1. Why do women like me get diagnosed with ADHD late?. Nature. 2026.

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2. Cheung YCH, Kang MY, Wong DFK. « Which resilience factors are the most effective for which Outcomes? » A systematic review and Meta-Analysis of multisystemic resilience of children with ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2026.

Resilience involves multisystemic processes that encompass both personal protective factors and supportive environments, enabling children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to achieve positive outcomes and thrive beyond expectations. However, ambiguities in the conceptualization and operationalization of resilience have hindered both theoretical and clinical research. This meta-analysis is the first to quantitatively delineate the specific relationship between multisystemic resilience factors and outcomes and propose a conceptual model. A search was conducted in August 2023 and repeated in April 2024 across six databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Embase, and MEDLINE). It identified 28 eligible articles involving 11,622 children aged 18 years or younger. Results indicated that six intrapersonal factors (cognitive functioning, emotional regulation, academic skills, social skills, proactive attitudes and behaviors, and prosocial behaviors) and four interpersonal factors (positive parenting and attachment, parental resources, peer relationships, and other support networks) are associated with improvements in specific outcomes (educational outcomes, wellbeing outcomes, relationship outcomes, internalizing symptoms, and externalizing symptoms) in children with ADHD. This review also revealed that existing literature, which often portrays resilience as lists of factors and focuses primarily on intrapersonal factors, may not adequately capture the dynamic, multisystemic nature and cultural relevance of the resilience process for children with ADHD. Based on our findings, we propose a comprehensive conceptual model to capture four key aspects of resilience: specific outcomes, multisystemic factors, the circularity of factors, and socio-cultural influences. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023451246.

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3. Fahira A, Li Z, Liu N, Shi Y. Corrigendum to « Prediction of causal genes and gene expression analysis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the different brain region, a comprehensive integrative analysis of ADHD » [Behav. Brain Res., 364 (2019) 183-192. Behav Brain Res. 2026: 116056.

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4. Hanes TK, Andersen AC, Boyer BE, Wagner K. Gender Differences in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Outcomes for Adolescents With ADHD: Examining the Impact of Internalizing Symptoms. J Atten Disord. 2026: 10870547251415431.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for adolescents with ADHD, while focusing on gender differences and comorbid internalizing symptoms. METHOD: A quantitative secondary data analysis was performed on 200 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years who participated in randomized control trials in either the Netherlands or Norway. RESULTS: Overall, CBT significantly reduced ADHD symptoms from pretest to posttest on parent measures; however, treatment response varied based on gender, internalizing symptoms, and treatment formats. Girls with elevated depression showed significantly smaller reductions in ADHD symptoms compared to boys with similar depressive profiles (p = .02), even after controlling for baseline ADHD severity. Effect size analyses revealed that girls benefited from both CBT delivery formats, but symptom improvement was nearly twice as large in individual CBT (d = 0.90, large effect) compared to group CBT (d = 0.49, moderate effect). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that depression may impact treatment response among girls, and that individual CBT may offer enhanced benefits for adolescent girls with ADHD.

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5. Herborg F, Konrad LK, Jørgensen SH, Lilja JH, Delignat-Lavaud B, Posselt LP, Pugh CF, Bach SA, Ratner CF, Awadallah N, Pino JA, Berlin F, Ejdrup AL, Olesen MV, Rickhag M, Holst B, Aznar S, Mayer FP, Woldbye D, Torres GE, Trudeau LE, Gether U. Mouse model of atypical DAT deficiency syndrome uncovers dopamine dysfunction associated with parkinsonism and ADHD. J Clin Invest. 2026.

Atypical dopamine transporter (DAT) deficiency syndrome (DTDS) arises from genetic disruption of DAT function and is characterized by early-onset parkinsonism alongside comorbid psychiatric symptoms. However, the underlying pathobiological processes are largely unknown. Here, we present a mouse model of atypical DTDS based on the patient-derived compound heterozygote genotype, DAT-I312F/D421N+/+. DAT-I312F/D421N+/+ mice exhibited markedly impaired DAT function, leading to widespread changes in dopamine homeostasis, including elevated extracellular dopamine levels, reduced tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine D1/D2 receptor expression, and decreased evoked dopamine release, mechanistically linked to enhanced tonic D2 autoreceptor inhibition. Fiber photometry measurements revealed disrupted fast striatal dopamine release dynamics, while confocal imaging showed reduced striatal dopaminergic axon fiber density. These neurochemical changes were accompanied by a psychomotor phenotype characterized by hyperlocomotion, enhanced exploration and pronounced clasping. Both amphetamine and anticholinergic treatment ameliorated the aberrant hyperactivity. Notably, amphetamine-induced dopamine release was profoundly blunted in ventral striatum but largely preserved in dorsal striatum, implicating region-specific dopamine release dynamics as a determinant of divergent behavioral and pharmacological responses. Summarized, our findings uncover multiscale dopamine dysfunction that links presynaptic DAT impairment to synaptic and circuit-level disruptions, offering insight into atypical DTDS and the co-occurrence of movement and psychiatric features.

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6. Ibrahimi D, García-Martínez JR. Cone-Specific Filter-Based Neuromodulation: A Proposed Clinical Framework for Amblyopia, Strabismus, and ADHD. Clin Pract. 2025; 16(1).

AIM: To propose a standardized clinical protocol for cone-specific neuromodulation that classifies therapeutic filters for selective stimulation of S-, M-, and L-cones and translates optical and safety parameters into condition-specific frameworks for amblyopia, strabismus, and ADHD. METHODS: Previously characterized spectral filters were re-evaluated using published transmittance and cone-excitation data to identify a reduced set of monochromatic and combined options with meaningful cone bias. These were integrated with α-opic metrology, international photobiological and flicker standards, and condition-specific neurophysiological evidence to define reproducible ranges for wavelength, corneal illuminance, exposure timing, temporal modulation, and safety verification. RESULTS: The protocol consolidates eleven monochromatic and six combined filters into operational classes mapped onto mechanistic profiles for amblyopia, esotropia, exotropia, vertical deviations, and exploratory ADHD applications. All time frames and applications are presented as methodological anchors rather than efficacy claims. CONCLUSIONS: This work provides a structured, safety-anchored framework intended to guide protocol design and comparability in future cone-specific neuromodulation trials; therapeutic benefit must be demonstrated in prospective clinical studies.

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7. Oringam M, Prashanth SN, Kishor M, Faizan MA. Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Selected Urban and Rural Schools of Mysore District, Karnataka, India. Ann Afr Med. 2026.

BACKGROUND: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood, marked by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. In India, limited awareness and variable access to diagnosis result in underidentification, particularly across socio-geographic divides. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of ADHD among children aged 6-11 years in selected urban and rural schools of Mysuru District, Karnataka and to analyze the subtype distribution and gender-based differences. METHODOLOGY: A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among 739 schoolchildren selected by the simple random sampling. ADHD symptoms were assessed using the Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Rating Scales – Teacher and Parent versions – based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder-5 criteria. Data were analyzed using SPSS v28; P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of ADHD was 13.8%, with the combined subtype being most common (52%), followed by inattentive (27%) and hyperactive (21%). The prevalence was higher in boys (15.86%) than girls (10.86%) and significantly higher in urban schools (16.2%) compared to rural (9.7%) (P = 0.01). Over 87% of affected children exhibited moderate to severe functional impairment, particularly in the combined group. Teachers reported more hyperactivity, while parents noted inattentiveness. Notably, 56% of cases had not been previously identified. CONCLUSION: ADHD is common yet underdiagnosed among Indian schoolchildren. Subtype-specific impairments and urban-rural disparities highlight the need for early screening, multi-informant assessments, and equitable, school-based interventions. Collaborative efforts among educators, parents, and healthcare providers are essential to improve the diagnosis and outcomes.

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8. Peilober-Richardson A, Nair R, Tattersall R, Gledhill L, Aslam S, Aslam T. Correction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Ophthalmologists: Opportunities and Challenges. Ophthalmol Ther. 2026.

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9. Prosser B, Vidyattama Y, Faulkner A. Psychostimulant medication for ADHD and socioeconomic status in Australia (2003-2022). Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2026: 48674251409910.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to undertake a retrospective analysis of national data on psychostimulant prescription for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder for youths aged 5 to 17 years in Australia for the period 2003 to 2022. METHOD: An area-based national data set (including number of individuals and total dispensing) was used to analyse: (1) total prescription patterns over the period; (2) geographical variation in prescription by state/territory; and (3) socioeconomic variation of prescriptions by postcode. FINDINGS: Four major findings were observed over the period: (1) prescriptions per thousand rose sixfold; (2) variance of standardised prescription levels by state and territory are narrowing around the national average; (3) standardised prescription levels vary by socioeconomics of postcode but variance is narrowing around the national average; and (4) the highest socioeconomic decile has lifted from the lowest standardised prescription ratio to the highest between census years 2006 to 2021. CONCLUSIONS: Standardised prescription levels in Australia are narrowing around the national average. Findings for both individual prescriptions and total dispensing are similar, providing little evidence for large quantum of drug use. Youth from lower socioeconomic regions are slightly more likely to be prescribed medication. Youth from the highest socioeconomic decile are now much more likely to be prescribed medication. The was an increase in prescription levels across the first 2 years of COVID-19. The drivers behind these changes are worthy of further research.

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10. Tarlacı S, Topal YK. Heart Rate Variability and MOXO d-CPT Relationship in Children with in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2026.

This study examined heart rate variability (HRV) in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using a case-control design. A total of 52 children aged 6-12 years participated. ADHD diagnosis was confirmed by a child psychiatrist according to DSM-5 criteria, and comorbidities (e.g., anxiety, ODD) were excluded. Participants were then stratified into ADHD (n = 33; 17 boys, 16 girls) and control groups (n = 19; 12 boys, 7 girls), with MOXO d-CPT used to characterize performance profiles. Resting-state HRV was recorded for 5 min using the validated Polar H10 device. Time-domain (SDNN, RMSSD), frequency-domain (VLF, LF, HF), and non-linear indices were analyzed. The Good performance group demonstrated significantly lower VLF power compared to the Weak group (η(2) = 0.176, p < 0.05), and the SNS Index was significantly higher in the Weak hyperactivity group (d = 0.49, p = 0.048), indicating increased sympathetic activation associated with poorer performance. Non-significant trends were observed for SDNN (η(2) = 0.08) and RMSSD (η(2) = 0.07), suggesting modest parasympathetic differences, though these did not reach statistical significance. These findings highlight VLF and the SNS Index as the most robust HRV metrics associated with impulsivity and hyperactivity performance on the MOXO d-CPT, while other HRV domains showed only preliminary or non-significant effects. Future longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate HRV's potential for monitoring treatment response and its specificity to cognitive subdomains in ADHD.

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