1. Bottema-Beutel K, Malloy C, Lloyd BP, Louick R, Joffe-Nelson L, Watson LR, Yoder PJ. {{Sequential Associations Between Caregiver Talk and Child Play in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typical Development}}. {Child Dev};2017 (May 26)
This study examined sequential associations between child play and caregiver talk in 98 caregiver-child dyads (Mmental age = 14 months). Fifty dyads included a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Analyses revealed sequential associations between child play and caregiver follow-in (FI) utterances (utterances related to the child’s attentional focus) were stronger in the ASD as compared to the typically developing (TD) group. FI utterances were more likely to elicit functional play than caregiver-focused utterances, and more so in the ASD group. Across groups, FI directives were more likely to elicit functional play than FI comments. These findings have important implications for research involving caregiver-child play as an early intervention context for children with ASD.
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2. Kwon HJ, Yoo HJ, Kim JH, Noh DH, Sunwoo HJ, Jeon YS, Lee SY, Jo YU, Bong GY. {{Re-adjusting the cut-off score of the Korean version of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale for high-functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorder}}. {Psychiatry Clin Neurosci};2017 (May 26)
AIM: The current cut-off score of the Korean version of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale(K-CARS) does not seem sensitive enough to precisely diagnose high-functioning autism. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal cut-off score of K-CARS for diagnosing high-functioning individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders(ASD). METHODS: A total of 329 participants were assessed by the Korean versions of the Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised (K-ADI-R), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (K-ADOS), and K-CARS. Intelligence quotient (IQ) and Social Maturity Scale (SMS; SQ) scores were also obtained. RESULTS: True positive and false negative rates of K-CARS were 77.2% and 22.8%, respectively. Verbal Intelligent Quotient and Social Quotient were significant predictors of misclassification. The false negative rate increased to 36.0% from 19.8% when VIQ > 69.5, and the rate increased to 44.1% for participants with VIQ > 69.5 and SQ > 75.5. In addition, if SQ > 83.5, the false negative rate increased to 46.7%, even if the participant’s VIQ <== 69.5. Optimal cut-off scores were 28.5(for VIQ <== 69.5 and SQ <==75.5), 24.25(for VIQ > 69.5 and SQ >75.5), and 24.5(for SQ > 83.5), respectively. CONCLUSION: The likelihood of a false negative error increases when K-CARS is used to diagnose high-functioning autism and Asperger’s Syndrome. For subjects with ASD and substantial verbal ability, the cut-off score for K-CARS should be re-adjusted and/or supplementary diagnostic tools might be needed to enhance diagnostic accuracy for ASD.
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3. Stratis EA, Lecavalier L. {{Predictors of Parent-Teacher Agreement in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Typically Developing Siblings}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2017 (May 25)
This study evaluated the magnitude of informant agreement and predictors of agreement on behavior and emotional problems and autism symptoms in 403 children with autism and their typically developing siblings. Parent-teacher agreement was investigated on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Agreement between parents and teachers fell in the low to moderate range. Multiple demographic and clinical variables were considered as predictors, and only some measures of parent broad autism traits were associated with informant agreement. Parent report on the SRS was a positive predictor of agreement, while teacher report was a negative predictor. Parent report on the CBCL emerged as a positive predictor of agreement, while teacher report emerged as a negative predictor.
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4. Thye MD, Bednarz HM, Herringshaw AJ, Sartin EB, Kana RK. {{The impact of atypical sensory processing on social impairments in autism spectrum disorder}}. {Dev Cogn Neurosci};2017 (May 17)
Altered sensory processing has been an important feature of the clinical descriptions of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There is evidence that sensory dysregulation arises early in the progression of ASD and impacts social functioning. This paper reviews behavioral and neurobiological evidence that describes how sensory deficits across multiple modalities (vision, hearing, touch, olfaction, gustation, and multisensory integration) could impact social functions in ASD. Theoretical models of ASD and their implications for the relationship between sensory and social functioning are discussed. Furthermore, neural differences in anatomy, function, and connectivity of different regions underlying sensory and social processing are also discussed. We conclude that there are multiple mechanisms through which early sensory dysregulation in ASD could cascade into social deficits across development. Future research is needed to clarify these mechanisms, and specific focus should be given to distinguish between deficits in primary sensory processing and altered top-down attentional and cognitive processes.
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5. Westphal A. {{Public Perception, Autism, and the Importance of Violence Subtypes}}. {J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry};2017 (Jun);56(6):462-463.
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6. Loomes R, Hull L, Mandy WPL. {{What Is the Male-to-Female Ratio in Autism Spectrum Disorder? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis}}. {J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry};2017 (Jun);56(6):466-474.
OBJECTIVE: To derive the first systematically calculated estimate of the relative proportion of boys and girls with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) through a meta-analysis of prevalence studies conducted since the introduction of the DSM-IV and the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision. METHOD: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. The Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO databases were searched, and study quality was rated using a risk-of-bias tool. Random-effects meta-analysis was used. The pooled outcome measurement was the male-to-female odds ratio (MFOR), namely the odds of being male in the group with ASD compared with the non-ASD group. In effect, this is the ASD male-to-female ratio, controlling for the male-to-female ratio among participants without ASD. RESULTS: Fifty-four studies were analyzed, with 13,784,284 participants, of whom 53,712 had ASD (43,972 boys and 9,740 girls). The overall pooled MFOR was 4.20 (95% CI 3.84-4.60), but there was very substantial between-study variability (I2 = 90.9%). High-quality studies had a lower MFOR (3.32; 95% CI 2.88-3.84). Studies that screened the general population to identify participants regardless of whether they already had an ASD diagnosis showed a lower MFOR (3.25; 95% CI 2.93-3.62) than studies that only ascertained participants with a pre-existing ASD diagnosis (MFOR 4.56; 95% CI 4.10-5.07). CONCLUSION: Of children meeting criteria for ASD, the true male-to-female ratio is not 4:1, as is often assumed; rather, it is closer to 3:1. There appears to be a diagnostic gender bias, meaning that girls who meet criteria for ASD are at disproportionate risk of not receiving a clinical diagnosis.
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7. Heeramun R, Magnusson C, Gumpert CH, Granath S, Lundberg M, Dalman C, Rai D. {{Autism and Convictions for Violent Crimes: Population-Based Cohort Study in Sweden}}. {J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry};2017 (Jun);56(6):491-497 e492.
OBJECTIVE: Recent systematic reviews have highlighted that the relationship between autism and violent offending is still unclear, but some cases have received extensive media scrutiny. We investigated whether autism is associated with convictions for violent crimes, and studied the associated risk and protective factors. METHOD: We analyzed data from the Stockholm Youth Cohort, a total population-based record-linkage cohort in Stockholm County comprising 295,734 individuals followed up between 15 and 27 years of age. Of these, 5,739 individuals had a recorded autism diagnosis. The main outcome measure was a conviction for violent crimes identified using the Swedish National Crime Register. RESULTS: Individuals with autism, particularly those without intellectual disability, initially appeared to have a higher risk of violent offending (adjusted relative risk = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.23-1.58). However, these associations markedly attenuated after co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or conduct disorder were taken into account (adjusted relative risk = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.75-0.97). Among individuals with autism, male sex and psychiatric conditions were the strongest predictors of violent criminality, along with parental criminal and psychiatric history and socioeconomic characteristics. There was some evidence that a delayed diagnosis of autism was associated with a greater risk of violent crime. Better school performance and intellectual disability appeared to be protective. CONCLUSION: An initially observed association between autism and violent crimes at a population level was explained by comorbidity with ADHD and conduct disorder. Better understanding and management of comorbid psychopathology in autism may potentially help preventive action against offending behaviors in people with autism.
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8. Penner M, Anagnostou E, Andoni LY, Ungar WJ. {{Systematic review of clinical guidance documents for autism spectrum disorder diagnostic assessment in select regions}}. {Autism};2017 (May 01):1362361316685879.
Clinical guidance documents play an important role in ensuring access to high-quality autism spectrum disorder diagnostic assessment practices. The objective was to perform a systematic review of professional association and government clinical guidance documents for autism spectrum disorder diagnostic assessment, analyzing their quality and content. The government search was limited to English-speaking, single-payer, publicly funded health systems. A quality appraisal was conducted by two appraisers using the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation, second edition tool. A content analysis was conducted for recommended clinical personnel and psychometric tools. The 11 documents demonstrated higher quality in Scope and Purpose (mean: 90.1, standard deviation: 7.4) and Clarity of Presentation (mean: 82.8, standard deviation: 9.4) and lower quality in Applicability (mean: 43.3, standard deviation: 23.8) and Rigor of Development (mean: 52, standard deviation: 21.9). All documents either recommended multidisciplinary team assessment or stated it was ideal. The documents varied substantially in their recommended tools and personnel for diagnostic assessment. There was little supporting evidence for team and personnel recommendations. Multiple guidance documents exist for autism spectrum disorder diagnostic assessments, with varying quality and recommendations. The substantial variation likely stems from insufficient evidence supporting assessment practices. Research is required to close the evidence gaps and inform high-quality clinical guidelines.
