1. Andreassen M, Berg LJ, Larsen MM, Vee TS, Andersen PN, Orm S. Academic self-efficacy and study engagement in university students with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Res Dev Disabil;2026 (Jan 10);169:105209.

OBJECTIVES: To (1) compare academic self-efficacy and study engagement between students with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), (2) examine procrastination, self-esteem, and interpersonal relationships with peers and faculty as possible associated factors, and (3) explore whether these associations differ between students with and without ADHD. METHOD: Students in higher education with ADHD (n = 99; M(age) = 22.29, 79.8 % female) and without ADHD (n = 182, M(age) = 21.57, 83.5 % female) completed scales. Data were analyzed with linear regression. RESULTS: Students with ADHD reported lower academic self-efficacy (d = -.45, p < .001) and study engagement (d = -.42, p = .003), more procrastination (d = 1.32, p < .001), lower self-esteem (d = -.36, p = .007), and poorer relationships with peers (d = -.65, p < .001) and faculty (d = -.49, p < .001) than students without ADHD. Across groups, higher academic self-efficacy was associated with less procrastination (β = -.24, p < .001), higher self-esteem (β =.32, p < .001), and better relationships with faculty (β =.37, p < .001). Self-efficacy and self-esteem were more strongly associated in students with ADHD. Higher study engagement was associated with less procrastination and better relationships with peers and faculty. Females without ADHD reported higher study engagement than males, whereas no gender differences were found among students with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: Students with ADHD experience lower academic self-efficacy and study engagement than their peers. Addressing procrastination and fostering social and academic integration may improve these outcomes.

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2. Ding P, Wang B, Tong J, Gao H, Gan H, Qiu G, Liu K, Yan S, Wu X, Huang K, Tao F, Geng M. Associations between prenatal antibiotics exposure and preschoolers’ attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom trajectories: Unveiling the potential intervention strategies. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf;2026 (Jan 10);309:119696.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the effects of prenatal antibiotic exposure on the developmental trajectories of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring and exploring intervention strategies are key to managing early-life health. METHODS: This research included 2387 motherchild pairs. Antibiotics were detected in maternal urine samples. At the ages of 3, 5, and 6 years, children’s ADHD symptoms were evaluated. Group-based trajectory modeling was employed to fit ADHD symptom trajectories. Generalized linear models and quantile-based g-computation approaches were used to investigate individual and mixed relationships between prenatal antibiotic exposure and ADHD symptom trajectories stratified by child sex, maternal folic acid (FA)/vitamin D (VD) levels, and exclusive breastfeeding. RESULTS: Preschoolers’ ADHD symptom trajectories were classified into three profiles: low risk, moderate risk, and high risk. First-trimester doxycycline and ciprofloxacin, second-trimester doxycycline and PVAs were associated with an increased risk of moderate-risk and high-risk ADHD symptoms among preschoolers. Antibiotic mixture exposure during the first trimester was positively correlated with high-risk trajectories, whereas exposure during the second trimester was associated with both moderate- and high-risk trajectories. The individual and joint effects of prenatal antibiotic exposure on ADHD symptom trajectories were more pronounced in girls. Furthermore, insufficient first-trimester FA supplementation and second-trimester VD deficiency may potentiate the relationship between specific antibiotic exposure and moderate-to-high risk trajectories. CONCLUSIONS: Both individual and mixed prenatal antibiotic exposure were positively associated with moderate-risk and high-risk trajectories of preschoolers’ ADHD symptoms, and insufficient maternal FA supplementation and VD deficiency during early pregnancy may act as potential effect modifiers.

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3. Israeli A, Mezer E. Association between eye disorders and the development of ADHD/ADD: a nationwide retrospective cohort study. Eye (Lond);2026 (Jan 9)

OBJECTIVES: To study and assess the association of various eye disorders with the development of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD/ADD). METHODS: A nationwide, retrospective cohort-study, utilising anonymised electronic medical records (EMR) data on all insured individuals aged 5-30 in Maccabi Health Services (MHS), the second largest health maintenance organisation in Israel, during 2010-2022. RESULTS: The final analysis included 665,121 individuals from an initial cohort of 1,686,128 after applying selection criteria and propensity score matching. Of these, 68,976 (10.4%) developed ADHD/ADD. ADHD/ADD was more common and developed faster in those with eye disorders (HR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.38-1.42 and 4.5 versus 4.9 years, p < 0.001, respectively). All evaluated eye disorders served as significant risk factors (strabismus: HR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.49-1.80; hyperopia: HR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.47-1.56; astigmatism: HR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.48-1.56; amblyopia: HR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.27-1.54; myopia: HR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.28-1.33). Similar findings were evident when assessing combinations of eye disorders. These associations were far more pronounced in females and the paediatric population (p < 0.001 and p = 0.044, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Eye disorders serve as risk factors for the development of ADHD/ADD, particularly in females and in the paediatric population.

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4. Pallucchini A, Varese M, Pergentini I, Cerrai E, Gemignani S, Parapetto E, Simonetti F, Maremmani I, Maremmani AGI. Levomethadone Selectively Reduces Emotional Impulsivity in ASRS-Positive ADHD-OUD Patients, Independent of Dose Escalation. J Clin Med;2025 (Dec 23);15(1)

Background: Emotional dysregulation and impulsivity represent key risk factors for adverse trajectories in adults with ADHD and are frequently observed among patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). Levomethadone, the R-enantiomer of methadone, provides more stable dopaminergic modulation than the racemic formulation and may improve emotional control. The primary objective was to examine emotional, clinical, and substance use changes after the switch to levomethadone and to determine whether these trajectories differed according to ADHD screening status. This study evaluated emotional, clinical, and behavioral outcomes-including substance use-after transitioning from racemic methadone to levomethadone maintenance therapy, focusing on the moderating role of ADHD symptoms and dose escalation. Methods: Eighty-three OUD patients in methadone maintenance were assessed at baseline, T1 (mean = 2.13 months, SD = 0.65), and T2 (mean = 6.20 months, SD = 0.91). Emotional dysregulation (RIPOST), clinical severity (Clinical Global Impression), and days of substance use were analyzed using Linear Mixed Models (participants with ≥1 valid follow-up). ADHD symptoms (Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale DSM-5) were evaluated with Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Dose escalation (↑levomethadone) was defined as ≥1 increase during follow-up and was only included in the mixed models. Substance use analyses were restricted to baseline active users. Results: Emotional impulsivity significantly decreased over time only in participants screening positive for ADHD symptoms (ASRS ≥ 14), independent of dose escalation. Emotional instability also declined but across the full cohort. CGI scores improved in all participants. Substance use patterns showed a modest overall improvement, with reductions most evident for sedatives and alcohol. The findings indicate a specific effect of levomethadone on affective regulation and clinical stabilization, particularly in individuals with impulsivity traits. Conclusions: Levomethadone maintenance appears to improve emotional regulation and global functioning beyond dose-related effects, supporting its potential value in complex OUD patients with clinically relevant ADHD symptomatology. Combined treatment with levomethadone and methylphenidate may further enhance executive control and craving regulation in this population.

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5. Sporniak B, Zakowicz P, Szewczuk-Bogusławska M. Associations of ADHD and Borderline Personality Disorder with Suicidality in Adolescents: Additive and Interactive Effects. J Clin Med;2025 (Dec 27);15(1)

Background/Objectives: Suicidal behaviors are a major clinical concern in adolescents, particularly among those with disorders marked by emotion dysregulation and impulsivity. Although attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) each heighten suicide risk, little is known about whether their occurrence confers additive or interactive effects in youth. This study examined whether ADHD and BPD diagnoses show additive or interactive associations with the suicide risk in adolescents. Methods: In this cross-sectional observational clinical study, the sample included 108 Polish adolescents (66.7% female; aged 13-17 years) recruited from inpatient and outpatient psychiatric settings (Independent Public Healthcare Facility, Children and Youth Treatment Center in Zabór, the Youth Sociotherapy Center No. 2 in Wrocław, and the District Educational Center in Jerzmanice-Zdrój (Poland)). The data collection for our study was conducted between May 2024 and July 2025. Diagnoses and suicide risk were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID 7.02). Associations of ADHD and BPD with suicide risk were tested using linear and logistic regression models while accounting for age, sex, the current depressive episode, and the use of psychiatric medications. Results: Unadjusted analyses revealed significant main, but not interactive, associations of BPD and ADHD with suicide risk. When covariates were included in the model, BPD remained strongly associated with suicidality severity and with the presence of any suicide risk (adjusted OR = 7.00, 95% CI [1.55-31.57]), whereas the association between ADHD and suicidality was attenuated and did not reach conventional levels of statistical significance (adjusted OR = 3.48, 95% CI [0.93-13.08]). No statistically detectable ADHD × BPD interaction was observed. Estimates for ADHD were directionally consistent across models but characterized by wide confidence intervals. Conclusions: Adolescents with BPD appear to be at particularly high risk of suicide and should receive focused assessment, safety planning, and early intervention as part of routine care. In contrast, suicidality among adolescents with ADHD appears to be influenced by co-occurring clinical conditions, and its independent association with suicide risk remains statistically uncertain after adjustment. Clinicians should therefore remain alert to suicidality in youth with ADHD, while paying particular attention to accompanying symptoms and comorbid diagnoses that may further increase risk.

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6. Wynchank D, Sutrisno R, van Andel E, Kooij JJS. Menstrual Cycle-Related Hormonal Fluctuations in ADHD: Effect on Cognitive Functioning-A Narrative Review. J Clin Med;2025 (Dec 24);15(1)

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder linked to impaired cognition and altered dopamine neurotransmission. Emerging evidence suggests that women with ADHD experience pronounced hormone-related difficulties, with menstrual cycle-related changes in mood and cognition interfering with daily functioning and diminishing treatment efficacy. This review examines the influence of hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle on cognitive functioning and ADHD symptomatology in women. A comprehensive literature search of Ovid EmBase identified studies published between 2015 and 2025 examining cognitive performance, including attention, executive functioning, working memory, and inhibitory control, across menstrual cycle phases in women with or without ADHD. Twenty-nine studies met inclusion criteria. Neurobiological measurements included hormonal assays, neuroimaging, and neurotransmitter models. Seven studies in non-clinical populations suggested that attentional processing was enhanced during the mid-luteal phase, which may be linked to higher progesterone levels. By contrast, four studies in women with ADHD and six studies in women with mood-related disorders, such as PMS or PMDD, consistently observed impairments in attention, executive function, and impulsivity during the mid-luteal and pre-menstrual phases. These objective findings parallel subjective reports of worsened cognition, heightened mood symptoms, and diminished medication efficacy during the luteal phase. Current evidence indicates that ADHD-related cognitive functioning fluctuates with the menstrual cycle, with impairments particularly evident in women with ADHD and/or comorbid mood disorders. These changes may reflect increased sensitivity to allopregnanolone, peri-menstrual oestrogen withdrawal, and the absence of compensatory neural adaptations observed in non-clinical populations. However, findings remain preliminary and sometimes contradictory due to methodological heterogeneity and small sample sizes. Further research is needed to clarify these mechanisms and, importantly, to translate theoretical insights into clinical application through female-specific diagnostic procedures and treatment strategies.

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7. Yamaguchi S, Kelleher I, Nakajima N, Nishida A. Psychostimulants and psychosis risk in varied ADHD trajectories. Lancet Psychiatry;2026 (Jan 6)

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8. Yaron S, Arbel R, Razi T, Nemet D. The Effect of ADHD Stimulant Treatment on Weight Categories in Children and Adolescents. J Clin Med;2025 (Dec 21);15(1)

Objective: Pediatric overweight and obesity represent a growing public health concern with significant long-term implications. In children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), stimulant medications may alter appetite, potentially impacting body weight and growth patterns. However, real-world data on the effect of these treatments on body mass index (BMI) classification remains scarce. We aimed to evaluate the effect of ADHD stimulant therapy on transitions in the BMI categories among children. Study Design: We conducted a large-scale observational cohort study assessing longitudinal changes in BMI classification following the initiation of stimulant treatment, utilizing data from Clalit Health Services, Israel’s largest healthcare provider. BMI was categorized into four groups: normal weight, overweight, obesity, and severe obesity. Subgroup analysis was performed by sex and age groups: <7 years; >7 <13 years and >13 <18 years. Results: At baseline, 26,930 children met the study inclusion criteria. 12,448 (46%) were classified as overweight or obese. Most children with normal weight at baseline maintained their BMI classification (90%). 48% of children with overweight, 42% with obesity, and 29% with severe obesity transitioned to a lower BMI category. 39% of children with underweight transitioned to normal weight. Similar patterns in BMI category transitions were observed between sexes. Transition to a lower BMI category was more prevalent in the younger age group. Conclusions: Stimulant therapy for ADHD is associated with significant shifts in BMI classification among pediatric patients. While many children, especially younger with higher baseline BMI, experienced improvements in weight status, a notable minority exhibited weight gain. These findings underscore the importance of routine BMI monitoring and weight management strategies during ADHD treatment.

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