1. Aral A, Gerdan G, Gürlük YO. Parental Stress and Child Irritability in ADHD: A Two-Wave Longitudinal Serial Mediation Model via Experiential Avoidance and Negative Parent-Child Relationship. J Atten Disord;2026 (Jan 7):10870547251407731.

ADHD is complex neurodevelopmental disorder that causes considerable individual and social difficulties, creating significant parental stress. This study aimed to examine the indirect associations between parental stress and child irritability through two sequential parenting mechanisms: experiential avoidance and negative parent-child relationship, within a sample of school-aged children with ADHD (ages 6-12). Using a two-wave longitudinal serial path analysis based on parent-reported data collected at two time points 1-month apart (Time 1 and Time 2), the study investigated whether early parental stress predicted subsequent child irritability via its influence on experiential avoidance and the quality of the parent-child relationship. Findings supported the hypothesized model. More precisely, higher parental stress was associated with greater experiential avoidance, which in turn predicted more negative parent-child relationship, ultimately resulting in elevated child irritability. Longitudinal serial mediation effects confirmed that all Time 1 variables significantly predicted corresponding Time 2 outcomes across the proposed sequential pathway. Notably, the model explained 41.1% of the variance in child irritability at Time 2, underscoring how stress-related disruptions in experiential avoidance and parent-child relationship can affect child irritability even over a short period of time. Taken together, these findings provide empirical support for a stress-driven sequence of parental mechanisms through which parental stress may contribute to child irritability in ADHD. In this context, interventions targeting parental experiential avoidance and improving the quality of parent-child relationship may help mitigate the early development of irritability in children with ADHD. Clinical implications are discussed.

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2. Babinski DE, Waschbusch DA. Psychometric properties of the Level of Personality Functioning Scale- Brief Form 2.0 (LPFS-BF 2.0) in women with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul;2026 (Jan 7)

BACKGROUND: Women with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are also often diagnosed with personality disorders, yet research on reliable and valid assessments of personality pathology in this population has been limited. METHODS: In this study, the psychometric properties of the Level of Personality Functioning Scale- Brief Form – 2.0 (LPFS-BF 2.0) were examined in a sample of 171 adult women with ADHD. RESULTS: A two-factor structure was identified, with one factor, LPF-self, comprised of six items, reflecting impairment in self functioning; the second factor, LPF-interpersonal, comprised of six items, reflecting impairment in interpersonal functioning. LPFS-BF 2.0 factors contributed unique variance to functional impairment beyond the effects of co-occurring depression, anxiety, and ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest the LPFS-BF 2.0 may be important to include in clinical care for women with ADHD, to identify those women with ADHD who may require adjunctive intervention for personality pathology.

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3. Dakwar-Kawar O, Francis AJA, Arya R, Mairon N, Mishra J, Berger I, Cohen Kadosh R, Balasubramani PP, Nahum M. The effects of transcranial random noise stimulation on excitation/inhibition balance in ADHD. Neuroimage Clin;2025 (Dec 5);49:103923.

BACKGROUND: Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often show aberrant neural activity, including excitation/inhibition (E/I) imbalances, atypical event-related potentials (ERPs), and neural network dysfunction. Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) has shown promise in modulating neural activity in ADHD. METHODS: The current study examined differences in behavioral and EEG signals recorded during an inhibitory control task in children with (N = 23) and without (N = 33) ADHD. Changes in these signals were further assessed following a combined tRNS and cognitive training intervention targeting the right inferior frontal gyrus and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a sham-controlled randomized trial within the ADHD group only (n = 11 and 12 for intervention and sham groups, respectively). RESULTS: At baseline, children with ADHD showed slower reaction times, and higher commission error rates compared to healthy controls. Neurally, they exhibited elevated EEG aperiodic exponents, indicating lower E/I balance. Following intervention, we found slower task speed but fewer omission errors in the active compared to the sham group. Regression model showed reduced aperiodic exponents (β = -1.13, t(21) = -2.45, p = 0.023), decreased late ERP-P3b amplitude, and diminished theta and alpha band activity at the cortical level. There was a weaker but still significant reduction in aperiodic exponent values at follow-up compared to immediately post-treatment (β = 0.485, t(63) = 2.182, p = 0.033). CONCLUSION: Aperiodic exponent may serve as a useful indicator of treatment-related neural modulation and may provide complementary information to traditional ERP and event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) measures, warranting further investigation in larger samples.

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4. Jean FAM, Galesne C, Retuerto N, Navarro MC, Azouz Z, Tabyaoui A, Macalli M, Tzourio C, Galéra C. The mediating role of anxiety and depression symptoms in the relationship between ADHD symptoms and polysubstance use among French university students: the i-share study. Addict Behav Rep;2026 (Jun);23:100652.

INTRODUCTION: Polysubstance use, depressive disorder, and anxiety disorder are frequent comorbidities in adults with ADHD. This study aimed to explore the mediation role of anxiety and depression symptoms in the association between ADHD symptoms and polysubstance use. METHODS: The study included 1675 French university students from February 2013 to July 2020 as part of the i-Share cohort. Time 1: ADHD symptoms were assessed using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale. Time 2: Anxiety and depression symptoms were evaluated using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Y trait and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, respectively. Time 3: Substance use was assessed through a self-reported questionnaire. We conducted a mediation analysis using structural equation modeling. RESULTS: The study included 1675 participants. At time 1, the level of ADHD symptoms was moderate (m: 10.66, sd: 3.99). At time 2, both anxiety (m: 47.11, sd: 10.57) and depression (m: 6.92, sd: 5.33) symptoms were moderate. At time 3, 93.49% (1566) of participants had used substances. The direct effect between ADHD factor and polysubstance use factor was of 1.66 (1.04-2.48). The indirect effects between ADHD factor and polysubstance use factor were through anxiety factor -0.68 (-1.15 to -0.37) and through depression factor -0.57 (-0.94 to -0.32). Although the mediation effects through anxiety and depression factors were negative, the total effect remained positive and significant (0.41 (0.27 to 0.59)). DISCUSSION: Anxiety factor and depression factor acted as negative and partial mediators in the association between ADHD factor and polysubstance use factor.

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5. Li S, Li X, Lin H, Tan J, Chen Y, He X, Yang C, Qu L, Cheng Q, Wei H, Bai Y, Wu C, Hou X, Fan Z, Tan L, Wang J, Tan J, Dai Y, Ding Y, Wang L, Chen L. Elemental Exposure and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Risk in Population Aged 6-16 Years: Associations and Potential Mediation by Oxylipins. Environ Sci Technol;2026 (Jan 7)

The etiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is complex and multifactorial. Meanwhile, heavy metals have been associated with circulating oxylipins, which play crucial roles in regulating inflammatory response. Therefore, this case-control study was performed to evaluate the relationships among elemental exposure, oxylipin alterations, and ADHD risk. We also applied an integrated analytical approach to elucidate the mediating role of oxylipins in the association between elemental exposure and the risk of ADHD. All 40 elements were detected in over 75% of the 561 children, and a total of 125 oxylipins were detected in the cohort of 151 individuals. Logistic regression identified 14 elemental exposures significantly associated with ADHD risk. These were further refined to 11 key elements via elastic net regression for subsequent mixture analyses. The Bayesian kernel machine regression results indicated that the combined exposure levels of these elements were associated with increased odds of ADHD within the 25th-75th compared to the 50th percentile level. The quantile g-computation model also revealed a positive association between the elemental mixture level and ADHD risk, with an odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) of 1.72 (1.56, 1.90) for each quartile of the mixture concentration. Changes in four oxylipins were found to be correlated with three elemental levels. In the framework for mixed mediation analysis, the oxylipin risk score mediated 13.3% of the association between the element risk score and ADHD. This discovery not only broadens our understanding of the etiology of ADHD but also provides guidance for future research endeavors.

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6. Malinowska A, Rodzeń W. The mediation effect of general self-efficacy in relation to procrastination and sense of coherence among adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. PLoS One;2026;21(1):e0339965.

Procrastination, defined as a tendency to delay starting or finishing tasks despite awareness of negative consequences, is a common problem among adults diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In the context of ADHD, procrastination not only exacerbates difficulties related to concentration and organization but also affects overall life functioning, interpersonal relationships, and mental health. Therefore, identifying protective factors that can mitigate the impact of procrastination on the lives of people with ADHD is crucial. The aim of this study was to underscore the importance of general self-efficacy as a potential intervention target for improving the psychological well-being in terms of the sense of coherence. The study involved 180 people aged 18-56 years. All the study participants had been diagnosed with ADHD, some of whom were undergoing therapy and pharmacological treatment. The participants filled out a self-report questionnaire consisting of demographic variable measurement and three psychometric tools. The results of the analyses indicated a negative relationship between procrastination and sense of coherence, as well as between procrastination and self-efficacy, and a positive relationship between self-efficacy and sense of coherence. The obtained results of the mediation analysis support the research hypothesis of a partial mediation effect that a self-efficacy weakens the relationship between procrastination and a sense of coherence. The study contributes to the understanding of ADHD in adults and highlights the critical role of psychological factors in managing its symptoms and improving quality of life.

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7. Ricci V, Barresi M, Di Salvo G, Maina G. Neurodevelopmental, Pharmacological and Substance Use Factors in the Association Between ADHD and First-Episode Non-Affective Psychosis: A Systematic Review. Early Interv Psychiatry;2026 (Jan);20(1):e70123.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review investigates the complex relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and first-episode non-affective psychosis (FEP), focusing on neurodevelopmental, pharmacological and substance use factors that may influence this association. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a comprehensive literature search across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and PsycINFO databases for studies published between January 2001 and June 2024. We included experimental and observational studies examining ADHD and FEP in participants aged ≥ 16 years. Quality assessment was performed using standardised tools specific to each study design. RESULTS: From 1243 initially identified records, 13 studies met inclusion criteria. Five studies addressing neurodevelopmental factors revealed shared neurobiological vulnerabilities between ADHD and psychosis, including impaired cortical inhibition, neurophysiological markers and cognitive deficits. Five pharmacological studies demonstrated that whilst stimulant-induced psychosis can occur, the absolute risk appears low, with amphetamines carrying a 1.65-fold higher risk than methylphenidate. Three studies on substance use patterns showed that ADHD patients with FEP had significantly higher rates of substance use disorders, particularly cannabis use, which was associated with earlier psychosis onset and poorer outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with ADHD, particularly those with persistent symptoms from childhood and neurocognitive deficits, may have an elevated risk of developing FEP. Substance use appears to be an important mediating factor in this relationship. Regarding pharmacological treatment, recent epidemiological evidence provides a more nuanced perspective on stimulant safety, though the evidence remains mixed and requires further investigation. These findings highlight the importance of comprehensive assessment, substance use prevention and individualised risk stratification when managing ADHD patients at risk for psychosis.

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8. Wang H, Cheng Y, Wang T, Liu H, Dou L, Sun W, Sun P. The causal relationships between limb fat distribution and mental disorders: A Mendelian randomization study. Medicine (Baltimore);2026 (Jan 2);105(1):e46759.

This study employs a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the causal relationship between limb fat distribution and 4 major mental disorders. This study utilized summary data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on limb fat mass and major mental disorders in a European population. Two-sample MR analysis was used to assess the causal relationship between limb fat mass and major mental disorders. Inverse variance weighting estimates were reported as primary results. Additional sensitivity analyses included the MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode methods to confirm the robustness of the findings. There is considerable evidence supporting a causal relationship between attention-deficit deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and limb fat mass. The study indicated a significant negative correlation between right arm fat mass and left leg fat mass (P < .05) and ADHD, and a significant positive correlation between left arm fat mass and right leg fat mass (P < .05) and ADHD. Furthermore, a similar causal relationship was found between body fat mass and major depressive disorder (MDD) (P < .05). However, no significant causal relationship was found in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The results indicated that right arm fat mass and left leg fat mass were negatively correlated with ADHD and MDD, whereas left arm fat mass and right leg fat mass were positively correlated with ADHD and MDD.

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