1. Blacher J, Kasari C. {{The intersection of autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability}}. {J Intellect Disabil Res}. 2016; 60(5): 399-400.
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2. Burger-Caplan R, Saulnier C, Jones W, Klin A. {{Predicting social and communicative ability in school-age children with autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study of the Social Attribution Task, Multiple Choice}}. {Autism}. 2016.
The Social Attribution Task, Multiple Choice is introduced as a measure of implicit social cognitive ability in children, addressing a key challenge in quantification of social cognitive function in autism spectrum disorder, whereby individuals can often be successful in explicit social scenarios, despite marked social adaptive deficits. The 19-question Social Attribution Task, Multiple Choice, which presents ambiguous stimuli meant to elicit social attribution, was administered to children with autism spectrum disorder (N = 23) and to age-matched and verbal IQ-matched typically developing children (N = 57). The Social Attribution Task, Multiple Choice performance differed between autism spectrum disorder and typically developing groups, with typically developing children performing significantly better than children with autism spectrum disorder. The Social Attribution Task, Multiple Choice scores were positively correlated with age (r = 0.474) while being independent from verbal IQ (r = 0.236). The Social Attribution Task, Multiple Choice was strongly correlated with Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales Communication (r = 0.464) and Socialization (r = 0.482) scores, but not with Daily Living Skills scores (r = 0.116), suggesting that the implicit social cognitive ability underlying performance on the Social Attribution Task, Multiple Choice is associated with real-life social adaptive function.
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3. Burke M, Heller T. {{Individual, parent and social-environmental correlates of caregiving experiences among parents of adults with autism spectrum disorder}}. {J Intellect Disabil Res}. 2016; 60(5): 401-11.
INTRODUCTION: Compared to parents of adults with other types of disabilities, parents of adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience worse well-being. Thus, it is crucial to identify the individual, parent and social-environmental correlates of caregiving experiences among parents of adults with ASD. METHOD: For this study, 130 parents of adults with ASD responded to a survey about caregiving satisfaction, self-efficacy and burden. RESULTS: Greater future planning and community involvement related to more caregiving satisfaction and increased caregiving self-efficacy, respectively. Less choicemaking of the adult with ASD related to greater caregiving satisfaction and self-efficacy. Maladaptive behaviours and poor health of the adult with ASD related to greater caregiving burden. CONCLUSIONS: Implications for policymakers, practitioners and future research are discussed.
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4. Cardon M, Evankovich KD, Holder JL, Jr. {{Exonic deletion of SLC9A9 in autism with epilepsy}}. {Neurol Genet}. 2016; 2(2): e62.
Genes encoding proteins critical for intracellular vesicular transport are an emerging area of importance for neurologists. In particular, proteins that create and maintain the correct compartmental pH, such as the endosomal Na(+)/H(+) exchangers (NHEs), have been implicated in a wide range of human diseases, including cardiovascular, inflammatory bowel, renal, and neurologic disorders, which demonstrates the critical cellular function of these proteins.(1-3) Two NHEs, NHE6 and NHE9, have been linked to neurologic disorders in children.(4) Pathologic variants in SLC9A6 encoding NHE6 cause an Angelman-like disorder called Christianson syndrome. Fewer variants have been described in SLC9A9 encoding NHE9, but individuals carrying these variants have been diagnosed with neurologic disorders ranging from autism to epilepsy to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The majority of described variants are missense, resulting in amino acid substitutions, making it difficult to determine their functional consequence.(4).
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5. Chen YW, Bundy AC, Cordier R, Chien YL, Einfeld SL. {{A cross-cultural exploration of the everyday social participation of individuals with autism spectrum disorders in Australia and Taiwan: An experience sampling study}}. {Autism}. 2016.
Individuals with an autism spectrum disorder commonly have limited social participation. This study aimed to examine the similarities and differences of everyday participation among males and females with autism spectrum disorder in Australia and Taiwan, using an experience sampling methodology. A total of 14 Australians (4 males, aged 16-43 years) and 16 Taiwanese (12 males, aged 19-45 years) with autism spectrum disorder who are cognitively able were asked to carry a device which prompted them seven times per day for 7 days, to record everyday participation: where they were, what they were doing, and who they were with. Multilevel analyses were used to identify the relationships between everyday participation and associated factors including gender, country of residence, clinical severity of autism spectrum disorder, and social anxiety. The results showed that Taiwanese participants were more likely to stay at home than Australian participants. However, female participants were more likely to engage in social situations than males. Furthermore, participants with fewer autism spectrum disorder symptoms and those with higher levels of social anxiety were less likely to engage in social interactions. This study sheds light on ways that culture and gender affect social participation and highlights the relationship of social anxiety to social participation. The findings have implications for interventions for social participation.
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6. Ghaleiha A, Alikhani R, Kazemi MR, Mohammadi MR, Mohammadinejad P, Zeinoddini A, Hamedi M, Shahriari M, Keshavarzi Z, Akhondzadeh S. {{Minocycline as Adjunctive Treatment to Risperidone in Children with Autistic Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial}}. {J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol}. 2016.
OBJECTIVE: This is an investigation of minocycline efficacy and safety as an adjuvant to risperidone in management of children with autism. METHODS: Forty-six children with diagnosis of autistic disorder, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria (American Psychiatric Association 2000) and a score of >/=12 on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community (ABC-C) irritability subscale, who were already drug-free for at least 6 months participated in a randomized controlled trial and underwent 10 weeks of treatment with either minocycline (50 mg twice per day) or placebo in addition to risperidone titrated up to 2 mg/day (based on bodyweight). Patients were evaluated using ABC-C at baseline and at weeks 5 and 10. RESULTS: General linear model repeated measures showed significant effect for time x treatment interaction on the irritability [F(2, 88) = 3.94, p = 0.02] and hyperactivity/noncompliance [F(1.50, 66.05) = 7.92, p = 0.002], but not for lethargy/social withdrawal [F(1.61, 71.02) = 0.98, p = 0.36], stereotypic behavior [F(1.34, 58.80) = 1.55, p = 0.22], and inappropriate speech subscale scores [F(1.52, 66.88) = 1.15, p = 0.31]. By week 10, 21 (91.3%) patients in the minocycline group and 15 (65.5%) patients in the placebo group achieved at least partial response (p = 0.03). Frequencies of adverse events were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Minocycline seems to be a safe and effective adjuvant in management of patients with autistic disorder. Future studies with larger sample sizes, longer follow-ups, and inflammatory cytokine measurements are warranted to confirm these findings and provide insight into minocycline mechanism of action in autistic disorder.
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7. Hampton LH, Kaiser AP. {{Intervention effects on spoken-language outcomes for children with autism: a systematic review and meta-analysis}}. {J Intellect Disabil Res}. 2016; 60(5): 444-63.
BACKGROUND: Although spoken-language deficits are not core to an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis, many children with ASD do present with delays in this area. Previous meta-analyses have assessed the effects of intervention on reducing autism symptomatology, but have not determined if intervention improves spoken language. This analysis examines the effects of early interventions on spoken-language in children with ASD. METHOD: A systematic review of 1756 studies of children with ASD who participated in early intervention resulted in the inclusion of 26 studies in the current review. These studies included 1738 participants with ASD who were, on average, 3.3 years old (SD = 0.91). RESULTS: This random-effects meta-analysis of spoken-language outcomes for children with ASD who received early intervention as compared with usual treatments yielded a significant overall mean effect size of g = 0.26 (CI = 0.11 to 0.42). On average, children with ASD significantly increased their use of spoken-language following experimental early interventions. Treatments delivered simultaneously by a clinician and a parent resulted in greater gains in spoken-language than treatments delivered by a clinician or parent only. No other participant or study characteristics predicted individual-study effect sizes. CONCLUSIONS: Early intervention improves spoken-language outcomes for children with ASD, and the largest effects are found when both parent and clinician implement the intervention. Recommendations for practice include adding systematic parent training to interventions for spoken language to potentially improve outcomes. Future research should report standard language measures as well as child (cognitive ability and socio-economic status) and intervention characteristics to improve evidence related to the effects of interventions on spoken communication in children with ASD.
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8. Key AP, Yoder PJ, Stone WL. {{Consonant differentiation mediates the discrepancy between non-verbal and verbal abilities in children with ASD}}. {J Intellect Disabil Res}. 2016; 60(5): 478-90.
BACKGROUND: Many children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) demonstrate verbal communication disorders reflected in lower verbal than non-verbal abilities. The present study examined the extent to which this discrepancy is associated with atypical speech sound differentiation. METHODS: Differences in the amplitude of auditory event-related potentials elicited by contrasting consonant-vowel syllables during a passive listening paradigm were used to assess speech sound differentiation in 24 children with ASD and 18 chronological age-matched children with typical development (TD), M age 6.90 years (SD = 1.39). RESULTS: Results revealed that compared with TD peers, children with ASD showed reduced consonant differentiation in the 84- to 308-ms period. Brain responses indexing consonant differentiation were negatively related to the degree of discrepancy in non-verbal and verbal abilities and mediated the relationship between diagnostic group membership and the greater discrepancy. CONCLUSIONS: We discuss the theoretical and clinical implications of the brain’s response to speech sound contrasts possibly explaining the greater non-verbal versus language ability in children with ASD compared with that in typically developing children.
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9. Li Y, Stockton ME, Bhuiyan I, Eisinger BE, Gao Y, Miller JL, Bhattacharyya A, Zhao X. {{MDM2 inhibition rescues neurogenic and cognitive deficits in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome}}. {Sci Transl Med}. 2016; 8(336): 336ra61.
Fragile X syndrome, the most common form of inherited intellectual disability, is caused by loss of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). However, the mechanism remains unclear, and effective treatment is lacking. We show that loss of FMRP leads to activation of adult mouse neural stem cells (NSCs) and a subsequent reduction in the production of neurons. We identified the ubiquitin ligase mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) as a target of FMRP. FMRP regulates Mdm2 mRNA stability, and loss of FMRP resulted in elevated MDM2 mRNA and protein. Further, we found that increased MDM2 expression led to reduced P53 expression in adult mouse NSCs, leading to alterations in NSC proliferation and differentiation. Treatment with Nutlin-3, a small molecule undergoing clinical trials for treating cancer, specifically inhibited the interaction of MDM2 with P53, and rescued neurogenic and cognitive deficits in FMRP-deficient mice. Our data reveal a potential regulatory role for FMRP in the balance between adult NSC activation and quiescence, and identify a potential new treatment for fragile X syndrome.
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10. Magana S, Parish SL, Son E. {{Functional severity and Latino ethnicity in specialty services for children with autism spectrum disorder}}. {J Intellect Disabil Res}. 2016; 60(5): 424-34.
BACKGROUND: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience a range of severity levels characterised as levels of support they need for everyday functioning. By this definition, greater levels of severity should warrant greater use of services and supports among children with ASD. In previous studies, Latino children with ASD in the USA have been shown to have lower access to diagnosis and treatment services than White children. However, none have examined service use in relation to severity. In this study, we examined whether there are ethnic disparities between Latino and White children with ASD in specialty autism-related services, and whether functional severity moderates the relationship between ethnicity and receipt of autism services. METHODS: We used data from the Survey of Pathways to Diagnosis and Services, a supplement to the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs and analysed four specialty services commonly used by children with ASD, adjusting for demographic variables. RESULTS: We found that Latino children with ASD who had severe limitations received fewer specialty autism-related services than White children with similarly severe conditions. These disparities were evident despite the fact that the sample of Latino children in these data were more privileged than the general US Latino population. CONCLUSION: Assertive policy initiatives are needed to address these disparities and ensure that these highly vulnerable children with severe functional limitations receive appropriate services and supports.
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11. Maule J, Stanworth K, Pellicano E, Franklin A. {{Color Afterimages in Autistic Adults}}. {J Autism Dev Disord}. 2016.
It has been suggested that attenuated adaptation to visual stimuli in autism is the result of atypical perceptual priors (e.g., Pellicano and Burr in Trends Cogn Sci 16(10):504-510, 2012. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.08.009 ). This study investigated adaptation to color in autistic adults, measuring both strength of afterimage and the influence of top-down knowledge. We found no difference in color afterimage strength between autistic and typical adults. Effects of top-down knowledge on afterimage intensity shown by Lupyan (Acta Psychol 161:117-130, 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.08.006 ) were not replicated for either group. This study finds intact color adaptation in autistic adults. This is in contrast to findings of attenuated adaptation to faces and numerosity in autistic children. Future research should investigate the possibility of developmental differences in adaptation and further examine top-down effects on adaptation.
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12. Mostafavi M, Hardy P, Arnold LE. {{Varenicline in Autism: Theory and Case Report of Clinical and Biochemical Changes}}. {J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol}. 2016.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the potential benefits of varenicline (CHANTIX(R)), a highly specific partial agonist of neuronal alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), for autistic symptoms, and present resulting biochemical changes in light of dopamine-related genotype. METHODS: The clinical and biochemical changes exhibited by a 19-year-old severely autistic man following the use of low-dose varenicline in an ABA experiment of nature, and his genotype, were extracted from chart review. Clinical outcome was measured by the Ohio Autism Clinical Impression Scale and 12 relevant urine and saliva metabolites were measured by Neuroscience Laboratory. RESULTS: With varenicline, this patient improved clinically and autonomic biochemical indicators in saliva and urine normalized, including dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), epinephrine, norepinephrine, taurine, and histamine levels. In addition, with varenicline, the dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1) antibody titer as well as the percent of baseline calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM KII) activity dropped significantly. When varenicline stopped, he deteriorated; when it was resumed, he again improved. Doses of 0.5, 1, and 2 mg daily were tried before settling on a dose of 1.5 mg daily. He has remained on varenicline for over a year with no noticeable side effects. CONCLUSION: This report is, to the best of our knowledge, only the second to demonstrate positive effects of varenicline in autism, the first to show it in a severe case, and the first to show normalization of biochemical parameters related to genotype. As with the previous report, these encouraging results warrant further controlled research before clinical recommendations can be made.
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13. Mutsaerts CG, Heinrich M, Sterkenburg PS, Sappok T. {{Screening for ASD in adults with ID-moving toward a standard using the DiBAS-R and the ACL}}. {J Intellect Disabil Res}. 2016; 60(5): 512-22.
BACKGROUND: Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in persons with intellectual disability (ID) is challenging but essential to allow adequate treatment to be given. This study examines whether the combination of two ASD screening instruments specifically developed for persons with ID, namely, the Diagnostic Behavioral Assessment for ASD-Revised (DiBAS-R) and the Autism Checklist (ACL), improves diagnostic accuracy when used in combination compared to the application of the single instrument. METHOD: A clinical sample of adults with ID who are suspected of having ASD (N =148) was assessed using two ID specific screening scales (DiBAS-R and ACL). The diagnostic validity of the single instruments and of their combination was assessed. RESULTS: While both instruments showed acceptable diagnostic validity when applied alone (DiBAS-R/ACL: sensitivity: 75%/91%; specificity: 75%/75%; overall agreement: 75%/83%), specificity increased when two positive screening results were used (88%), and sensitivity increased (95%) when at least one positive screening result was used. CONCLUSIONS: Different combinations of the ASD screening instruments DiBAS-R and ACL lead to improvements in sensitivity and specificity. The complementary use of the ACL in addition to the sole use of the DiBAS-R improves overall accuracy.
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14. Raina SK, Kashyap V, Bhardwaj AK, Kumar D, Chander V. {{Authors’ reply}}. {J Postgrad Med}. 2016; 62(1): 53-4.
15. Rose V, Trembath D, Keen D, Paynter J. {{The proportion of minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder in a community-based early intervention programme}}. {J Intellect Disabil Res}. 2016; 60(5): 464-77.
BACKGROUND: Estimates of the proportion of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who are minimally verbal vary from 25%to 35%. However, there is a lack of consensus in defining minimally verbal and few detailed reports of communication outcomes for these children following intervention. The aim of this study was to explore how minimally verbal children have been defined and to document the proportion of minimally verbal children in a group of children with ASD receiving a community based early intervention programme. METHOD: A longitudinal cohort design was used to examine the proportion of children who met criteria for minimally verbal in 246 children with ASD when they entered and exited an early intervention programme. RESULTS: Overall, 26.3% of the children in this study exited the programme using ‘fewer than five spontaneous and functional words’ and 36.4% exited not using ‘two word phrases’ as indicated by direct assessment. However, our findings were mixed depending on measures and definitions used, with parent report indicating that as many as 29.4% of children were not ‘naming at least three objects’ consistently, and 43.3% not using ‘phrases with a noun and verb’ consistently at exit. More than half of the children who entered the programme with minimal speech exited the programme with a similar language profile. A small percentage of children (1.2%-4.7%) regressed in their language level over time. CONCLUSIONS: Despite advances in early intervention, and access to services at a younger age, around a quarter of individuals with ASD in this study exited early intervention with significant communication needs. Our findings are considered in relation to the literature and clinical implications, and future research directions are discussed.
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16. Schlebusch L, Samuels AE, Dada S. {{South African families raising children with autism spectrum disorders: relationship between family routines, cognitive appraisal and family quality of life}}. {J Intellect Disabil Res}. 2016; 60(5): 412-23.
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between family routines, cognitive appraisal of the impact of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) on the family and family quality of life (FQOL) in families raising children with ASD in South Africa. METHODS: A sample of 180 families of young children with ASD who were receiving disability-related services in the Gauteng province of South Africa completed a self-administered survey. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the direct relationship between the regularity of family routines and FQOL, and the mediating effect of cognitive appraisal on this relationship. RESULTS: The results suggested a direct, positive relationship between the regularity of family routines and families’ satisfaction with their FQOL. Furthermore, cognitive appraisal of the impact of ASD on the family mediated this relationship in a partial manner. CONCLUSION: A higher frequency of regular family routines was strongly associated with a higher satisfaction level of FQOL. Also, cognitive appraisal of the impact of ASD acted as a mechanism through which the regularity of family routines influenced FQOL. We discuss the research and clinical implications of these findings.
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17. Schuetze M, Park MT, Cho IY, MacMaster FP, Chakravarty MM, Bray SL. {{Morphological Alterations in the Thalamus, Striatum and Pallidum in Autism Spectrum Disorder}}. {Neuropsychopharmacology}. 2016.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with cognitive, motor and emotional symptoms. The thalamus and basal ganglia form circuits with the cortex supporting all three of these behavioral domains. Abnormalities in the structure of sub-cortical regions may suggest atypical development of these networks, with implications for understanding the neural basis of ASD symptoms. Findings from previous volumetric studies have been inconsistent. Here, using advanced surface-based methodology, we investigated localized differences in shape and surface area in the basal ganglia and thalamus in ASD, using T1-weighted anatomical images from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (373 male participants aged 7-35years with ASD and 384 typically developing; TD). We modeled effects of diagnosis, age and their interaction on volume, shape and surface area. In participants with ASD, we found expanded surface area in the right posterior thalamus corresponding to the pulvinar nucleus; and a more concave shape in the left mediodorsal nucleus. Shape of both caudal putamen and pallidum showed a relatively steeper increase in concavity with age in ASD. Within ASD participants, restricted, repetitive behaviours were positively associated with surface area in bilateral globus pallidus. We found no differences in overall volume, suggesting that surface-based approaches have greater sensitivity to detect localized differences in sub-cortical structure. This work adds to a growing body of literature implicating cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamic circuits in the pathophysiology of ASD. These circuits subserve a range of cognitive, emotional and motor functions, and may play a broad role in the complex symptom profile in ASD.Neuropsychopharmacology accepted article preview online, 29 April 2016. doi:10.1038/npp.2016.64.
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18. Stahmer AC, Brookman-Frazee L, Rieth SR, Stoner JT, Feder JD, Searcy K, Wang T. {{Parent perceptions of an adapted evidence-based practice for toddlers with autism in a community setting}}. {Autism}. 2016.
Although data from parent-implemented Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions have shown positive effects on decreasing core symptoms of autism, there has been limited examination of the effectiveness of Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions in community settings. In addition, parent perspectives of their involvement in parent-implemented early intervention programs have not been well studied. Using both qualitative and quantitative data to examine parent perspectives and the perceived feasibility of parent training by community providers, 13 families were followed as they received training in the Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention, Project ImPACT. Data indicate that parent training by community providers is feasible and well received, and parents find value in participating in intervention and perceive benefit for their children. Recommendations for adaptation of program elements and future research are discussed.
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19. Taheri A, Perry A, Minnes P. {{Examining the social participation of children and adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorder in relation to peers}}. {J Intellect Disabil Res}. 2016; 60(5): 435-43.
BACKGROUND: Participation in social and physical activities has a number of benefits for children with or without disabilities. However, individuals with disabilities are often excluded from taking part in social activities. Most of the research on activity participation has focused on adults or youth with milder disabilities. However, children and adolescents with severe and complex needs, including those with autism, are often excluded from this type of research because of their complexities and level of functioning. Thus, we examined the social participation and friendships of children and adolescents with severe developmental disabilities, with and without autism, compared with peers without developmental disabilities. METHODS: We compared the activity participation and friendships of typically developing children (n = 210), children with an intellectual disability (ID only; n = 186), and children with autism spectrum disorder plus intellectual disability (ID + ASD; n = 232) between the ages of 3 and 19 years. Parents of these children completed a survey, which included questions about their children’s participation in six activities, and the number and quality of their children’s friendships. RESULTS: Children and adolescents with ID only and ID + ASD were reported to participate in significantly fewer activities and to participate much less frequently than typically developing peers. Those with ID only and ID + ASD were reported to have fewer friends and poorer quality of friendships. In addition, those with ID + ASD participated even less frequently in some activities and had fewer friends relative to those with ID only. CONCLUSION: It is important to find ways to increase the social and activity participation of children and adolescents with ID only and ID + ASD. Future research should examine the barriers to such participation and factors that impact social participation in this population.
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20. Torras-Mana M, Gomez-Morales A, Gonzalez-Gimeno I, Fornieles-Deu A, Brun-Gasca C. {{Assessment of cognition and language in the early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: usefulness of the Bayley Scales of infant and toddler development, third edition}}. {J Intellect Disabil Res}. 2016; 60(5): 502-11.
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to test the usefulness of the Cognitive and Language scales Bayley-III in the early assessment of cognitive and language functions in the context of an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis. This paper focuses on the application of the Bayley-III and studies the predictive value of the test result in children with ASD with different levels of verbal ability. METHOD: A sample of 135 children (121 boys, 14 girls) with a confirmed ASD diagnosis at age 4 years were assessed with the Bayley-III before 42 months of age (m = 36.49, s = 4.46) and later with other rating scales of different psychological and psycholinguistic functions as part of a longitudinal study [McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities (MSCA) (n = 48, 90% boys), Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) (n = 38, 87% boys) or Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA) (n = 44, 89% boys)]. Age assessment in months: MSCA (m = 48.80, s = 3.33), K-ABC (m = 51.80, s = 7.17) and ITPA (m = 54.48, s = 3.34). RESULTS: Lower scores on the cognitive and language Bayley-III scales before 3.5 years of age predicted lower cognitive and oral language levels at 4 years of age. A significant correlation was found between the Cognitive Bayley-III Scale and the General Cognitive MSCA Scale, and with the Compound K-ABC Mental Processing. An association between the nonverbal cognitive level and oral language level acquired at 4 years of age was found. CONCLUSIONS: The Bayley-III is a useful instrument in cognitive and language assessment of ASD.
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21. Xiong X, Liu D, Wang Y, Zeng T, Peng Y. {{Urinary 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic Acid, 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid, and 3-Hydroxyhippuric Acid Are Elevated in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders}}. {Biomed Res Int}. 2016; 2016: 9485412.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of mental illnesses highly correlated with gut microbiota. Recent studies have shown that some abnormal aromatic metabolites in autism patients are presumably derived from overgrown Clostridium species in gut, which may be used for diagnostic purposes. In this paper, a GC/MS based metabolomic approach was utilized to seek similar biomarkers by analyzing the urinary information in 62 ASDs patients compared with 62 non-ASDs controls in China, aged 1.5-7. Three compounds identified as 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid (HPHPA), 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3HPA), and 3-hydroxyhippuric acid (3HHA) were found in higher concentrations in autistic children than in the controls (p < 0.001). After oral vancomycin treatment, urinary excretion of HPHPA (p < 0.001), 3HPA (p < 0.005), and 3HHA (p < 0.001) decreased markedly, which indicated that these compounds may also be from gut Clostridium species. The sensitivity and specificity of HPHPA, 3HPA, and 3HHA were evaluated by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The specificity of each compound for ASDs was very high (>96%). After two-regression analysis, the optimal area under the curve (AUC, 0.962), sensitivity (90.3%), and specificity (98.4%) were obtained by ROC curve of Prediction probability based on the three metabolites. These findings demonstrate that the measurements of the three compounds are strong predictors of ASDs and support the potential clinical utility for identifying a subgroup of ASDs subjects.
