ASD), cognitive, speech- and anxiety-related impairments have been the focus of the majority of studies. One consistently reported ASD symptom that has rarely attracted attention is disordered appetite. The goal of this paper is to assess whether ASD-related dysregulation of food intake impacts consumption of palatable foods, including sugar. RECENT FINDINGS: Aberrant neural processing at the reward system level is at least partially responsible for excessive intake of palatable tastants, including sugar. Impaired oxytocin (OT) signaling likely contributes to the magnitude of this overconsumption. Since intake for reward is generally elevated in individuals with ASD, one strategy to curb sugar overconsumption might utilize presentation of alternative palatable food choices that are more nutritionally adequate than sucrose. Furthermore, OT, which is clinically tested to alleviate other ASD symptoms, might be an effective tool to curb overconsumption of sugar, as well as – likely – of other excessively ingested palatable foods, especially those that have sweet taste.
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5. Marquis NE, Tzenov A, Sheppard G. Investigations ordered for patients with and without an intellectual or developmental disability (IDD) in the emergency department. Cjem. 2021; 23(6): 860-1.
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6. Nelson DL, Caskey CT. Stephen T. Warren: Human geneticist who advanced understanding of mutational mechanisms and developmental disorders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2021; 118(34).
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7. Silva CC, Morais S, Areias G, Meneses MS, Madeira N, Ramos CRC. Autism Spectrum Disorder Associated with 48,XXYY: Case Report of a Rare Clinical Syndrome. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2021.
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8. Williams EG, Smith MJ, Sherwood K, Lovelace TS, Bishop L. Brief Report: Initial Evidence of Depressive Symptom Disparities among Black and White Transition Age Autistic Youth. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2021.
The lived experience of being autistic and being Black in America both put youth at higher risk for developing depressive symptoms. However, there is a dearth of research examining potential disparities in autistic youth with depression. The current study examined disparities in depressive symptoms among a sample of Black and White autistic youth between the ages of 16 and 26 years old. Using analysis of covariance this study found that the Black autistic youth had significantly higher depressive symptoms than White autistic youth (m = 7.3, sd = 4.4 vs. m = 3.8, sd = 3.6; t = 2.6, p = 0.013). This study presents initial evidence of a significant racial disparity between Black and White autistic youth depressive symptoms.
