1. Boland KM, Stichter JP, Beversdorf DQ, Christ SE. {{Brief Report: Flanker Visual Filtering Ability in Older Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {Journal of autism and developmental disorders}. 2018.
Recent research has documented impaired ability to resist interference from visual distractors in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and suggests that this phenomenon may be more pronounced in young versus older children (Christ et al., Neuropsychology 25(6):690-701, 2011). The present study extends previous findings by examining visual filtering inhibitory ability within an older adolescent population. A flanker visual filtering task was administered to 36 adolescents with ASD and 44 adolescents without ASD (age: 11-20 years). Analysis revealed no evidence of group differences in visual filtering performance. Taken together with previous research, these results suggest that during early adolescence the previously observed impairment may resolve or compensatory strategies develop, allowing individuals with ASD to perform as well as their neurotypical peers.
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2. Cantio C, White S, Madsen GF, Bilenberg N, Jepsen JRM. {{Do cognitive deficits persist into adolescence in autism?}}. {Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research}. 2018.
SEVERAL THEORIES HAVE ATTEMPTED TO CHARACTERISE AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS (ASDS) AT THE COGNITIVE LEVEL, MOST NOTABLY: THEORY OF MIND (TOM), EXECUTIVE FUNCTION (EF), AND A LOCAL PROCESSING BIAS (LB). THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE HOW THESE COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS DEVELOP OVER TIME: The three cognitive domains (ToM, EF, and LB) were examined in a group of high-functioning children (age: 8-12, mean 10.85; IQ: 78-139, mean 105.48) with ASD and a matched group of children with neurotypical development (NTD) (IQ: 75-145, mean: 109.47), and several tasks were used within each domain to ensure the validity of the cognitive measures. Approximately 3 years later (mean age: 14.34), all children and their families were invited to participate in the follow-up (ASD, N = 21; NTD, N = 30). While the understanding of other’s minds does improve from childhood to adolescence, ToM impairment persists in adolescents with ASD relative to their peers. Likewise, a development in EF was observed in the ASD group, while no significant improvement was seen in the NTD group, leading the ASD group to catch up in this domain. We did not detect any group differences at any time point regarding local bias processing (LB). Individual patterns of development were seen, but remarkably, ToM deficits were present in every child with ASD in whom we could detect any cognitive impairment at baseline, and a similar pattern was found at follow-up. These findings indicate that ToM is a persistent cognitive deficit in ASD. LAY SUMMARY: This was the first study to investigate the development of three well-known cognitive functions into adolescence: While the understanding of other’s minds improves from childhood to adolescence, adolescents with ASD are still impaired relative to their peers. The EFs, however, seem to improve to a neurotypical level in ASD as children enter adolescence, while local processing bias seems to differentiate the groups only in early childhood.
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3. Ceylan AC, Citli S, Erdem HB, Sahin I, Acar Arslan E, Erdogan M. {{Importance and usage of chromosomal microarray analysis in diagnosing intellectual disability, global developmental delay, and autism; and discovering new loci for these disorders}}. {Molecular cytogenetics}. 2018; 11: 54.
Background: Chromosomal microarray analysis is a first-stage test that is used for the diagnosis of intellectual disability and global developmental delay. Chromosomal microarray analysis can detect well-known microdeletion syndromes. It also contributes to the identification of genes that are responsible for the phenotypes in the new copy number variations. Results: Chromosomal microarray analysis was conducted on 124 patients with intellectual disability and global developmental delay. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was used for the confirmation of chromosome 22q11.2 deletion/duplication. 26 pathogenic and likely pathogenic copy number variations were detected in 23 patients (18.55%) in a group of 124 Turkish patients with intellectual disability and global developmental delay. Chromosomal microarray analysis revealed pathogenic de novo Copy number variations, such as a novel 2.9-Mb de novo deletion at 18q22 region with intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder, and a 22q11.2 region homozygote duplication with new clinical features. Conclusion: Our data expand the spectrum of 22q11.2 region mutations, reveal new loci responsible from autism spectrum disorder and provide new insights into the genotype-phenotype correlations of intellectual disability and global developmental delay.
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4. Denmark T, Atkinson J, Campbell R, Swettenham J. {{Signing with the Face: Emotional Expression in Narrative Production in Deaf Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {Journal of autism and developmental disorders}. 2018.
This study examined facial expressions produced during a British Sign Language (BSL) narrative task (Herman et al., International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 49(3):343-353, 2014) by typically developing deaf children and deaf children with autism spectrum disorder. The children produced BSL versions of a video story in which two children are seen to enact a language-free scenario where one tricks the other. This task encourages elicitation of facial acts signalling intention and emotion, since the protagonists showed a range of such expressions during the events portrayed. Results showed that typically developing deaf children produced facial expressions which closely aligned with native adult signers’ BSL narrative versions of the task. Children with ASD produced fewer targeted expressions and showed qualitative differences in the facial actions that they produced.
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5. Funabiki Y, Shiwa T. {{Weakness of Visual Working Memory in Autism}}. {Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research}. 2018.
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are often supported in daily life by visual presentations such as picture cards or illustrations. Therefore, they are considered to have visual strength. However, whether people with ASD are cognitively superior in visual processing and what causes the difference between visual and other sensory processing remain unknown. Thus, we compared visual and auditory processing from an aspect of memory in people with ASD and controls. We conducted the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) with 64 adults with ASD and 30 controls matched for gender, age, and Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FIQ). Our results showed that participants with ASD were inferior in visual working memory (P < .01), on a task in which a visual target was pointed every second. Another visual memory, namely, Visual Reproduction in which four geometric figures were presented each by 10 sec, and auditory memory, including working memory, revealed no significant differences between groups. Other visual memory, namely, Visual Paired Associates in which paired presentations were shown every 3 sec, had weak differences (P = .019). Thus, people with ASD might have difficulties processing rapid visual information. Autism Res 2018. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Autistic people are often supported by visual presentations. In this study, we inspected whether they have visual superiority. We showed that they were not visually superior in cognitive aspects, and were poor not at auditory but at visual working memory. Static visual memory in which memorization time is longer than that in working memory was intact in autism. Unusual rapid visual presentation may bother people with autism. Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
6. Harrington JW, Emuren L, Restaino K, Schrier Vergano S. {{Parental Perception and Participation in Genetic Testing Among Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders}}. {Clinical pediatrics}. 2018: 9922818803398.
The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with genetic testing in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and understand parental involvement in the decision to test using survey data of parents of children with ASD. Evaluation by a geneticist was associated with genetic testing by more than 39 times compared to evaluation by a nongeneticist (95% CI = 9.15-168.81). Those offered testing by the physicians were more than 6 times more likely to be tested than those not offered testing (95% CI = 1.66-24.61). Financial concerns, not being offered testing, and lack of awareness were the most consistent reasons for not testing given by participants. A physician’s recommendation for testing and an evaluation by a geneticist were the most important factors associated with genetic testing in children with ASD. Educating primary care physicians and nongenetic specialists can potentially improve genetic testing among children with ASD.
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7. Harwood C, Kaczmarek E, Drake D. {{Parental Perceptions of the Nature of the Relationship Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Share with Their Canine Companion}}. {Journal of autism and developmental disorders}. 2018.
This study examined the role of companion canines in the lives of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Interviews were conducted with 11 mothers of children with ASD (aged 5-12) who owned a canine companion in a multiple case study methodology. Transcript analysis revealed the emergence of five major themes, namely; love and companionship, perception of ownership, comfort and calming influence, canine’s ability to assist the child with understanding their world, and challenging experiences. The social and emotional benefits of companion canine ownership were observed in the majority of cases, particularly when the canine was the preferred companion animal and possessed an appropriate temperament suitable to cohabit with children who possess unique social and sensory needs.
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8. Hillman JL, Anderson CM. {{It’s a Battle and a Blessing: The Experience and Needs of Custodial Grandparents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {Journal of autism and developmental disorders}. 2018.
We know little about custodial grandparents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who offer a vital social safety net. 117 custodial grandparents of children with ASD from 37 states completed an online survey with open-ended questions about their « greatest challenges and joys » as grandparent. Grounded theory analysis revealed four categories of experience (Issues with Adult Children, Caregiving Burden, Coping, & Wisdom) explained by 15 themes. Grandparents’ stressors encompassed custody issues, ASD problem behaviors like tantrums and eloping, insufficient ASD services, financial burden, 24/7 caregiving demands, social isolation, and fears for the future. Grandparents’ coping included celebrations of progress, unconditional love, faith, and a positive focus. Grandparents’ wisdom included patience and insight. Recommendations to support these caregivers are provided.
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9. Jiao X, Yu D, Cao T, Huang F. {{Serum miRNA expression profiling reveals miR-486-3p may play a significant role in the development of autism by targeting ARID1B}}. {Neuroreport}. 2018.
Recent studies have implicated microRNAs (miRNAs) in autism and have supported changes in serum miRNA expression profile. We proposed to analyze miRNA expression and its target genes related to regulatory networks in autism within a cohort of Chinese patients. The aim of this study was to explore the dysregulation of miRNAs in autism and investigate the potential mechanistic implications in the pathogenesis of autism. MiRNA was isolated from the serum samples of 20 patients with autism and 23 controls. Dysfunctional miRNAs were identified using miRNA microarray analyses. We used quantitative reverse transcription-PCR to examine the four differentially expressed miRNAs. The target gene of miR-486-3p was confirmed by luciferase assay and miRNA transfection in SH-SY5Y cell lines. A total of 77 differentially expressed miRNAs were found in the miRNA microarray analysis of two patients with autism compared with three controls. On the basis of the microarray results, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis indicated that miR-557 and miR-486-3p expression levels were significantly increased (P<0.05) in 18 patients with autism compared with 20 controls. Overexpression of miR-486-3p decreased ARID1B mRNA and protein levels (P<0.05), whereas inhibition of miR-486-3p increased the mRNA and protein levels of ARID1B in SH-SY5Y cell lines. Luciferase activity was significantly decreased compared with the control group (P<0.05) after cells were co-transfected with miR-486-3p mimics and ARID1B 3'-untranslated region. Our study has highlighted that miR-486-3p expression is increased in serum of patients with autism and supports that miR-486-3p inhibits the expression of ARID1B. Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
10. Kamen CL, Zevy DL, Ward JM, Bishnoi IR, Kavaliers M, Ossenkopp KP. {{Systemic Treatment with the Enteric Bacterial Fermentation Product, Propionic Acid, Reduces Acoustic Startle Response Magnitude in Rats in a Dose-Dependent Fashion: Contribution to a Rodent Model of ASD}}. {Neurotoxicity research}. 2018.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by cognitive and sensorimotor deficits, among others. Hypo-sensitivity and hyper-sensitivity to different stimuli within the same sensory modality, a prominent symptom of ASD, can be assessed by acoustic startle response (ASR) and prepulse inhibition (PPI). Propionic acid (PPA) is a short-chain fatty acid and a by-product of the human gut microbiome. Rodents treated with PPA has been found to produce ASD-related behavioral abnormalities, gastrointestinal discomfort, and conditioned aversions. The present study examined ASR and PPI in adult male rats treated systemically (intraperitoneal injections) with two different doses of PPA. A single injection of PPA produced significant dose-dependent reductions in startle response magnitude relative to control rats. However, PPA-treated rats did not show significant sensorimotor gating abnormalities relative to controls, based on the PPI measures. These findings add to the growing body of evidence supporting the validity of the PPA rodent model of ASD.
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11. McAuliffe T, Thomas Y, Vaz S, Falkmer T, Cordier R. {{The experiences of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder: Managing family routines and mothers’ health and wellbeing}}. {Australian occupational therapy journal}. 2018.
BACKGROUND/AIM: Families of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) use family routines to provide predictability and structure to support occupational engagement of their family members. Mothers assume the major role to orchestrate occupations in constructing family routines, which may impact their health and wellbeing. However, the experiences of mothers in managing family routines and their health and wellbeing have not been the main focus in previous research. Thus, this study explored the experiences of mothers of children with ASD in managing family routines and their perceptions of the impact of family routines on their health and wellbeing. METHODS: An interpretive phenomenological approach was used. Twenty mothers of children with ASD, aged between 28 and 56 years, participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were transcribed verbatim and each transcript was analysed. RESULTS: Five themes that summarise mothers’ perceptions towards health and wellbeing when managing family routines emerged: (i) Keeping on track keeping healthy; (ii) My life is busy, because I do everything for everyone else; (iii) Keeping on track all the time is tiring or frustrating; (iv) Looking after my family by looking after myself; and (v) I am not perfect and it is OK. CONCLUSION: This study highlighted the substantial efforts required in constructing family routines that may be at the cost of mothers’ health and wellbeing. However, mothers may be able to cope with everyday demands in managing family routines by changing their perspectives. By integrating ‘me-time’ activities in family routines, mothers may be able to support their own health and wellbeing. Mothers’ values and needs are reflected in family routines; hence, thorough understanding of family routines may be a key to support mothers’ occupational engagement.
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12. Nadeem A, Ahmad SF, Al-Harbi NO, Attia SM, Alshammari MA, Al-Zahrani KS, Bakheet SA. {{Increased oxidative stress in the cerebellum and peripheral immune cells leads to exaggerated autism-like repetitive behavior due to deficiency of antioxidant response in BTBR T+tf/J mice}}. {Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry}. 2018.
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects social cognitive abilities resulting in communication or sensory deficits, and stereotyped behaviors in millions of people worldwide. Oxidant-antioxidant imbalance contributes significantly to the neurobehavioral dysregulations and severity of symptoms in patients with autism, however it has not been explored earlier whether it affects autism-like behavior directly. Therefore, we investigated oxidant-antioxidant balance in peripheral immune cells (neutrophils and CD3+ T cells) and cerebellum of BTBR T+tf/J (BTBR) mice which show autism-like behavior and the social C57BL/6J (C57) mice. Further, we utilized buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a glutathione depleting agent to assess the impact of oxidant-antioxidant dysregulation on autism-like behavior. Our study shows that BTBR mice have increased lipid/protein oxidation products in cerebellum and neutrophils/CD3+ T cells along with increased NADPH oxidase (NOX2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. This was concurrent with lower levels of glutathione and enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the cerebellum and peripheral immune cells. BSO administration led to further lowering of glutathione with a concurrent upregulation of iNOS, and NOX2 in cerebellum and peripheral immune cells. However, there was deficiency of an adaptive antioxidant response which was associated with exaggerated repetitive behaviors in BTBR mice. On the other hand, C57 mice also had increased oxidative stress after BSO treatment, however there was an enzymatic antioxidant response both in cerebellum and periphery. Overall, this study suggests that BTBR mice have increased oxidative stress with a deficient enzymatic antioxidant response that is associated with autism-like repetitive behaviors.
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13. Nguyen HTN, Kato H, Masuda K, Yamaza H, Hirofuji Y, Sato H, Pham TTM, Takayama F, Sakai Y, Ohga S, Taguchi T, Nonaka K. {{Impaired neurite development associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic neurons differentiated from exfoliated deciduous tooth-derived pulp stem cells of children with autism spectrum disorder}}. {Biochemistry and biophysics reports}. 2018; 16: 24-31.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interactions, restrictive interests, and repetitive stereotypic behaviors. Among the various mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of ASD, dysfunctions of dopaminergic signaling and mitochondria have been hypothesized to explain the core symptoms of children with ASD. However, only a few studies focusing on the pathological association between dopaminergic neurons (DN) and mitochondria in ASD have been performed using patient-derived stem cells and in vitro differentiated neurons. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are neural crest-derived mesenchymal stem cells present in the dental pulp of exfoliated deciduous teeth; these cells can differentiate into dopaminergic neurons (DN) in vitro. This study aimed to investigate the pathological association between development of DN and mitochondria in ASD by using SHED as a disease- or patient-specific cellular model. The SHED obtained from three children with ASD and three typically developing children were differentiated into DN, and the neurobiology of these cells was examined. The DN derived from children with ASD showed impaired neurite outgrowth and branching, associated with decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP production, number of mitochondria within the neurites, amount of mitochondria per cell area and intracellular calcium level. In addition, impaired neurite outgrowth and branching of ASD-derived DN were not improved by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), suggesting impairment of the BDNF signaling pathway in ASD. These results imply that intracerebral dopamine production may have decreased in these children. The earliest age at which deciduous teeth spontaneously exfoliate in humans, and SHED can be noninvasively collected, is approximately 6 years. Our results suggest that in vitro analysis of SHED-derived DN obtained from children with ASD provides neurobiological information that may be useful in determining treatment strategies in the early stages of ASD.
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14. Pfeiffer B, Erb SR, Slugg L. {{Impact of Noise-Attenuating Headphones on Participation in the Home, Community, and School for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {Physical & occupational therapy in pediatrics}. 2018: 1-17.
AIM: The purpose of this study was to conceptualize the benefits and limitations of using noise-attenuating headphones for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) on participation in home, community, and school environments from the perspective of parents and teachers. METHODS: Grounded theory methodology was used to guide data collection and analysis. Ten parents and five teachers of children with ASD and auditory hypersensitivity aged 6-12 completed recorded interviews. Interviews were transcribed and crosschecked prior to analysis by two or more researchers. Constant comparison was used during open and axial coding followed by theoretical integration. RESULTS: Participants identified that the use of noise-attenuating headphones increased participation in home, community, and school settings. Barriers and benefits were identified for both around-ear and in-ear headphones. Preparation for use was an identified strategy that reduced the barriers and increased use of the headphones. Additionally, many of the children learned to predict when they needed the headphones and requested their use. CONCLUSION: Results of the study identified parental and teacher support for the use of noise-attenuating headphones to increase participation in natural environments for children with ASD, as well as suggestions to facilitate use for practicing physical and occupational therapists.
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15. Rahmoune H, Boutrid N. {{Autism & Gluten: The Proof By Regression!}}. {Pediatric neurology briefs}. 2018; 32: 9.
Investigators from different clinical and research centers from Paris, France studied the polymorphisms of the HLA class II loci in an autistic population. Through a case control design, they looked for the distribution of HLA class II alleles, genotypes and haplotypes in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) patients meeting DSM-IV TR criteria versus healthy controls (HC).
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16. Septier M, Peyre H, Amsellem F, Beggiato A, Maruani A, Poumeyreau M, Amestoy A, Scheid I, Gaman A, Bolognani F, Honey G, Bouquet C, Ly-Le Moal M, Bouvard M, Leboyer M, Bourgeron T, Delorme R. {{Increased risk of ADHD in families with ASD}}. {European child & adolescent psychiatry}. 2018.
Attention Deficit and Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are frequent comorbid neurodevelopmental conditions and the overlap between both disorders remains to be delineated. A more complete understanding of the shared genetic and environmental factors is needed. Using a family-based method, we evaluated the risk of ADHD in a group of relatives with an ASD proband (ASD-) and a group of relatives with an ASD and ADHD proband (ASD+). We enrolled 1245 individuals in the study: 499 probands, their 746 first-degree relatives and 140 controls. We used a multivariate generalized estimating equation (GEE) model, in which the dependent variable was the ADHD diagnosis in the relatives and the independent variable the ASD+ or ASD- in probands. We adjusted for sociodemographic factors (age, sex, IQ) and for the nature of the familial relationship with the affected proband (parent or sibling). Among the probands, there were 287 ASD- and 212 ASD+ individuals. ADHD was more frequent in relatives (19%) than in the control group (7%) (p = 0.001). The risk of ADHD was higher in the ASD+ relatives group than in the ASD- relatives group (GEE model OR 1.58 [95% CI 1.04-2.38], p = 0.032). This result was found in parents (OR 1.96 [95% CI 1.14-3.36], but not in siblings (OR 1.28 [95% CI 0.84-1.94], p = 0.434). Our study provides a representative estimate of the family distribution of ADHD in relatives of ASD probands but supports the modest effect of shared genetic and environmental factors between both disorders.
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17. Varman DR, Soria-Ortiz MB, Martinez-Torres A, Reyes-Haro D. {{GABArho3 expression in lobule X of the cerebellum is reduced in the valproate model of autism}}. {Neuroscience letters}. 2018.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of developmental disorders characterized by social interaction deficits, communication impairments, and stereotyped and repetitive behaviors. Additionally, impairments in the GABAergic circuitry have been associated with ASD. Several studies have shown that dysfunction of the cerebellum is a hallmark of ASD, and postmortem studies in humans reported a reduced density of Purkinje cells (PCs) together with an abnormal expression of GABA-A subunits, among which GABArho3 is expressed in early postnatal development, forms homomeric receptors with high affinity to the agonist (GABA EC50 ~ 3 muM) and desensitize very little upon activation. Thus, we tested if the expression of GABArho3 was modified by prenatal exposure to valproate (VPA), a well-known murine model of autism. The latency to find the nest increased in VPA-treated mice when compared to controls at postnatal day 8 (P8). Immunofluorescence studies showed a reduced expression of GABArho3 in Purkinje cells (PCs) and ependymal glial cells (EGCs) from lobule X of VPA-treated mice. Finally, the expression of GABArho3 increases linearly throughout normal development of the cerebellum, but this pattern is disrupted in the VPA model of autism. We conclude that the expression of GABArho3 is reduced in PCs and EGCs from lobule X of the cerebellum in the VPA model of autism. Thus, GABArho3 may be a relevant marker for ASD etiology.
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18. Velthorst E, Froudist-Walsh S, Stahl E, Ruderfer D, Ivanov I, Buxbaum J. {{Genetic risk for schizophrenia and autism, social impairment and developmental pathways to psychosis}}. {Translational psychiatry}. 2018; 8(1): 204.
While psychotic experiences (PEs) are assumed to represent psychosis liability, general population studies have not been able to establish significant associations between polygenic risk scores (PRS) and PEs. Previous work suggests that PEs may only represent significant risk when accompanied by social impairment. Leveraging data from the large longitudinal IMAGEN cohort, including 2096 14-year old adolescents that were followed-up to age 18, we tested whether the association between polygenic risk and PEs is mediated by (increasing) impairments in social functioning and social cognitive processes. Using structural equation modeling (SEM) for the subset of participants (n = 643) with complete baseline and follow-up data, we examined pathways to PEs. We found that high polygenic risk for schizophrenia (p = 0.014), reduced brain activity to emotional stimuli (p = 0.009) and social impairments in late adolescence (p < 0.001; controlling for functioning in early adolescence) each independently contributed to the severity of PEs at age 18. The pathway between polygenic risk for autism spectrum disorder and PEs was mediated by social impairments in late adolescence (indirect pathway; p = 0.025). These findings point to multiple direct and indirect pathways to PEs, suggesting that different processes are in play, depending on genetic loading, and environment. Our results suggest that treatments targeting prevention of social impairment may be particularly promising for individuals at genetic risk for autism in order to minimize risk for psychosis. Lien vers le texte intégral (Open Access ou abonnement)
19. Vuijk R, de Nijs PFA, Deen M, Vitale S, Simons-Sprong M, Hengeveld MW. {{Temperament and character in men with autism spectrum disorder: A reanalysis of scores on the Temperament and Character Inventory by individual case matching}}. {Contemporary clinical trials communications}. 2018; 12: 55-9.
Background: Interest in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in adulthood is increasing. Although a person may be diagnosed with ASD, the diagnosis reveals little about the individual’s temperament, character, and personality. Also, relatively little is known about the personality of adults with ASD. Method: A reanalysis of scores on the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) administered to a group of 66 normally intelligent men aged 18-63 years, diagnosed with ASD, by individual case matching to a comparison group of 66 men from the general population drawn from the TCI manual. Results: Compared to the comparison group, men with ASD scored significantly higher on the scale for Harm Avoidance, and lower on Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence, Self-Directedness, and Cooperativeness. Conclusions: In this study the score pattern for temperament and character found in men with ASD by individual case matching confirms and strengthens earlier general group matching findings emerging from our 2012 study and from studies from Sweden and the Netherlands.
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20. White M, Franklin C. {{Adult with autism spectrum disorder presenting with insidious onset of catatonia}}. {The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry}. 2018: 4867418802898.
