1. Degroote S, Hunting D, Takser L. {{Improved assessment of sensorimotor gating in animal models relevant to ASD: A data modelling approach to quantify PrePulse Inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex}}. {J Neurosci Methods};2017 (Jan 30);276:13-22.
BACKGROUND: The PrePulse Inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex is a neurobehavioral test frequently used in neurodevelopmental studies. Most PPI studies have used rodent models of schizophrenia; however, the currently used data analysis method does not take into account the variability present in autistic preclinical models. NEW METHOD: We propose a new data modelling approach for PPI data obtained from animals exposed to valproic acid or endocrine disruptors, using mixed modeling; and a new calculation of inhibition of the acoustic startle, which takes into account the habituation phenomenon. RESULTS: Habituation, or possibly exhaustion, occurred in all groups. The classic method of calculation of inhibition analysed with ANOVA indicated no group or sex effect for the overall inhibition of startle. In contrast, when analysed using mixed models, group and sex effects were observed. In addition, using the new method of calculation, both statistical analyses showed a sex effect, with females having decreased global inhibition but no group effect. ANOVA generated more false positive results for PPI in relation to prepulse intensities. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD: The current classic method of analysis of PPI test is a calculation of inhibition based on average startle amplitude throughout the test session and a statistical ANOVA analysis. This method does not take into account habituation/exhaustion and within-subject and -group variability. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate that use of ANOVA analysis leads to misinterpretation of PPI data in autistic preclinical models and we propose a new data analysis adapted to these models.
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2. Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. {{Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Autism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis}}. {J Autism Dev Disord};2017 (Jan 30)
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Altered blood BDNF levels have been frequently identified in people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). There are however wide discrepancies in the evidence. Therefore, we performed the present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at qualitative and quantitative synthesis of studies that measured blood BDNF levels in ASD and control subjects. Observational studies were identified through electronic database searching and also hand-searching of reference lists of relevant articles. A total of 183 papers were initially identified for review and eventually twenty studies were included in the meta-analysis. A meta-analysis of blood BDNF in 887 patients with ASD and 901 control subjects demonstrated significantly higher BDNF levels in ASD compared to controls with the SMD of 0.47 (95% CI 0.07-0.86, p = 0.02). In addition subgroup meta-analyses were performed based on the BDNF specimen. The present meta-analysis study led to conclusion that BDNF might play role in autism initiation/ propagation and therefore it can be considered as a possible biomarker of ASD.
