1. Callow E, Tahir M, Feldman M. {{Judicial Reliance on Parental IQ in Appellate-Level Child Welfare Cases Involving Parents with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities}}. {J Appl Res Intellect Disabil};2016 (Nov 27)
BACKGROUND: Parents with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) are over-represented in child welfare cases. Although IQ per se is an invalid indicator of parenting abilities, this study examined the prevalence of judicial consideration of parental IQ test evidence in US appellate cases. METHODS: The present authors conducted Boolean searches of Westlaw Corporation’s case database since 1999. The present authors used a six-question checklist to survey the 42 most recent American appellate cases involving termination of parental rights (TPR) decisions that included evidence of parental intellectual and developmental disabilities based on IQ. RESULTS: In 86% of cases, parental low IQ was presented as a barrier to parenting competence. Higher courts uphold TPR decision in 81% of cases involving parents with intellectual and developmental disabilities. CONCLUSIONS: Parental IQ scores are routinely relied upon to judge parenting capacity in custody cases where parents have intellectual and developmental disabilities. The present authors recommend more comprehensive assessments examining a broader range of contextual variable that may impact on parenting abilities.
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2. Carlisi CO, Norman LJ, Lukito SS, Radua J, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K. {{Comparative Multimodal Meta-analysis of Structural and Functional Brain Abnormalities in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder}}. {Biol Psychiatry};2016 (Oct 13)
BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) share inhibitory control deficits possibly underlying poor control over stereotyped and repetitive g., v/r/ dACC /MPFC); and (iv) to indicate a pathway (e.g., if this is a pathway: bilateral putamen/caudate/nucleus accumbens / pallidum /amygdala/insula). BPS style does not allow virgules to be used to represent expressions of duality or alternatives. Please express these as and/or, and, or or . BPS style does not allow virgules to be used to represent a compound modifier such as « rostral/ dorsomedial , » which should be changed to hyphen(s), such as rostral- dorsomedial . BPS does not allow virgules to be used to separate elements of lists (e.g., if this is a list: bilateral putamen/caudate/nucleus accumbens / pallidum /amygdala/insula). Please use commas in lists. BPS does not allow use of virgules to mean of between numbers (e.g., 4/12). Please use of. –>and compulsive behaviors, respectively. However, it is unclear whether these symptom profiles are mediated by common or distinct neural profiles. This comparative multimodal meta-analysis assessed shared and disorder-specific neuroanatomy and neurofunction of inhibitory functions. METHODS: A comparative meta-analysis of 62 voxel-based morphometry and 26 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of inhibitory control was conducted comparing gray matter volume and activation abnormalities between patients with ASD (structural MRI: 911; fMRI: 188) and OCD (structural MRI: 928; fMRI: 247) and control subjects. Multimodal meta-analysis compared groups across voxel-based morphometry and fMRI. RESULTS: Both disorders shared reduced function and structure in the rostral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex including the anterior cingulate. OCD patients had a disorder-specific increase in structure and function of left basal ganglia (BG) and insula relative to control subjects and ASD patients, who had reduced right BG and insula volumes versus OCD patients. In fMRI, ASD patients showed disorder-specific reduced left dorsolateral-prefrontal activation and reduced posterior cingulate deactivation, whereas OCD patients showed temporoparietal underactivation. CONCLUSIONS: The multimodal comparative meta-analysis shows shared and disorder-specific abnormalities. Whereas the rostrodorsomedial prefrontal cortex was smaller in structure and function in both disorders, this was concomitant with increased structure and function in BG and insula in OCD patients, but a reduction in ASD patients, presumably reflecting a disorder-specific frontostriatoinsular dysregulation in OCD in the form of poor frontal control over overactive BG, and a frontostriatoinsular maldevelopment in ASD with reduced structure and function in this network. Disorder-differential mechanisms appear to drive overlapping phenotypes of inhibitory control abnormalities in patients with ASD and OCD.
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3. Espana Fuente L, Mendez Redondo RE, Gonzalez Gonzalez JL. {{Use of Clarus Video System(R) in expected difficult airway in a patient with Rett syndrome}}. {Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim};2016 (Nov 22)
Difficult airway management remains one of the key points in our specialty, as the difficulty or impossibility of tracheal intubation is the main cause of morbidity/mortality attributable to anaesthesia. Rett syndrome is a severe and incapacitating neurological disease. We present the case of a 21-year-old girl affected by this syndrome, with significant psychomotor retardation and difficult airway predictors, who was scheduled to have a laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anaesthesia. We decided on one attempt of Clarus Video System(R) fiberoptic intubation as primary intervention. Intubation was successfully performed with the help of this optical stylet. The use of optical stylets is gaining prominence and finding a place in the latest algorithms of difficult airway management. We highlight the growing role these devices play in managing difficult airway, therefore we review the current situation of videolaryngoscopes in the management of the predicted difficult airway.
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4. Neumeyer AM, Cano Sokoloff N, McDonnell E, Macklin EA, McDougle CJ, Misra M. {{Bone Accrual in Males with Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {J Pediatr};2016 (Nov 22)
OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that bone accrual over a 4-year period is reduced in boys with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared with typically developing controls. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty-five boys with ASD and 24 controls were assessed for bone outcomes. Fourteen boys with ASD and 11 controls were assessed both at baseline and after 4 years. The mean subject age was 11.0 +/- 1.6 years at study initiation and 14.9 +/- 1.6 years at follow-up. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the spine, hip, and whole body using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and normalized for age, race, and sex (BMD z-scores). Height adjustments were performed as well. We assessed medical history, physical activity using questionnaires, vitamin D and calcium intake using food records, and serum calcium, phosphorus, 25(OH)-vitamin D, and pubertal hormone levels. RESULTS: Boys with ASD had lower spine, hip, and whole body BMD z-scores compared with controls. In those subjects assessed both at baseline and after 4 years, bone accrual rates did not differ between the 2 groups; however, spine and hip BMD z-scores remained lower in the boys with ASD than in controls at follow-up. Notably, the ASD group was less physically active at both time points. CONCLUSION: Although pubertal bone accrual was similar to that in controls, BMD in children with ASD remained low over a 4-year follow-up period, suggesting that low BMD is a consequence of prepubertal factors, such as low physical activity. Studies are needed to investigate the causes and consequences of decreased BMD, to assess BMD in females and adults with ASD, and to evaluate therapeutic interventions.
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5. Powell JL, Pringle L, Greig M. {{Investigation of the Association Between Motor Stereotypy Behavior With Fundamental Movement Skills, Adaptive Functioning, and Autistic Spectrum Disorder Symptomology in Children With Intellectual Disabilities}}. {J Child Neurol};2016 (Nov 25)
Motor stereotypy behaviors are patterned, coordinated, repetitive behaviors that are particularly evident in those with an autistic spectrum disorder and intellectual disabilities. The extent to which motor stereotypy behavior severity is associated with motor skills and maladaptive behavior, measures of adaptive functioning, along with fundamental movement skills and degree of autistic spectrum disorder symptomology is assessed in this preliminary report. Twelve participants, aged 7 to 16 years, with a reported motor stereotypy behavior and either mild or severe intellectual disability comprising developmental or global delay took part in the study. Spearman rho correlational analysis showed that severity of motor stereotypy behavior was significantly positively correlated with autistic spectrum disorder symptomology (P = .008) and maladaptive behavior (P = .008) but not fundamental movement skills (P > .05). An increase in fundamental movement skills score was associated with a decrease in autistic spectrum disorder symptomology (P = .01) and an increase in motor skills (P = .002). This study provides evidence showing a significant relationship between motor stereotypy behavior severity with degree of autistic spectrum disorder symptomology and maladaptive behavior.
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6. Safari MR, Omrani MD, Noroozi R, Sayad A, Sarrafzadeh S, Komaki A, Manjili FA, Mazdeh M, Ghaleiha A, Taheri M. {{Synaptosome-Associated Protein 25 (SNAP25) Gene Association Analysis Revealed Risk Variants for ASD, in Iranian Population}}. {J Mol Neurosci};2016 (Nov 26)
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common, complex neurological condition, affecting approximately 1% of people worldwide. Monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders which showed autistic behavior patterns have suggested synaptic dysfunction, as a key mechanism in the pathophysiology of ASD. Subsequently, genes involved in synaptic signaling have been investigated with a priority for candidate gene studies. A synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25) gene plays a crucial role in the central nervous system, contributing to exocytosis by targeting and fusion of vesicles to the cell membrane. Studies have shown a correlation between aberrant expression of the SNAP25 and a variety of brain diseases. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this gene are associated with several psychiatric diseases, such as bipolar, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether polymorphisms (rs3746544 and rs1051312) in the regulatory 3′-untranslated region (3’UTR) of the SNAP25 gene have an association with ASD in unrelated Iranian case (N = 524)-control (N = 472) samples. We observed robust association of the rs3746544 SNP and ASD patients, in both allele and haplotype-based analyses. Our results supported the previous observations and indicated a possible role for SNAP25 polymorphisms as susceptibility genetic factors involved in developing ASD.
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7. Sawyer M. {{Book review: ‘Neurotribes – the legacy of autism and how to think smarter about people who think differently’ Steve Silberman}}. {Australas Psychiatry};2016 (Dec);24(6):621.
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8. Verschuur R, Huskens B, Verhoeven L, Didden R. {{Increasing Opportunities for Question-Asking in School-Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Effectiveness of Staff Training in Pivotal Response Treatment}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2016 (Nov 25)
Deficits in question-asking are common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Furthermore, their opportunities to self-initiate questions are often hindered by directive behavior of their conversation partners. This study assessed the effectiveness of staff training in pivotal response treatment (PRT) on staff member-created opportunities and self-initiated questions of school-aged children with ASD. Generalization and maintenance were also assessed. Participants were 14 staff members and children with ASD attending an inpatient treatment facility. Data showed that PRT resulted in significant increases in both staff member-created opportunities and child-initiated questions. Generalization to group situations and collateral changes in children’s language, pragmatic, and adaptive skills, and maladaptive behaviors did not occur. Implications for clinical practice and directions for future research are discussed.
