1. Babinski DE, Waschbusch DA. Psychometric properties of the Level of Personality Functioning Scale- Brief Form 2.0 (LPFS-BF 2.0) in women with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul;2026 (Jan 7)

BACKGROUND: Women with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are also often diagnosed with personality disorders, yet research on reliable and valid assessments of personality pathology in this population has been limited. METHODS: In this study, the psychometric properties of the Level of Personality Functioning Scale- Brief Form – 2.0 (LPFS-BF 2.0) were examined in a sample of 171 adult women with ADHD. RESULTS: A two-factor structure was identified, with one factor, LPF-self, comprised of six items, reflecting impairment in self functioning; the second factor, LPF-interpersonal, comprised of six items, reflecting impairment in interpersonal functioning. LPFS-BF 2.0 factors contributed unique variance to functional impairment beyond the effects of co-occurring depression, anxiety, and ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest the LPFS-BF 2.0 may be important to include in clinical care for women with ADHD, to identify those women with ADHD who may require adjunctive intervention for personality pathology.

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2. Dana B, Elkana K, Ariela H, Matitiahu B, Ilia B, Eli H, Inbar H, Mirit L, Danel W, David M, Liron S, Orit S. CBD-Rich Cannabis Therapy in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder May Improve Symptoms of Hyperactivity and Attention Deficit: An Open-Label Study. Curr Neuropharmacol;2026 (Jan 5)

INTRODUCTION: Medical cannabis has gained growing attention as a potential treatment for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), particularly in cases where conventional pharmacological approaches have proven ineffective. Emerging evidence suggests that cannabinoid-based therapies may alleviate Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) related symptoms in children with ASD. The objective of this study is to evaluate changes in ADHD symptoms over six months of treatment with a CBD-rich cannabis oil, using the Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale as the assessment tool. METHODS: This was a prospective, single-arm, open-label study conducted at a single center. A total of 109 children and young adults diagnosed with ASD and ADHD symptoms were recruited between November 2019 and April 2021. Of these, 53 participants were assessed by their schoolteachers using the Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS) questionnaire, both before and after a three- to sixmonth treatment period with a CBD-rich, cannabis oil-based product. Blood samples were collected before and after treatment to measure cannabinoid levels, including CBD, 6-OH-CBD, 7-COOHCBD, and 7-OH-CBD. RESULTS: Significant improvements were observed in the following categories: anxious-shyness, perfectionism, ADHD index, emotional lability, and hyperactivity-impulsivity (p < 0.001). Additional trends toward improvement were identified in oppositional behavior (p = 0.009), cognitive inattention (p = 0.009), hyperactivity (p = 0.006), the Conners' Global Index (p = 0.007), and DSM-IV inattention scores (p = 0.003). No significant correlations were found between cannabinoid dosage or blood levels and changes in CTRS scores, except for emotional lability, where higher CBD concentrations were predictive of greater symptom improvement. DISCUSSION: This is the first prospective study to evaluate the effects of CBD-rich cannabis on ADHD symptoms in children with ASD using standardized teacher-based Assessments (CTRS). The findings indicate improvements in core behavioral domains. While previous studies have focused primarily on parent-reported outcomes or small-scale trials, our results support emerging evidence on the role of cannabinoids in modulating attention and emotional regulation. The main limitations of the study were its open-label design. CONCLUSION: CBD-rich cannabis oil may reduce ADHD symptoms in children with ASD. These findings support the need for future clinical trials to validate efficacy and determine optimal dosing.

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3. Das J, Biswal J, Bose M, Mohanty R. The association between substance use and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and borderline personality disorder in undergraduate students: An exploratory study. Indian J Psychiatry;2025 (Dec);67(12):1145-1151.

BACKGROUND: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) are psychiatric conditions commonly associated with impulsivity and substance use. Both disorders are linked to substance use (SU), which includes patterns of consumption of substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective is to examine the association between SU and the presence of ADHD and BPD traits among undergraduate students in Eastern Odisha. Additionally, this study aims to estimate the prevalence of ADHD, BPD, SU, and impulsivity within this population; investigate the patterns and types of substances commonly used by students; and evaluate the relationship between impulsivity traits and ADHD, BPD, and SU. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 887 undergraduate students aged 18-26 at a university in Bhubaneswar, Eastern Odisha. Participants completed standardized instruments, including the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1), the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), and the DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorder (SUD). Associations were analyzed using Chi-square tests and odds ratios. RESULTS: The findings indicated a prevalence of ADHD at 3%, BPD at 5%, and SU at 18%. Impulsivity was highly prevalent, reported in 71% of individuals with ADHD, 64% with BPD, and 51% with SU. ADHD was significantly associated with substance use disorder (SUD) (OR = 10.57, 95% CI: 4.68-23.83), with 68% of individuals with ADHD screening positive for SUD (P < 0.001). Similarly, BPD was significantly correlated with SU (OR = 4.54, 95% CI: 2.44-8.43; P < 0.001). Substance use patterns differed between ADHD and BPD, with tobacco and cannabis most strongly linked to BPD, while alcohol showed modest diagnostic specificity. CONCLUSION: The current study found that substance use was prevalent among undergraduates, with strong associations observed between ADHD and SU, as well as between BPD and SU. These findings highlight distinct SU patterns linked to each disorder. Impulsivity was identified as a common underlying factor across ADHD, BPD, and SU.

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4. Fujiwara H, Nakagawasai O, Suzuki S, Tajima H, Takahashi K, Onogi H, Sakuma W, Tan-No K, Murata K. STAM1-deficient mice exhibit an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-like phenotype. Biochem Biophys Res Commun;2026 (Jan 8);799:153264.

Despite recent abundant studies on animal models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a complete model remains unestablished. In this study, we investigated the potential of STAM1-deficient mice as a new animal model for ADHD. STAM1-deficient mice escaped from a high platform significantly faster than wild-type mice, indicating ADHD-like impulsivity. Low anxiety-like behavior in STAM1-deficient mice was also confirmed in an elevated plus maze and light and dark compartment test. STAM1-deficient mice also showed a slight increase in locomotor activity, an indicator of ADHD-like hyperactivity, compared to wild-type mice. The ADHD therapeutic agent atomoxetine ameliorated ADHD-like impulsivity observed in STAM1-deficient mice; STAM1-deficient mice treated with the dopamine D(4) receptor antagonist clozapine, but not the dopamine D(2) receptor antagonist haloperidol, showed reduced ADHD-like impulsivity. Additionally, STAM1-deficient mice showed decreased serotonin levels in the prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus, along with reduced dopamine levels in the caudate putamen. These results indicate that STAM1-deficient mice show ADHD-like symptoms, suggesting the possibility of a new ADHD animal model. Moreover, clozapine may be a new therapeutic agent for ADHD.

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5. Gao Y, Chen G, Wang J, Yang C, Yang R, Jiang K. The role of executive function for differentiating symptoms of ADHD in preschoolers. BMC Pediatr;2026 (Jan 8)

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6. Kaçmaz U, Cevher Binici N, Ercan ES, Durak FS, Tufan AE. Social Skills and Emotion Recognition in Children With Elevated Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome Symptoms: A Comparative Study With Children Diagnosed With ADHD and Typically Developing Peers. J Atten Disord;2026 (Jan 8):10870547251408128.

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) is increasingly viewed as a distinct childhood condition. Although it overlaps with ADHD in some features, emerging evidence suggests a unique behavioral and cognitive profile. However, research examining social functioning and emotion recognition in children with pure CDS remains limited. METHODS: This study compared social competence and facial emotion recognition abilities among children aged 8 to 12 years across three groups: those with elevated CDS symptoms (n = 43), those with ADHD (n = 40), and healthy controls (n = 43). Social functioning and peer relationships were evaluated using parent- and child-report social skills scales and peer interaction questionnaires. Emotion recognition was measured with the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). RESULTS: Children with CDS showed significantly lower social skills and RMET scores than both ADHD and control groups (p < .001). Teachers reported fewer school friendships for the CDS group compared to ADHD and controls (p < .001), and CDS children also reported fewer out-of-school friendships than peers in the other groups (p = .035). Both child and teacher reports noted greater peer relationship difficulties in the CDS group compared to the other groups (p < .001). Teachers also observed more solitary behavior and lower group participation among CDS children (p < .001). Within the CDS group, social skills were negatively associated with oppositionality (r = -.347) and positively associated with inattention severity (r = .346). Regression analysis identified social skills scores as independent predictors of peer relationships across the full sample (p < .001). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that children with elevated CDS symptoms experience greater social difficulties and more pronounced emotion recognition impairments than both ADHD and typically developing peers, reflecting a distinct social-cognitive profile that extends beyond overlapping ADHD symptoms. The results underscore the importance of early recognition and targeted interventions.

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7. Li S, Li X, Lin H, Tan J, Chen Y, He X, Yang C, Qu L, Cheng Q, Wei H, Bai Y, Wu C, Hou X, Fan Z, Tan L, Wang J, Tan J, Dai Y, Ding Y, Wang L, Chen L. Elemental Exposure and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Risk in Population Aged 6-16 Years: Associations and Potential Mediation by Oxylipins. Environ Sci Technol;2026 (Jan 7)

The etiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is complex and multifactorial. Meanwhile, heavy metals have been associated with circulating oxylipins, which play crucial roles in regulating inflammatory response. Therefore, this case-control study was performed to evaluate the relationships among elemental exposure, oxylipin alterations, and ADHD risk. We also applied an integrated analytical approach to elucidate the mediating role of oxylipins in the association between elemental exposure and the risk of ADHD. All 40 elements were detected in over 75% of the 561 children, and a total of 125 oxylipins were detected in the cohort of 151 individuals. Logistic regression identified 14 elemental exposures significantly associated with ADHD risk. These were further refined to 11 key elements via elastic net regression for subsequent mixture analyses. The Bayesian kernel machine regression results indicated that the combined exposure levels of these elements were associated with increased odds of ADHD within the 25th-75th compared to the 50th percentile level. The quantile g-computation model also revealed a positive association between the elemental mixture level and ADHD risk, with an odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) of 1.72 (1.56, 1.90) for each quartile of the mixture concentration. Changes in four oxylipins were found to be correlated with three elemental levels. In the framework for mixed mediation analysis, the oxylipin risk score mediated 13.3% of the association between the element risk score and ADHD. This discovery not only broadens our understanding of the etiology of ADHD but also provides guidance for future research endeavors.

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8. Machado S, Paes F, Lima JL. Exercise as a Promising Non-Pharmacological Intervention for ADHD. Rev Neurol;2025 (Dec 22);80(11):48058.

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9. Mittal S, Noone A, Asquith S, Moua MK, Mork K, Fogler JM, Diekroger EA. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Disruptive Behavior in a Child With Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Failure to Thrive. J Dev Behav Pediatr;2026 (Jan 8)

Ryan is a 6-year-old boy with a history of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and poor weight gain referred to developmental-behavioral pediatrics (DBP) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Ryan’s mother was concerned about Ryan’s defiance and daily emotional outbursts, which could last up to an hour. Ryan’s teachers frequently contacted the family due to disruptive behavior, impulsivity, and sneaking food.Ryan was born prematurely at 28 weeks and required nasogastric feeds for 1 month in the NICU. He has a history of reflux requiring proton pump inhibitors and failure to thrive at age 2 (currently at 6% for BMI). At age 4, he was evaluated by pediatric gastroenterology and subsequently diagnosed with EoE. Complete elimination of dairy, wheat, soy, eggs, nuts, and seafood/shellfish was recommended as per standard of care for EoE. The diet was difficult for the family and Ryan to maintain, and Ryan often had tantrums around foods/snacks. He would sneak into the pantry to eat things he was not supposed to, causing significant parent-child conflict. Food restrictions were particularly challenging at school. Ryan would ask classmates for their cheese sticks and cookies; snacks he was not allowed to eat. Despite a 504 plan in place, his teachers were unable to monitor his intake.Parent and teacher behavior rating scales were consistent with ADHD-combined type and ODD. Cognitive and academic testing demonstrated academic underachievement in math and reading; however, these results were thought to be an underrepresentation of his true abilities due to easy distractibility and impulsivity observed during assessments. Behavioral therapy, IEP evaluation, and trial of ADHD medication were recommended.Given his poor weight gain and inability to swallow tablets, a nonstimulant, guanfacine immediate release (IR) was initiated. Guanfacine was helpful, but titration was limited due to daytime sedation. Ryan was placed on homebound services due to frequent EoE flares and concerns that school could not adequately monitor food restrictions.GI recommended elemental formula as his primary source of intake due to nonadherence to diet. Ryan required a gastrostomy tube (g-tube) due to his refusal to drink elemental formula. Although EoE symptoms improved, Ryan had increased oppositional and defiant behaviors with his homebound teacher and parents. An extended-release oral liquid methylphenidate stimulant was started in conjunction with guanfacine and resulted in significant improvement of ADHD symptoms. Ryan experienced weight loss and decreased BMI to 3%. Periactin was initiated to help with appetite and sleep quality.After 3 months, Ryan started feeding therapy and behavioral therapy with a family component. He was also approved for home nursing support and respite hours. Several months later, Ryan endorsed missing his friends and wanting to go back to school. He agreed to sign a behavioral contract stating that if he returned to school, he would not sneak/steal food.What are some recommendations to consider for addressing Ryan’s behavioral challenges?

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10. Rasoli Jokar AH, Malek AN, Stevenson M, Yaruss JS. How Variability Is Addressed in Interventions for Neurodiverse Conditions: Implications for Stuttering. J Speech Lang Hear Res;2026 (Jan 8);69(1):123-165.

PURPOSE: This scoping review aimed to investigate strategies from peer-reviewed literature for addressing behavioral and experiential variability in neurodiverse conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, mood disorders, and Tourette syndrome. Specifically, we explored how approaches used with other conditions could be adapted to better account for variability in the assessment and treatment of stuttering. METHOD: A comprehensive search of Google Scholar, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted for studies published between 2000 and March 2025, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Fifty-five studies met inclusion criteria by describing methods for measuring or managing variability across situations, across tasks, or over time. A narrative synthesis was used to analyze and interpret findings. RESULTS: Key strategies for addressing variability in assessment included real-time data collection through ecological momentary assessment and contextual analysis using tailored rating scales. Key strategies for managing variability included personalized treatment, adaptive treatment models, cognitive therapy techniques, environmental modifications, and psychoeducation. These methods hold potential for improving the evaluation and management of variability within the population of individuals who stutter. CONCLUSIONS: Adapting strategies from other neurodiverse conditions to stuttering has the potential to offer benefits such as improved measurement of variability and more personalized interventions. This review emphasizes the value of cross-disciplinary approaches to enhance quality of life for those who stutter.

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11. Stiernborg M, Yang LL, Skott E, Giacobini M, Melas PA, Debelius JW, Lavebratt C. Altered gut microbiome function in ADHD: More Prevotella, less vitamin B12 biosynthesis, and beneficial modulation by synbiotic treatment. Brain Behav Immun;2026 (Jan 5);133:106259.

The effect of psychostimulant medication in ADHD on the gut microbiome remains unknown. Oral Synbiotic 2000, comprising multiple lactic acid bacteria and dietary fibers, reduces psychiatric symptoms and plasma immune markers in ADHD, but its impact on the gut microbiome is unexplored. This study aimed to (i) study the fecal bacterial microbiome, focusing on species and bacterial gene modules, in ADHD patients and neurotypical controls, and (ii) examine microbiome changes attributable to Synbiotic 2000. Fecal samples were collected from 147 participants at baseline, and 106 completers at follow-up from a randomized placebo-controlled trial of Synbiotic 2000 conducted in children and adults with ADHD. At baseline, adult samples were compared to those of 52 adult controls, and patients on psychostimulants were compared to those not on psychostimulants in adults and children separately. The fecal microbiome was sequenced using shallow shotgun sequencing and analyzed for diversity and differential abundance using machine learning. Plasma short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and serum vitamin B12 levels were measured. At baseline, adult ADHD patients had significantly different abundances of four species compared to controls. In children, those on psychostimulants exhibited a higher abundance of species from the genus Prevotella, alongside a lower abundance of the vitamin B12-synthesis module, M00122, than those not on such medication. The lower M00122 abundance was associated with a looser stool consistency, implicating a shorter colonic transit time. Synbiotic 2000 did not affect taxonomic or functional α-diversity in adults or children. However, looser baseline stool consistency was linked to greater increases in evenness in the Synbiotic group over time. There was a significant Synbiotic-specific effect on taxonomic and functional β-diversity, not only the increased abundance of the Synbiotic 2000 species. Plasma levels of formic acid and propionic acid increased towards control levels in the Synbiotic group. In conclusion, distinct species were differently abundant in adults with ADHD compared to controls. The implications of the lower abundance of the vitamin B12-synthesis module, in children on psychostimulant medication, for the gut ecosystem and host intestine remain to be elucidated. Synbiotic 2000 influenced the taxonomy and functionality of the fecal microbiome and increased plasma SCFA levels towards normal. Further research is warranted to explore the clinical implications of microbiome modulation in the treatment of ADHD.

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12. Xu KY, Pappas LM, Brown TR, Jansen MO, Tardelli VS, Fidalgo TM, Levin FR, Grucza RA, Suarez EA, Smid MC, Horns JJ, Bruno AM. Psychostimulant Continuation and Postpartum Mental Health in Pregnant People With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Obstet Gynecol;2026 (Jan 8)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between psychostimulant continuation, compared with discontinuation, and postpartum mental health outcomes in pregnant people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who had consistent psychostimulant prescriptions before pregnancy. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study that used the Merative MarketScan Commercial Claims Database (2011-2021). Included individuals were aged 13-50 years with singleton pregnancies, had delivered at or after 20 weeks of gestation, and had an ADHD diagnosis and psychostimulant adherence. Psychostimulant use during pregnancy was classified as no refills, the proportion of days covered below 80%, or the proportion of days covered at or above 80%. The primary outcomes were mental health events that occurred within 1 year postpartum, such as emergency department or inpatient mental health-related admissions, and new diagnoses of mood or anxiety disorders. Adjusted event rate ratios were estimated using Poisson regression, controlling for maternal age, gestational age at delivery, maternal comorbidities, and preexisting mental health diagnoses. RESULTS: Among 3,676 eligible patients, 1,521 (41.4%) had no psychostimulant prescriptions during pregnancy (discontinued), 1,899 (51.7%) had a proportion of days covered below 80%, and 256 (7.0%) maintained a proportion of days covered at or above 80%. Overall, 3.3% (95% CI, 2.7-4.0%) experienced postpartum mental health-related admissions and 16.2% (95% CI, 14.6-18.0%) received new postpartum mood or anxiety disorder diagnoses. Although unadjusted analyses suggested a higher incidence of postpartum mood or anxiety disorders among patients continuing psychostimulants than those who discontinued (19.3% vs 12.8%; rate ratio 1.46, 95% CI, 1.17-1.83), this association was no longer observed after controlling for confounders. In adjusted analyses, continuation of psychostimulants during pregnancy was not associated with differences in postpartum mental health-related admissions (rate ratio 1.01, 95% CI, 0.59-1.71) or new mood or anxiety disorder diagnoses (rate ratio 1.30, 95% CI, 0.97-1.74). Preexisting mental health diagnoses (rate ratio 2.60, 95% CI, 1.76-3.90) and medical comorbidities (rate ratio 1.98, 95% CI, 1.33-2.93) were the strongest predictors of postpartum admissions. CONCLUSION: Among individuals with ADHD adherent to psychostimulants before pregnancy, the continuation of medication during pregnancy was not associated with adverse postpartum mental health outcomes when compared with discontinuation of medication.

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