1. {{International society for autism research news}}. {Autism Res};2014 (Jun);7(3):405.
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2. Akechi H, Stein T, Senju A, Kikuchi Y, Tojo Y, Osanai H, Hasegawa T. {{Absence of Preferential Unconscious Processing of Eye Contact in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {Autism Res};2014 (Jun 24)
Eye contact plays an essential role in social interaction. Atypical eye contact is a diagnostic and widely reported feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we determined whether altered unconscious visual processing of eye contact might underlie atypical eye contact in ASD. Using continuous flash suppression (CFS), we found that typically developing (TD) adolescents detected faces with a direct gaze faster than faces with an averted gaze, indicating enhanced unconscious processing of eye contact. Critically, adolescents with ASD did not show different durations of perceptual suppression for faces with direct and averted gaze, suggesting that preferential unconscious processing of eye contact is absent in this group. In contrast, in a non-CFS control experiment, both adolescents with ASD and TD adolescents detected faces with a direct gaze faster than those with an averted gaze. Another CFS experiment confirmed that unconscious processing of non-social stimuli is intact for adolescents with ASD. These results suggest that atypical processing of eye contact in individuals with ASD could be related to a weaker initial, unconscious registration of eye contact. Autism Res 2014, : -. (c) 2014 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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3. Buck TR, Viskochil J, Farley M, Coon H, McMahon WM, Morgan J, Bilder DA. {{Psychiatric Comorbidity and Medication Use in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2014 (Jun 24)
The purpose of this study was to investigate comorbid psychiatric disorders and psychotropic medication use among adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ascertained as children during a 1980’s statewide Utah autism prevalence study (n = 129). Seventy-three individuals (56.6 %) met criteria for a current psychiatric disorder; 89 participants (69.0 %) met lifetime criteria for a psychiatric disorder. Caregivers reported a psychiatric diagnosis in 44 participants (34.1 %). Anxiety disorder had the highest current and lifetime prevalence (39.5 and 52.7 %, respectively). Participants with intellectual disability (n = 94, 72.8 %) were significantly less likely to have community-based diagnoses of anxiety (chi2 = 5.37, p = 0.02) or depression (chi2 = 13.18, p < 0.001) reported by caregivers. Seventy-six participants (58.9 %) were taking >/=1 psychotropic medication. Comorbid psychiatric disorders occur frequently in adults with ASD, though identifying these disorders poses a challenge in community settings. A greater understanding of the presentation of these conditions within this population will increase assessment validity and the potential for efficacious intervention.
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4. Falkmer M, Black M, Tang J, Fitzgerald P, Girdler S, Leung D, Ordqvist A, Tan T, Jahan I, Falkmer T. {{Local visual perception bias in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders; do we have the whole picture?}}. {Dev Neurorehabil};2014 (Jun 24):1-6.
Abstract Objective: While local bias in visual processing in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been reported to result in difficulties in recognizing faces and facially expressed emotions, but superior ability in disembedding figures, associations between these abilities within a group of children with and without ASD have not been explored. Methods: Possible associations in performance on the Visual Perception Skills Figure-Ground test, a face recognition test and an emotion recognition test were investigated within 25 8-12-years-old children with high-functioning autism/Asperger syndrome, and in comparison to 33 typically developing children. Results: Analyses indicated a weak positive correlation between accuracy in Figure-Ground recognition and emotion recognition. No other correlation estimates were significant. Conclusion: These findings challenge both the enhanced perceptual function hypothesis and the weak central coherence hypothesis, and accentuate the importance of further scrutinizing the existance and nature of local visual bias in ASD.
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5. Fodstad JC, Dunn DW. {{Screening for autism spectrum disorders in children with epilepsy: where to begin … and where to go?}}. {Dev Med Child Neurol};2014 (Jun 21)
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6. Franklin AV, Rusche JR, McMahon LL. {{Increased Long-Term Potentiation at Medial-Perforant Path-Dentate Granule Cell Synapses Induced by Selective Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase 3 Requires Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein}}. {Neurobiol Learn Mem};2014 (Jun 20)
Non-selective inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs), enzymes that remove acetyl groups from histone core proteins, enhances cognition and NMDAR-dependent long-term potentiation at hippocampal CA3-CA1 synapses. It is not known whether this is a general mechanism by which HDACs modulate plasticity at other hippocampal synapses. Furthermore, it has yet to be tested whether HDAC inhibition can reverse deficits in synaptic plasticity in disease models. Here, we investigated whether inhibition of HDACs, and specifically HDAC3, a class I HDAC isoform known to negatively regulate hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, enhances LTP at medial perforant path-dentate granule cell (MPP-DGC) synapses in wild-type and Fragile X (Fmr1-/y) mice, a model with known LTP deficits at this synapse. The non-selective HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) significantly increased the magnitude of LTP at MPP-DGC synapses in wild-type mice, similar to reports at CA3-CA1 synapses. The enhancement of LTP was mimicked by selective HDAC3 inhibition, implicating a role for this isoform in the negative regulation of synaptic plasticity. However, HDAC3 inhibition was completely ineffective in reversing the deficit in LTP at MPP-DGC synapses in slices from Fmr1-/y mice, and in fact, HDAC3 inhibiton was unable to induce any improvement whatsoever. These findings indicate that the enhancing effect of HDAC3 inhibition on LTP in wild-type mice requires FMRP, revealing a novel role for FMRP in hippocampal plasticity.
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7. Funahashi Y, Karashima C, Hoshiyama M. {{Compensatory Postural Sway While Seated Posture During Tasks in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {Occup Ther Int};2014 (Jun 23)
Postural stability while seated was investigated in 16 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 16 typically developed (TD) children, aged 7-8 years. The lateral and antero-posterior (A-P) deviations of the centre of pressure (COP) were serially measured during sequential, upper limb, desk-top tasks, including nine subtests. The average COP deviation was larger, especially in the lateral direction, in the group of children with ASD compared with TD children. However, the larger COP deviation in the children with ASD was not generalized across tasks. Analyses of subtests revealed that deviations were different on three and four (of eight) subtests in the lateral and A-P directions, respectively. The time needed to complete each subtest was not correlated with the lateral COP deviation but with A-P deviation during the subtest in the children with ASD. Preserved task performance with marked body sway in the children with ASD suggested that the body sway was not a functionally abnormal movement that disturbed performance but could be a compensatory movement to actually facilitate performance. A new approach with occupational therapy to support such compensatory movement of ASD children could be considered in their school life. Further studies, including those in the classroom, to clarify the relationship between daily task performance and body instability are necessary. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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8. Georgiades S, Boyle M, Szatmari P, Hanna S, Duku E, Zwaigenbaum L, Bryson S, Fombonne E, Volden J, Mirenda P, Smith I, Roberts W, Vaillancourt T, Waddell C, Bennett T, Elsabbagh M, Thompson A. {{Modeling the Phenotypic Architecture of Autism Symptoms from Time of Diagnosis to Age 6}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2014 (Jun 24)
The latent class structure of autism symptoms from the time of diagnosis to age 6 years was examined in a sample of 280 children with autism spectrum disorder. Factor mixture modeling was performed on 26 algorithm items from the Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised at diagnosis (Time 1) and again at age 6 (Time 2). At Time 1, a « 2-factor/3-class » model provided the best fit to the data. At Time 2, a « 2-factor/2-class » model provided the best fit to the data. Longitudinal (repeated measures) analysis of variance showed that the « 2-factor/3-class » model derived at the time of diagnosis allows for the identification of a subgroup of children (9 % of sample) who exhibit notable reduction in symptom severity.
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9. Gillberg C, Fernell E. {{Autism Plus Versus Autism Pure}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2014 (Jun 24)
The reported prevalence of autism is going up and up. We propose that some-even much-of the increase in the rate of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is driven by « Autism Plus ». Autism Plus refers to autism with comorbidities (including intellectual developmental disorder, language disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), and this is what is now being diagnosed by clinicians as ASD. In clinical practice, a diagnosis of ASD much more often entails that the child will receive support at school and in the community, which is not the case for other diagnoses. In the past the comorbidities were given diagnostic priority and the « autistic features » might, or might not be mentioned as the « plus bit » in the diagnostic summary. It is high time that the comorbidities, sometimes even more important than the autism, came back on the diagnostic agenda. Autism is but one of the Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examination (ESSENCE), not the one and only.
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10. Grainger C, Williams DM, Lind SE. {{Metacognition, Metamemory, and Mindreading in High-Functioning Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {J Abnorm Psychol};2014 (Jun 23)
Metacognition refers to cognition about cognition and encompasses both knowledge of cognitive processes and the ability to monitor and control one’s own cognitions. The current study aimed to establish whether metacognition is impaired in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). According to some theories, the ability to represent one’s own mental states (an aspect of metacognition) relies on the same mechanism as the ability to represent others’ mental states (« mindreading »). Given numerous studies have shown mindreading is impaired in ASD, there is good reason to predict concurrent impairments in metacognition. Metacognition is most commonly explored in the context of memory, often by assessing people’s ability to monitor their memory processes. The current study addressed the question of whether people with ASD have difficulty monitoring the contents of their memory (alongside impaired mindreading). Eighteen intellectually high-functioning adults with ASD and 18 IQ- and age-matched neurotypical adults participated. Metamemory monitoring ability and mindreading ability were assessed by using a feeling-of-knowing task and the « animations » task, respectively. Participants also completed a self-report measure of metacognitive ability. In addition to showing impaired mindreading, participants with ASD made significantly less accurate feeling-of-knowing judgments than neurotypical adults, suggesting that metamemory monitoring (an aspect of metacognition) was impaired. Conversely, participants with ASD self-reported superior metacognitive abilities compared with those reported by neurotypical participants. This study provides evidence that individuals with ASD have metamemory monitoring impairments. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings for our current understanding of metacognition in ASD and typical development are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
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11. Juneja M, Mishra D, Russell PS, Gulati S, Deshmukh V, Tudu P, Sagar R, Silberberg D, Bhutani VK, Pinto JM, Durkin M, Pandey RM, Nair MK, Arora NK. {{INCLEN Diagnostic Tool for Autism Spectrum Disorder (INDT-ASD): Development and Validation}}. {Indian Pediatr};2014 (May 8);51(5):359-365.
OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate INCLEN Diagnostic Tool for Autism Spectrum Disorder (INDT-ASD). DESIGN: Diagnostic test evaluation by cross sectional design. SETTING: Four tertiary pediatric neurology centers in Delhi and Thiruvanthapuram, India. METHODS: Children aged 2-9 years were enrolled in the study. INDT-ASD and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) were administered in a randomly decided sequence by trained psychologist, followed by an expert evaluation by DSM-IV TR diagnostic criteria (gold standard). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Psychometric parameters of diagnostic accuracy, validity (construct, criterion and convergent) and internal consistency. RESULTS: 154 children (110 boys, mean age 64.2 mo) were enrolled. The overall diagnostic accuracy (AUC=0.97, 95% CI 0.93, 0.99; P<0.001) and validity (sensitivity 98%, specificity 95%, positive predictive value 91%, negative predictive value 99%) of INDT-ASD for Autism spectrum disorder were high, taking expert diagnosis using DSM-IV-TR as gold standard. The concordance rate between the INDT-ASD and expert diagnosis for ‘ASD group’ was 82.52% [Cohen’s k=0.89; 95% CI (0.82, 0.97); P=0.001]. The internal consistency of INDT-ASD was 0.96. The convergent validity with CARS (r = 0.73, P= 0.001) and divergent validity with Binet-Kamat Test of intelligence (r = -0.37; P=0.004) were significantly high. INDT-ASD has a 4-factor structure explaining 85.3% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS: INDT-ASD has high diagnostic accuracy, adequate content validity, good internal consistency high criterion validity and high to moderate convergent validity and 4-factor construct validity for diagnosis of Autistm spectrum disorder.
12. Jung M, Kosaka H, Saito DN, Ishitobi M, Morita T, Inohara K, Asano M, Arai S, Munesue T, Tomoda A, Wada Y, Sadato N, Okazawa H, Iidaka T. {{Default mode network in young male adults with autism spectrum disorder: relationship with autism spectrum traits}}. {Mol Autism};2014;5:35.
BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum traits are postulated to lie on a continuum that extends between individuals with autism and individuals with typical development (TD). Social cognition properties that are deeply associated with autism spectrum traits have been linked to functional connectivity between regions within the brain’s default mode network (DMN). Previous studies have shown that the resting-state functional connectivities (rs-FCs) of DMN are low and show negative correlation with the level of autism spectrum traits in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it is unclear whether individual differences of autism spectrum traits are associated with the strength of rs-FCs of DMN in participants including the general population. METHODS: Using the seed-based approach, we investigated the rs-FCs of DMN, particularly including the following two core regions of DMN: the anterior medial prefrontal cortex (aMPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in 19 young male adults with high-functioning ASD (mean age = 25.3 +/- 6.9 years; autism-spectrum quotient (AQ) = 33.4 +/- 4.2; full scale IQ (F-IQ) = 109.7 +/- 12.4) compared with 21 age- and IQ-matched young male adults from the TD group (mean age = 24.8 +/- 4.3 years; AQ = 18.6 +/- 5.7; F-IQ = 109.5 +/- 8.7). We also analyzed the correlation between the strength of rs-FCs and autism spectrum traits measured using AQ score. RESULTS: The strengths of rs-FCs from core regions of DMN were significantly lower in ASD participants than TD participants. Under multiple regression analysis, the strengths of rs-FCs in brain areas from aMPFC seed showed negative correlation with AQ scores in ASD participants and TD participants. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the strength of rs-FCs in DMN is associated with autism spectrum traits in the TD population as well as patients with ASD, supporting the continuum view. The rs-FCs of DMN may be useful biomarkers for the objective identification of autism spectrum traits, regardless of ASD diagnosis.
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13. Kawabe K, Horiuchi F, Oka Y, Ueno S. {{The melatonin receptor agonist ramelteon effectively treats insomnia and behavioral symptoms in autistic disorder}}. {Case Rep Psychiatry};2014;2014:561071.
Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), including autistic disorder, frequently suffer from comorbid sleep problems. An altered melatonin rhythm is considered to underlie the impairment in sleep onset and maintenance in ASD. We report three cases with autistic disorder in whom nocturnal symptoms improved with ramelteon, a selective melatonin receptor agonist. Insomnia and behavior, assessed using the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement Scale, improved in two cases with 2 mg ramelteon and in the third case with 8 mg ramelteon. Our findings demonstrate that ramelteon is effective not only for insomnia, but for behavioral problems as well, in patients with autistic disorder.
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14. Martin J, Cooper M, Hamshere ML, Pocklington A, Scherer SW, Kent L, Gill M, Owen MJ, Williams N, O’Donovan MC, Thapar A, Holmans P. {{Biological overlap of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: evidence from copy number variants}}. {J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry};2014 (Jul);53(7):761-770 e726.
OBJECTIVE: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often co-occur and share genetic risks. The aim of this analysis was to determine more broadly whether ADHD and ASD share biological underpinnings. METHOD: We compared copy number variant (CNV) data from 727 children with ADHD and 5,081 population controls to data from 996 individuals with ASD and an independent set of 1,287 controls. Using pathway analyses, we investigated whether CNVs observed in individuals with ADHD have an impact on genes in the same biological pathways as on those observed in individuals with ASD. RESULTS: The results suggest that the biological pathways affected by CNVs in ADHD overlap with those affected by CNVs in ASD more than would be expected by chance. Moreover, this was true even when specific CNV regions common to both disorders were excluded from the analysis. After correction for multiple testing, genes involved in 3 biological processes (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signalling pathway, cell division, and response to drug) showed significant enrichment for case CNV hits in the combined ADHD and ASD sample. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate the presence of significant overlap of shared biological processes disrupted by large rare CNVs in children with these 2 neurodevelopmental conditions.
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15. McCrimmon AW, Matchullis RL, Altomare AA. {{Resilience and emotional intelligence in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder}}. {Dev Neurorehabil};2014 (Jun 24):1-8.
Abstract Purpose: This article presents the results of an investigation of resilience factors and their relation to emotional intelligence (EI) as an area of potential strength for children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD). Based upon previous research with young adults, it was hypothesized that children with HFASD would demonstrate reduced EI and differential relations between EI and resilience as compared to typically developing (TD) children. Methods: Forty children aged 8-12 years (20 with HFASD and 20 TD control children) completed measures of resilience and EI. Results: Children with HFASD did not significantly differ from TD children on either measure. However, several significant correlations between resilience and EI were found in the HFASD sample. Conclusions: The findings suggest that EI may be a unique area of interest for this population, particularly for interventions that propose to capitalize upon potentially inherent strengths. Implications of these results for intervention are discussed.
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16. Riedel A, Maier S, Ulbrich M, Biscaldi M, Ebert D, Fangmeier T, Perlov E, Tebartz van Elst L. {{No significant brain volume decreases or increases in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder and above average intelligence: A voxel-based morphometric study}}. {Psychiatry Res};2014 (Jun 2)
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is increasingly being recognized as an important issue in adult psychiatry and psychotherapy. High intelligence indicates overall good brain functioning and might thus present a particularly good opportunity to study possible cerebral correlates of core autistic features in terms of impaired social cognition, communication skills, the need for routines, and circumscribed interests. Anatomical MRI data sets for 30 highly intelligent patients with high-functioning autism and 30 pairwise-matched control subjects were acquired and analyzed with voxel-based morphometry. The gray matter volume of the pairwise-matched patients and the controls did not differ significantly. When correcting for total brain volume influences, the patients with ASD exhibited smaller left superior frontal volumes on a trend level. Heterogeneous volumetric findings in earlier studies might partly be explained by study samples biased by a high inclusion rate of secondary forms of ASD, which often go along with neuronal abnormalities. Including only patients with high IQ scores might have decreased the influence of secondary forms of ASD and might explain the absence of significant volumetric differences between the patients and the controls in this study.
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17. Siberski J, Shatil E, Siberski C, Eckroth-Bucher M, French A, Horton S, Loefflad RF, Rouse P. {{Computer-Based Cognitive Training for Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Pilot Study}}. {Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen};2014 (Jun 24)
BACKGROUND: There is a growing focus in the United States on preserving cognitive functioning. However, individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (ID/DD) are not provided with opportunities to prevent cognitive decline. To investigate whether participants with ID/DD would improve in cognitive function after cognitive training, a cognitive training group (N = 11) was compared to 2 control groups, a computer games group (N = 11) and a waitlist group (N = 10) on performance on 15 cognitive functions. FINDINGS: (1) Very high adherence rates (94%) of the sample and 100% of the cognitive training group indicate that when given adequate individual support, adults with ID/DD can successfully use a cognitive stimulation program. (2) No significant between- or within-group effects were observed for cognitive training when a stringent alpha, corrected for multiple comparisons, was used. (3) Trends of improvement in cognitive function were observed for the cognitive training group.
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18. Thurm A, Manwaring SS, Swineford L, Farmer C. {{Longitudinal study of symptom severity and language in minimally verbal children with autism}}. {J Child Psychol Psychiatry};2014 (Jun 24)
BACKGROUND: A significant minority of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are considered ‘minimally verbal’ due to language development stagnating at a few words. Recent developments allow for the severity of ASD symptoms to be examined using Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) Social Affect (SA) and Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors (RRB) domain severity scores. The aim of the current study was to explore language outcomes in a cohort of minimally verbal children with autism evaluated through the preschool years and determine if and how ASD symptom severity in core domains predicts the development of spoken language by age 5. METHODS: The sample consisted of 70 children with autism aged 1-5 years at the first evaluation who were examined at least 1 year later, during their fifth year of age. The ADOS overall level of language item was used to categorize children as minimally verbal or having phrase speech, and the Mullen Scales of Early Learning was used as a continuous measure of expressive language. RESULTS: At Time 1, 65% (n = 47) of children in the sample were minimally verbal and by Time 2, 36% (n = 17 of 47) of them had developed phrase speech. While the Time 1 ADOS calibrated severity scores did not predict whether or not a child remained minimally verbal at Time 2, change in the SA calibrated severity score (but not RRB) was predictive of the continuous measure of expressive language. However, change in SA severity no longer predicted continuous expressive language when nonverbal cognitive ability was added to the model. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that the severity of SA symptoms has some relationship with continuous language outcome, but not categorical. However, the omnipresent influence of nonverbal cognitive ability was confirmed in the current study, as the addition of it to the model rendered null the predictive utility of SA severity.
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19. Thys E, Struyven CI, Danckaerts M, De Hert M. {{[The stigmatising of schizophrenia and autism in the Flemish daily papers]}}. {Tijdschr Psychiatr};2014;56(6):365-374.
BACKGROUND: A considerable social stigma is attached to many types of psychiatric disorders. However, research also shows that there are differences in the degree of social stigma attached to psychiatric disorders. There is evidence that the portrayal of schizophrenia in the media is particularly negative.<br/> AIM: To compare the degree of stigma in reporting of autism and schizophrenia in the Flemish daily newspapers.<br/> METHOD: Via the websites of the seven Flemish daily newspapers, we searched for all articles published between 2008 and 2012 containing the keywords autism/autist(ic) and schizophrenia/schizophrenic. The collected articles (n = 4,181) were then graded to their stigmatising content.<br/> RESULTS: In the collected articles the coverage of autism was mostly positive, whereas the coverage of schizophrenia was predominantly negative. The contrast between the reporting on autism and on schizophrenia was very substantial (p < 0.0001) and the negative coverage of both disorders increased over time.<br/> CONCLUSION: The social stigma attached to schizophrenia is poignantly reflected in the Flemish newspapers. The fact that a disorder such as autism, which has many features in common with schizophrenia, is depicted in a much more favourable way than schizophrenia indicates that a more positive image of schizophrenia is not only desirable but also achievable.
20. Varma A, Iskandar JW. {{Challenges in Diagnosis of Autism and the Struggle of Using Western Screening Tools in Different Cultures PSYCHIATRISTS PERSPECTIVE}}. {Indian Pediatr};2014 (May 8);51(5):356-357.
21. Wong CM, Singhal S. {{INDT-ASD : An Autism Diagnostic Tool for Indian Children DEVELOPMENTAL PEDIATRICIANS PERSPECTIVE}}. {Indian Pediatr};2014 (May 8);51(5):355-356.
