Pubmed (TDAH) du 06/01/26
1. Bao M, Feng S, Wang J, Ye J, Wang J, Li W, Jiang K, Yao L. Efficacy and Safety of a Video Game-Like Digital Therapy Intervention for Chinese Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Single-Arm, Open-Label Pre-Post Study. JMIR Serious Games;2026 (Jan 5);14:e76114.
BACKGROUND: The digital therapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) based on a « self-adaptive multitasking training paradigm » has been developed to improve the cognitive functional impairments and attention deficits of children with ADHD. However, the efficacy and safety of such treatment for Chinese patients remain untested. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to preliminarily evaluate the actual intervention effects of a video game-like training software (ADHD-DTx) for children with ADHD aged 6-12 years as the first nationally certified digital therapeutics medical device for ADHD in China. We performed a single-arm, open-label efficacy and safety study. METHODS: This is a single-arm, open-label, pre-post efficacy and safety study. A total of 97 participants were included in the analysis. Participants received digital therapy (ADHD-DTx) and basic behavioral parent training for 4 weeks (25 min/day, ≥5 times/week) without medication. The efficacy outcomes included the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Questionnaire, version 4 (SNAP-IV), Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale (WFIRS), and Conner’s Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ). Safety-related events were monitored during and after the trial. RESULTS: From day 0 (baseline) to day 28, the population TOVA Attention Performance Index exhibited statistically significant improvement (from mean -4.15, SE of the mean [SEM] 0.32 to mean -1.70, SEM 0.30; t(94)=-8.78; n=95; P<.001); the population total, inattention (AD), hyperactivity/impulsivity (HD), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) scores of SNAP-IV all significantly improved (total: from mean 1.33, SEM 0.05 to mean 1.09, SEM 0.05; t(96)=5.32; P<.001; AD: from mean 1.71, SEM 0.06 to mean 1.44, SEM 0.06; t(96)=4.44; P<.001; HD: from mean 1.38, SEM 0.07 to mean 1.05, SEM 0.06; t(96)=5.96; P<.001; ODD: mean 0.84, SEM 0.05 to mean 0.75, SEM 0.05; Z=2.47; P=.03; n=97); for WFIRS results, domains of "family" and "social activities" showed significant population improvement (family: from mean 0.75, SEM 0.05 to mean 0.65, SEM 0.04; Z=2.80; P=.01; social activities: from mean 0.56, SEM 0.05 to mean 0.45, SEM 0.05; Z=2.91; P=.01; n=97); for PSQ results, domains of "learning problem," "psychosomatic problem," "impulsivity-hyperactivity," and "hyperactivity index" showed significant improvement (learning problem: from mean 1.72, SEM 0.06 to mean 1.57, SEM 0.06; Z=2.42; P=.03; psychosomatic problem: from mean 0.40, SEM 0.03 to mean 0.32, SEM 0.03; Z=2.66; P=.02; impulsivity-hyperactivity: from mean 0.94, SEM 0.06 to mean 0.80, SEM 0.06; Z=2.49; P=.03; hyperactivity index: from mean 1.06, SEM 0.05 to mean 0.92, SEM 0.05; Z=2.90; P=.01; n=97). No device-related adverse event or severe adverse event was observed or reported during or after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: This study preliminarily suggested the significant improvements of ADHD symptoms and attention function after 4 weeks of ADHD-DTx digital therapy combining basic behavioral parent training with satisfying safety outcomes.
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2. Rahmati Y, Jarrold C. Concurrent measurement of working memory and inhibitory control and their correlations with autistic and ADHD traits in the general population. PLoS One;2026;21(1):e0339846.
Executive function can be defined as the combination of goal representation in working memory and the inhibition of goal-irrelevant responses. This paper comprises two complementary studies that assess these core components of executive function orthogonally and examine their correlation with ASD and ADHD traits in the general population. Both studies utilized a paradigm with two tasks, each assessing working memory and one type of inhibitory control concurrently: the modified flanker task, which measured working memory and interference control, and the modified spatial conflict task, which measured working memory and response inhibition. The aim was to explore the main effects of memory and inhibitory load in each task, investigate potential over-additive interactions between executive function components, and examine the correlations between autistic and ADHD traits and task performance. Each study involved 100 neurotypical adult participants. In Study 1, results showed that reaction time in the flanker task was significantly influenced by demands on both working memory and inhibitory control, whereas in the spatial conflict task only the inhibitory manipulation produced the expected effect. Study 2 introduced modifications that revealed effects on reaction time in the spatial conflict task due to both memory and congruency load. The flanker task demonstrated memory effects in reaction time, but congruency effects were only evident under low memory conditions. No interactions between executive function components in an over-additive way were observed in either Study 1 or Study 2. Bayesian linear regression and correlation analyses found evidence against any meaningful correlations between the size of the congruency or memory effect, computed for any dependent variable and ASC or ADHD traits in both studies.
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3. Song J, Park SJ, Yu J, Chung J, Jeong S, Park SM. ADHD and Methylphenidate Use in Prepubertal Children and BMI and Height at Adulthood. JAMA Netw Open;2026 (Jan 2);9(1):e2552019.
IMPORTANCE: As attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly diagnosed in childhood, methylphenidate (MPH) is the most widely prescribed treatment. Although effective for symptom management, concerns remain about an association with growth and body composition. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations of the prevalence of ADHD and MPH use in childhood with body mass index (BMI) and height at adulthood (aged 20 to 25 years). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In this nationwide retrospective cohort study, data of children aged 6 to 11 years and adolescents aged 12 to 19 years with newly diagnosed ADHD from the Korean National Health Insurance Service were included between January 2008 and December 2013. Exact matched controls of children and adolescents without ADHD were also included. Their cumulative medication exposure over a 4-year period was assessed, and their height and weight during adulthood were subsequently evaluated from January 2018 to December 2022. Data extraction and statistical analyses were conducted from November 2024 to May 2025. EXPOSURES: Diagnosis with ADHD and MPH prescriptions (cumulative days of MPH use, <1 year or 1 to 4 years, within 4 years after the diagnosis). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcomes were BMI (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) and height (in centimeters) at adulthood, assessed as continuous variables (crude mean [SD] and adjusted mean [95% CI]) and binary outcomes (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] [95% CI]). Measures for being overweight and obese were a BMI of 25 or more for males and 23 or more for females; measures for having short stature were a mean (SD) less than 174.4 [5.5] cm for males and less than 161.8 [5.3] cm for females. RESULTS: In this cohort study of 34 850 youths (n = 12 866 prepubertal children aged 6-11 years; mean [SD] age, 9.3 [1.4] years; 9329 males [72.5%]; and n = 21 984 adolescents aged 12-19 years; mean [SD] age, 14.5 [1.8] years; 14 633 males [66.6%]), prepubertal children with ADHD compared with those without ADHD had a higher adjusted mean BMI (24.3 [95% CI, 24.2-24.4 vs 23.3 [95% CI, 23.2-23.4]; P < .001) but not a significantly shorter height (167.8 cm [95% CI, 167.7-167.9 cm] vs 167.9 cm [95% CI, 167.8-168.0 cm]; P = .10) at adulthood. Those with ADHD who received MPH therapy compared with participants without ADHD had greater odds of a BMI classified as overweight and obese (AOR, 1.60 [95% CI, 1.51-1.71]; P < .001) and short stature (AOR, 1.08 [95% CI, 1.02-1.15]; P = .01) at adulthood. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cohort study, patients with ADHD, particularly those treated with MPH, had a higher BMI and shorter height at adulthood than individuals without ADHD. Although the observed height difference was clinically small in both sexes and age groups, the findings suggest that long-term MPH exposure may be associated with growth and body composition, highlighting the need for regular monitoring of growth.
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4. Yamaguchi S, Kelleher I, Nakajima N, Nishida A. Psychostimulants and psychosis risk in varied ADHD trajectories. Lancet Psychiatry;2026 (Jan 6)
