1. Aker E, Benli Ş G, Ak Z. Machine Learning-driven ADHD Classification: Exploring Medication Effects with VMD Sub-band Analysis. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des. 2026.

INTRODUCTION: There has been increasing interest in neuroimaging studies in recent years, and computer-aided approaches have gained prominence in improving diagnostic accuracy. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Traditional diagnostic approaches often rely on subjective assessments, highlighting the need for more objective, datadriven methods. This study aims to classify ADHD subtypes and assess medication effects by converting resting-state fMRI images into one-dimensional (1D) signals and extracting statistical features using Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD). METHODS: Resting-state fMRI data from the ADHD-200 dataset, including 41 healthy controls (HC), 41 medicated ADHD-Combined (ADHD-C) individuals, and 41 non-medicated ADHD-C individuals, were analyzed. The 1D fMRI signals were decomposed into nine sub-bands using VMD. Statistical features were extracted from each sub-band and classified using Support Vector Machines (SVM), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). RESULTS: VMD-derived features substantially improved classification performance. The highest binary classification accuracy was achieved by LDA: 96.34% distinguishing non-medicated ADHD from controls and 88.41% for medicated ADHD versus controls. The classification between medicated and non-medicated ADHD yielded 79.63% accuracy. Ternary classification across all groups reached 69.51% accuracy. DISCUSSION: These findings show that the VMD-based approach improves the classification of ADHD subtypes and helps evaluate medication effects. However, the lower performance in multi-class classification reflects the complexity of ADHD neuroimaging data. CONCLUSION: The VMD-based approach improves classification accuracy, especially in distinguishing ADHD subtypes and medication effects, supporting its potential as an objective tool for diagnosis and treatment planning.

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2. Li X, Yao S, Pan P, Zhou J, Wang J. Effects of Thyroid Hormones on Brain Development: Cytoarchitecture and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Faseb j. 2026; 40(2): e71487.

Thyroid hormones (THs) are endocrine factors that play an important role in brain development by modulating several neurodevelopmental processes, including neuronal migration, synaptogenesis, and myelination. Therefore, adequate regulation of these hormones is important for the structure and function of the brain. Recently, a close association between THs deficiency or dysfunction has been found with several neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These results imply that thyroid hormones play an important role in the occurrence of neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review, we thoroughly investigate the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms involved in thyroid hormones production. We also assess the importance of thyroid hormones during different periods of brain development, as well as the underlying molecular processes. Finally, we extend our discussion to explore the relationship between thyroid hormones and neurodevelopmental disorders. The objective is to provide mechanistic and clinical insights and to identify promising research avenues that could facilitate earlier diagnosis and intervention for these conditions.

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3. Loftis JM, Ast HK, Bruton AM, Srikanth P, Ramesh R, Erikson DW, Robinette LM, Hatsu IE, Leung BMY, Machingo TA, Arnold LE, Johnstone JM. Multinutrient Supplementation in Children With ADHD Reduced Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Immune Factors in the MADDY Randomized Controlled Trial. J Atten Disord. 2026: 10870547251397701.

OBJECTIVE: While individual nutrients have shown effects on inflammatory mechanisms, the effects of multinutrients (vitamins + minerals, antioxidants, and amino acids) on inflammation are unknown. We investigated whether 8 weeks of multinutrient supplementation, in a randomized controlled trial of 83 children with ADHD, would alter immune factors compared to placebo. METHODS: Multiplex technology was used to measure 25 immune factors in blood samples collected at baseline and week 8. Immune factors were compared between multinutrient and placebo groups using the Mann-Whitney test. Linear mixed effects models evaluated immune factor change over time. To understand the functional relevance of the immune factors affected by multinutrient supplementation, pathway analysis was performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) v6.7 Bioinformatics Resources. RESULTS: Interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13 levels differed following multinutrient supplementation versus placebo (p = .005 and .03, respectively). IL-5 decreased by 1.3% in the multinutrient group (95% CI [-8.6%, 6.7%]) and increased by 17.5% in the placebo group (95% CI [6.9%, 29.2%]). IL-13 decreased by 11.4% in the multinutrient group (95% CI [-18.2%, -4.0%]), compared to a 2.4% increase in the placebo group (95% CI [-7.2%, 13.1%]). When comparing immune factors between treatment responders versus non-responders in the multinutrient group, there was a 4.3% increase in IL-15 in multinutrient responders (95% CI [-6.8%, 16.8%]) and a 14.3% decrease in non-responders (p = .03, 95% CI [-24.9%, -2.4%]). Pathway analysis identified T helper type 2 (Th2) signaling pathways affected by multinutrient supplementation, including IL-17 and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathways. CONCLUSION: Th2 immune factors may be influenced by multinutrient supplementation and associated with behavioral improvements in ADHD.

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4. Oringam M, Prashanth SN, Kishor M, Faizan MA. Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Selected Urban and Rural Schools of Mysore District, Karnataka, India. Ann Afr Med. 2026.

BACKGROUND: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood, marked by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. In India, limited awareness and variable access to diagnosis result in underidentification, particularly across socio-geographic divides. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of ADHD among children aged 6-11 years in selected urban and rural schools of Mysuru District, Karnataka and to analyze the subtype distribution and gender-based differences. METHODOLOGY: A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among 739 schoolchildren selected by the simple random sampling. ADHD symptoms were assessed using the Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Rating Scales – Teacher and Parent versions – based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder-5 criteria. Data were analyzed using SPSS v28; P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of ADHD was 13.8%, with the combined subtype being most common (52%), followed by inattentive (27%) and hyperactive (21%). The prevalence was higher in boys (15.86%) than girls (10.86%) and significantly higher in urban schools (16.2%) compared to rural (9.7%) (P = 0.01). Over 87% of affected children exhibited moderate to severe functional impairment, particularly in the combined group. Teachers reported more hyperactivity, while parents noted inattentiveness. Notably, 56% of cases had not been previously identified. CONCLUSION: ADHD is common yet underdiagnosed among Indian schoolchildren. Subtype-specific impairments and urban-rural disparities highlight the need for early screening, multi-informant assessments, and equitable, school-based interventions. Collaborative efforts among educators, parents, and healthcare providers are essential to improve the diagnosis and outcomes.

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5. Rout MR, Gaddis A, Yeguez CE, Sibley MH, Groves NB. Disparities in Adult ADHD Care Delivery Among U.S. Telepsychology Providers. J Atten Disord. 2026: 10870547251409862.

OBJECTIVE: At least a third of U.S. adults with ADHD do not access recommended treatments (medication or cognitive behavioral therapy [CBT]), and those receiving treatment face barriers (e.g., inconsistent availability of medication). We investigated systemic inequities in CBT access for adults with ADHD versus psychiatric diagnoses with similar prevalence. METHOD: We accessed and extracted publicly available listings from the Psychology Interjurisdictional Compact (PSYPACT) provider directory (N = 12,898) in April 2025. RESULTS: Only 26.4% of PSYPACT providers explicitly offer any services for adult ADHD. They were nearly three times more likely to treat adult depression (69.2%) and anxiety (74.0%). CBT for adult ADHD was offered by just 21.3% of providers. CONCLUSION: U.S. psychologists are chief CBT providers for adult mental disorders; however, they systemically underserve adults with ADHD. Contributors to this inequity must be identified to advance adult ADHD care, as untreated ADHD is a costly public health burden.

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6. Sharma N, Chahal A. Exploring the Impact of Multimodal Training on Sensory, Motor and Cognitive Function Among Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A FOCUS Protocol of Randomised Controlled Trial. Ann Neurosci. 2026: 09727531251401389.

BACKGROUND: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterised primarily by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness with associated impairments related to sensory processing and motor coordination, and attributed to abnormalities in the brain areas responsible for sensory-motor integration and cognitive control. The symptoms may persist until adulthood, impacting various aspects of life. Traditional treatment and pharmacological approaches chiefly target behavioural aspects, highlighting the need to address sensory, motor, and cognitive issues via an integrative approach. PURPOSE: This study aims to determine the effect of a multi-modal exercise programme on improving cognitive, sensory, and motor function among children with ADHD. METHODS: The study will be a randomised controlled trial involving 60 children diagnosed with ADHD, aged 6-12 years. Children will be randomly allocated to either the intervention group or the control group. Both groups will be subjected to a 45-minute therapy session four times a week for eight weeks. The intervention group will receive sensory, motor and cognitive training, and the control group will receive standard care. Outcomes Paediatric Balance Scale (PBS), Short Sensory Profile (SSP), Trail Making Test, and Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire 2007 will be analysed at baseline, two weeks, four weeks, and at the end of the eight-week training programme. RESULTS: It is anticipated that an integrative training approach among the intervention group, will concurrently address the underlying neurodevelopmental deficits and improve sensory, motor, and cognitive functions instead of focusing solely on symptom management among children with ADHD. CONCLUSION: Incorporating sensory, motor, and cognitive training offers a promising supplementary approach in ADHD management. The multimodal stimulation of neural circuits will serve to improve core functions and promote more adaptive behaviours. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This prospective trial has been successfully registered with the Clinical Trial Registry of India with registration number (CTRI/2025/05/086742).

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7. Wise J. ADHD: Medication use among UK women increases 20-fold over the past decade, study suggests. Bmj. 2026; 392: s140.

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8. Wu JB, Yang Y, Zhou Q, Li J, Yang WK, Yin X, Qiu SY, Zhang J, Meng M, Guo Y, Chen JH, Chen Z. Correction: The relationship between screen time, screen content for children aged 1-3, and the risk of ADHD in preschools. PLoS One. 2026; 21(1): e0341722.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0312654.].

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9. Zhang T, Adamis D. A systematic review of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Psychiatr Res. 2026; 195: 74-84.

BACKGROUND: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been proposed as a potential non-pharmacological intervention for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). While evidence from pediatric populations is growing, the effects of tDCS in adults with ADHD remain insufficiently characterized, increasing recognition of ADHD as a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition with persistent functional impairments. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of tDCS in adults with ADHD across clinical, cognitive, and neurophysiological outcome domains. METHODS: Six electronic databases were systematically searched to identify peer-reviewed controlled trials evaluating tDCS interventions in adults with clinically diagnosed ADHD through May 2025. Data extraction encompassed clinical symptom outcomes, cognitive task performance, neurophysiological findings, adverse events, medication status, and stimulation protocols. Study quality was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist. Where sufficient data were available, an exploratory random-effects meta-analysis was conducted for clinical symptom outcomes; all other outcomes were synthesized narratively. RESULTS: Eleven controlled studies (n = 415) met inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. Two randomized controlled trials provided sufficient data for exploratory meta-analysis of clinical symptoms. Pooled results suggested a possible beneficial effect of tDCS on inattention symptoms, accompanied by substantial heterogeneity (I(2) = 79.95 %), while no significant effect was observed for hyperactivity/impulsivity. Cognitive outcomes were heterogeneous and domain-specific, with some evidence of post-stimulation improvements in inhibitory control, working memory, and attentional measures. Two studies reported tDCS-induced modulation of frontal neurophysiological markers associated with cognitive control. Stimulation protocols varied considerably across studies, with no consistent association between specific parameters and outcomes. Adverse events were generally mild and transient, and follow-up data were limited. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence suggests that tDCS may exert domain-specific effects on inattention and selected cognitive functions in adults with ADHD. However, conclusions remain tentative due to methodological heterogeneity, small sample sizes, and limited quantitative evidence. Future research should prioritize standardized protocols, adequately powered trials with extended follow-up periods, integration of neurophysiological biomarkers, and systematic evaluation of individual difference factors to clarify the therapeutic potential and mechanisms, and advance precision neuromodulation approaches for adult ADHD.

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