1. Araki M, Zoega H, Gillies M, Falster MO, Peiris D, Pearson SA, Larsson H, Costa JO. Cardiovascular Medicine Use Among Adults With ADHD: A Nationwide Study in Australia. J Atten Disord;2026 (Mar 27):10870547261418763.

BACKGROUND: Despite cardiovascular conditions being common in adults with ADHD, data on patterns of cardiovascular medicine use in this population are scarce. METHODS: Using dispensing claims for a 10% random sample of Australians, this population-based study comprised 14,753 adults with ADHD (defined as having ≥2 ADHD medicine dispensings in 2012-2020) who were 1:4 sex- and age-matched with 59,012 adults without ADHD (no ADHD dispensings). We estimated the prevalence of cardiovascular medicine use in 2021 among adults with and without ADHD, overall and by medicine type, sex, and age. Using Poisson regression, we calculated age- and sex-adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess associations. RESULTS: Overall cardiovascular medicine use was more prevalent among adults with ADHD than those without (16.5% vs. 10.0%, aPR = 1.7, 95% CI [1.6, 1.7]), with the highest difference among those aged 18 to 29 years (aPR = 2.8, 95% CI [2.4, 3.1]). We observed increased differences in use of propranolol (3.2% vs. 0.7%), loop diuretics (0.8% vs. 0.4%), potassium-sparing diuretics (0.9% vs. 0.4%), cardiac therapy (0.8% vs. 0.5%), and antithrombotic agents (2.2% vs. 1.4%). Among females, we noted associations of ADHD with specific diuretic subgroups (loop, aPR = 2.8, 95% CI [2.1, 3.7]; potassium-sparing, aPR = 2.5, 95% CI [1.9, 3.3]). CONCLUSION: We identified an elevated prevalence of cardiovascular medicine use among adults with ADHD, particularly among younger people. We also observed distinct patterns in specific medicine use between sexes, suggesting potential sex-specific effect modification. Our findings underscore the importance of regular monitoring and management of cardiovascular health among people with ADHD across the lifespan.

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2. Brogna C, Napoli V, Castellini L, Mirra F, Sestito S, Marsella G, Piscopiello ML, Cima V, Ricci D, Salerni A, Di Cesare G, Brogna P, Romeo DM. Pattern of Oculomotor Findings in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Relation to Methylphenidate Treatment. J Clin Med;2026 (Mar 10);15(6)

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may be associated with alterations in eye movements, which in turn may reflect dysfunctions in executive functions and sensorimotor integration processes. This review analyzed the pattern of oculomotor findings of pediatric populations diagnosed with ADHD with or without methylphenidate (MPH) treatment, with the aim of systematically describing the oculomotor abnormalities observed in affected children. A total of 24 studies were analyzed. The results showed that children with ADHD exhibit increased latency, a higher number of directional errors in prosaccade and antisaccade tasks, as well as intrusions during fixation and a higher frequency of microsaccades and involuntary blinks. Furthermore, studies involving the administration of MPH showed an improvement in oculomotor control, with a reduction in errors and a modulation of latency and oculomotor inhibition. These findings confirmed the potential role of oculomotor parameters as objective and non-invasive biomarkers for exploring the neurofunctional correlates of ADHD and for evaluating the effects of pharmacological treatment.

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3. Dos Santos RM, Marinho FVC, de Moraes GSF, Val SNA, da Luz Carvalho ACR, de Souza LP, Silva-Néto RP, Bastos V, Teixeira SS. The Impact of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Sleep Parameters: Preliminary Study. Bioengineering (Basel);2026 (Mar 13);13(3)

BACKGROUND: Individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can exhibit neurocognitive deficits, psychosocial alterations, and changes in sleep regulation. In this sense, non-invasive techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to assess and treat people with neurocognitive disorders. Studies using neuromodulation to estimate the timing and regulation of sleep remain scarce, revealing a gap in its understanding and treatment. AIM: To analyze whether the application of 10 Hz TMS modifies time estimation and sleep quality in people with ADHD for characteristics of inattention and hyperactivity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve adult male participants with high scores on the assessment of ADHD scale underwent a 10 Hz TMS protocol and a visual stimulus time estimation task. Daily rhythmicity was assessed by actigraphy before and after the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) intervention. Sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index and the Morning and Evening Questionnaire. RESULTS: The results showed that rTMS modulated the interpretation of the 9 s long interval (p = 0.028). For the ADHD-AD instrument, no statistically significant differences were observed (p > 0.05). In relation to actigraphic variables-sleep time, bedtime, latency, sleep efficiency, and wakefulness after sleep onset-there were no differences after excitatory neuromodulation (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate that the application of 10 Hz TMS enhances performance in long intervals during the time estimation task for individuals with ADHD, but does not affect sleep quality.

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4. Fongaro E, Leyrolle Q, Madore C, Lehmann S, Picot MC, Laye S, Purper-Ouakil D. Inflammatory and immune profiling in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a matched case-control study with longitudinal on/off psychostimulant assessment (ANIME). BMC Psychiatry;2026 (Mar 27)

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5. Harkness K, Wilms M, Godfrey KJ, Bray S, Murias K. The Relationship Between Inhibitory Control of Attention and fMRI Functional Connectivity in Children With and Without ADHD. J Atten Disord;2026 (Mar 27):10870547261419585.

INTRODUCTION: Attention abilities can be represented within the population as a spectrum from low to high ability. Attention deficits are present in a number of neurodevelopmental disorders, including as a primary symptom of ADHD. When evaluating the relationship between brain networks and attention abilities, it is important to know whether this relationship is mediated by diagnosis to understand processes that contribute to disability and to determine if attention can appropriately be studied transdiagnostically. Functional connectivity (FC) within the brain has been studied in association with inhibitory attention and ADHD diagnosis separately, but it is unclear whether the relationship between inhibitory attention and FC is altered in individuals with ADHD. METHODS: We evaluated whether the relationship between inhibitory attention, as measured by the Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention test, and FC was impacted by ADHD diagnostic status in children age 9 to 10 using the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) database. RESULTS: We found that, although there were significant associations between FC and both ADHD diagnosis and attention, the interaction between attention and diagnostic group was not significantly associated with functional connectivity. CONCLUSION: These results support that the relationship between attention and FC is not mediated by ADHD diagnosis and thus provides evidence for a transdiagnostic-dimensional relationship between FC and inhibitory attention.

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6. Hulsbosch AK, Beckers T, Furukawa E, Danckaerts M, Van Liefferinge D, Tripp G, Van der Oord S. Behavioral and Emotional Responding During Instrumental Learning in Children With ADHD: Reinforcement Schedule Effects. J Atten Disord;2026 (Mar 27):10870547261430072.

OBJECTIVE: Theoretical accounts of ADHD predict impaired learning under partial reinforcement and altered behavioral persistence under extinction. One of these theories (Amsel, 1992) postulates increased negative emotional responding (i.e., frustration) underlies these impairments, but to date emotional responding during instrumental learning has received limited attention. The current experimental study investigated behavioral and emotional responding during an instrumental learning task under different reinforcement schedules. METHODS: Eighty-four children with ADHD and 83 neurotypical children completed a simple instrumental learning task under a continuous (100%), partial (33%) or stretching ratio (i.e., schedule thinning; 100%-33%) reinforcement schedule, followed by a four-minute extinction phase. Negative and positive emotional expressions of the children were assessed during task completion. RESULTS: No group differences were found in either speed of acquisition or behavioral persistence under extinction with the reinforcement schedules applied in the current study. Across groups, partial reinforcement and stretching the ratios resulted in more behavioral persistence compared to continuous reinforcement, supporting the presence of a PREE effect. Children with ADHD showed more negative emotional expressions during both acquisition and extinction, irrespective of reinforcement condition. No diagnostic group or condition differences were found in the number of positive emotional expressions. CONCLUSION: Findings may have implications for instrumental learning based psychosocial treatments for children with ADHD, as their efficacy can be impacted by increased emotional responding.

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7. Igarashi A, Nishigaki N, Kawakita Y, Tsujii N. Socioeconomic burden of adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Japan: a nationwide cross-sectional observational study. BMC Psychiatry;2026 (Mar 28)

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8. Kosterman Zoller B, Bögels SM, Meppelink R, de Bruin EI. Mechanisms of Change in Mindfulness-Based Family Intervention (MYmind) Versus Methylphenidate for Childhood ADHD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Children (Basel);2026 (Mar 23);13(3)

Background/Objectives: Mindfulness-based interventions show promise for treating childhood ADHD, yet the mechanisms through which they produce effects remain unclear. This study provides the first direct comparison of treatment mechanisms between a mindfulness-based family intervention (MYmind) and methylphenidate. Methods: Data were drawn from a preregistered trial combining randomized and preference arms, comparing MYmind (2-month parallel parent-child mindfulness training) with 4-month methylphenidate in children aged 8-18 with ADHD (N = 120 children, 224 parents). Families were assessed at baseline, 2, 4 and 10 months. Multilevel mediation analyses tested whether treatment effects on ADHD symptoms were transmitted through 111 treatment-to-mediator-to-outcome pathways across three mechanism categories: child emotion regulation and coping (all children); adolescent self-regulation and mindfulness (ages 11+); and parent-level mechanisms, including mindful parenting, parental mindfulness, parenting style and self-compassion. Results: Direct treatment effects favored methylphenidate for ADHD symptom reduction at 4 months, with mindfulness catching up by 10 months. MYmind produced significantly greater improvements than methylphenidate in adolescent healthy self-regulation, parental self-compassion, mindful parenting and over-reactive parenting. Treatment did not differentially affect the remaining mechanisms. Across model sets, observed emotion regulation, maladaptive coping, parental self-compassion and mindful parenting each predicted ADHD outcomes. Across 111 pathways tested in 18 models, numerous significant individual pathways were consistent with theoretical predictions, yet no complete mediation chains reached statistical significance. Conclusions: MYmind engages distinct psychological and family-level processes compared to methylphenidate that are separately associated with ADHD symptom improvement. The absence of significant mediation effects likely reflects power limitations. These findings support mindfulness-based family intervention as a viable alternative to medication and highlight the need for larger-scale mechanism research.

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9. Lyakso E, Frolova O, Lebedev A, Shabanov P, Grechanyi S, Atamanova E, Kovelenova M, Limarenko V. Behavior and Speech Features of Children with ADHD. Healthcare (Basel);2026 (Mar 22);14(6)

Background/Objectives: The goal of the study was to identify the peculiarities of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on the base of the behavioral characteristics and acoustic features of speech of children with ADHD and ADHD with comorbidity-ADHD and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and ADHD and intellectual disabilities (ID)-within the framework of one test task. Behavioral characteristics were selected using DSM-V criteria; acoustic features of speech were considered by researchers as speech markers of ASD and ID detected for different languages. Methods: The study includes 92 children aged 5-13 years with ADHD, ADHD and ID, ADHD and ASD, and control groups of children diagnosed with ASD, ID and typically developing (TD) children. The children were tested using the test task « co-op play ». Video and audio recordings of children performing the test task were collected. We used a complex approach to study the peculiarities of children with ADHD through expert analysis of children’s behavior and play, acoustic spectrographic analysis of speech and questionnaires about early childhood development filled out by parents. Results: The characteristics of behavior, play, and acoustic features of speech of children with ADHD and ADHD and comorbidity were revealed. Children with ADHD had lower behavior scores in the play situation on the expert assessment than TD children, with the greatest differences for characteristics of play, « Playing for toy », and of behavior « Displaced activity » and « Losing attention ». The speech of children with ADHD is characterized by low values of the third formant and the difference between the first two formants, compared to the corresponding speech features of children from other groups. The speech of children with ADHD+ASD is characterized by maximal pitch values (high voice), while that of children with ADHD+ID is characterized by low vowel articulation index values. Conclusions: Based on the analysis of behavior and speech of children with TD, ADHD, ADHD and comorbidity performing the « co-op play » test task, the set of characteristics specific to ADHD was identified. The obtained data expand our understanding of the specificity of children with ADHD and may contribute to the development of qualified support for families with children with ADHD.

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10. Nielsen TH, Karlsen NW, Hoang LTM, Dahlgaard J, Østergaard EB. Winter Bathing: An Ice-Cold Strategy for Improving Quality of Life for People with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Healthcare (Basel);2026 (Mar 17);14(6)

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with increasing prevalence of adult diagnoses in Denmark. ADHD is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. Conventional treatment is primarily pharmacological. Many adults with ADHD face challenges in maintaining structure in daily life and have an increased risk of developing stress, anxiety, and depression. Winter bathing is gaining popularity and is associated with improvements in mood, sleep quality, and the ability to handle stress. Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore how winter bathing was experienced to affect the mental well-being of five adults diagnosed with ADHD. Methods: A qualitative research design was used, with participant observation and semi-structured interviews with five participants in April 2025. Additional data were obtained through interviews with a psychologist and an ADHD mentor. Empirical data were thematically analysed, followed by theoretical analysis. Results: Six themes were revealed: Mental calmness: peace of mind and relief from racing thoughts; Bodily awareness and connection to the body; Joy: sustained positivity; Nature: essential for motivation and general mind-body calmness; Coping with and managing everyday life better; and Winter bathing as a supplement or alternative to medication for anxiety, depression and ADHD. Conclusions: Five adults with ADHD experienced winter bathing as a meaningful and motivating non-pharmacological intervention that strengthened their mental well-being and quality of life. Winter bathing promoted general mind-body calmness, sustained joy, bodily connection, and mental coping, and was used as a supplement or alternative to medication. Nature emerged as a key motivational factor enhancing presence and well-being.

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11. Price T, Bommersbach TJ, Saliba M, Kelly CK, LeMahieu A, Tarikogullari I, Sharma P, Abulseoud OA, Romanowicz M. A Retrospective Study of Long-Term Associations of Behavioral Intervention Combined with Medications in Young Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol;2026 (Mar 28):10445463261426290.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine whether parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT), compared with other therapy modalities, was associated with differences in substance use and psychiatric outcomes in a cohort of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical record data from the Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP). The sample included 643 children aged ≤7 years who were diagnosed with ADHD and received either stimulant or nonstimulant medication, along with psychosocial therapy. Participants were categorized into two groups: those who documented exposure to PCIT versus other therapy modalities such as behavioral management, play therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, parent management training, occupational therapy, speech therapy, parenting class, applied behavior analysis, and social skills training. Conditional logistic regression models were used to examine differences in baseline characteristics and outcomes between the two treatment groups. RESULTS: Individuals in the PCIT group were more likely to have private insurance (66% vs. 57%; p = 0.016) and to fall into higher socioeconomic status quartiles (p = 0.024) at baseline. PCIT recipients also had a higher prevalence of emotional and behavioral disturbances at baseline (40% vs. 25%; p < 0.001). The median age of the participants at follow-up was 19.6 years, indicating a median follow-up period of approximately 13 years from the initiation of treatment. At follow-up, the PCIT group demonstrated higher rates of problematic alcohol (24% vs. 17%; HR = 1.50, 95% CI: [1.02, 2.20]; p = 0.038) and cannabis use (25% vs. 18%; HR = 1.48, 95% CI: [1.03, 2.15]; p = 0.037). However, after controlling for covariates in the adjusted model, no statistically significant differences emerged between the groups across any substance use outcome. No significant differences were observed in other psychiatric diagnoses or mental health service utilization. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that individuals who documented exposure to PCIT demonstrated elevated rates of alcohol and cannabis use in young adulthood, but had no other differences in psychiatric outcomes. While this aligns with prior literature reporting increased substance use risk in ADHD populations, our study cannot confirm this association relative to non-ADHD controls because such a comparison was not included.These associations likely reflect underlying differences in clinical severity and clinical comorbidities at baseline, rather than a direct effect of PCIT. Further investigation is warranted to determine the treatment effects based on baseline risk factors.

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12. Rotariu Z, Zemer VS, Medvejer S, Hoshen M, Jarus YS, Menkes-Caspi N, Weizman A, Manor I. The association between attempted suicide and ADHD in adolescents: A large-scale population-based study. J Affect Disord;2026 (Mar 25):121686.

BACKGROUND: Suicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents. Although suicide attempts are most frequently associated with mood, sleep, and personality disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may also confer risk. We hypothesized that ADHD is independently associated with suicide attempts beyond the effects of psychiatric comorbidities. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, population-based case-control study using electronic medical records from Clalit Health Services (N = 1,652,752) among adolescents aged 12-18 years. The study group comprised 1763 adolescents who presented to emergency departments for attempted suicide between 2010 and 2022. Diagnoses were based on ICD-10 and DSM-5 criteria. Logistic regression analyses assessed associations between ADHD and attempted suicide while adjusting for comorbid psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: Adolescents who attempted suicide exhibited a markedly higher female-to-male ratio (80%:20%) than the general population (51%:49%). Higher socioeconomic status among adolescents with ADHD was significantly associated with increased attempted suicide risk. Comorbidities, including major depressive disorder, anxiety, and personality disorders, were also linked to suicide attempts. Importantly, ADHD remained an independent risk factor for attempted suicide even after excluding significant psychiatric comorbidities (e.g., without depression: OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.91-2.35; without borderline personality disorder: OR 2.39, 95% CI 2.15-2.65). CONCLUSIONS: ADHD significantly increases the risk of suicide attempts in adolescents, independent of common psychiatric comorbidities. These findings underscore the need for targeted screening and prevention strategies in this high-risk population.

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13. Sevincok D, Ozbay HC, Ozbek MM, Gul D. Factors Associated with Sleep Problems in Children with ADHD: Focusing on Emotional Regulation, Emotional Intensity and Internalizing Symptoms. Behav Sci (Basel);2026 (Mar 10);16(3)

The current study aimed to investigate sleep problems in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) within a framework highlighting emotion regulation (ER), emotional intensity (EI), oppositional defiant symptoms, and internalizing symptoms. A total of 100 children with ADHD and 50 controls aged 6-14 were recruited from University Hospital, and were assessed with semi-structured interviews. Parents completed the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire, Conners’ Parent Rating Scale-Revised-Short, Emotion Regulation Scale for Children-Adult Form, and the Revised Children Anxiety and Depression Scale-Parent. Group comparisons, correlations, multiple regressions, and serial mediation models were conducted, adjusting for age, gender, and other covariates. After correction for multiple comparisons, sleep parameters and internalizing symptoms did not differ between groups. In the ADHD group, total sleep problems were correlated with ADHD and oppositional symptoms, EI, ER, and internalizing symptoms. Regression models indicated that internalizing symptoms predicted total sleep problems, while EI predicted night wakings. Across mediation models, internalizing symptoms consistently mediated associations between ADHD/oppositional symptoms and total sleep problems, with EI/ER contributing indirectly via internalization. Findings suggest that sleep problems related to ADHD are related to pathways of emotional distress, emphasizing the importance of assessing internalizing symptoms concurrently with behavioral/emotional processes during the evaluation of sleep problems.

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14. Turan S, Çıray RO. Comparative Effects of BCI-Based Attention Training, Methylphenidate, and Citicoline on Attention and Executive Function in School-Age Children: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Medicina (Kaunas);2026 (Feb 27);62(3)

Background and Objectives: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurological condition characterized by cognitive task difficulty, impulsivity, hyperactivity and loss of attention. This study compared four approaches for improving attention and related skills in school-age children: COGO Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)-based attention training, methylphenidate, citicoline, and their combined use. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental pre-post design was used with four groups: COGO + methylphenidate (n = 44), COGO + citicoline (n = 44), COGO-only (n = 44), and citicoline-only (n = 42). Children completed baseline and post-treatment assessments, including the CPT-3 and several behavioral and emotional rating scales. Analyses included paired t-tests, ANCOVA, and repeated-measures ANOVA, adjusting for age. Results: The strongest improvements appeared in the COGO + methylphenidate group, especially in measures of sustained attention and reaction time consistency. The COGO + citicoline group showed clearer gains in inhibitory control (fewer commission errors) and reductions in anxiety/emotional symptoms. The COGO-only and citicoline-only groups showed little to no measurable change. Despite these within-group patterns, there were no significant differences between groups on CPT-3 outcomes or behavioral/emotional scales. Conclusions: This trial showed that combining COGO-based attention training with medication is both feasible and well-tolerated in children with attention and executive function difficulties. Moreover, the integrated approach produced measurable improvements across attentional performance and behavioral regulation domains.

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15. Yazici M, Kivrak M, Tekeoğlu U, Hocaoglu C. Associations with Methylphenidate Treatment in Emotion Regulation and Skin-Picking Severity in Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Clinical Follow-Up Study. J Clin Med;2026 (Mar 21);15(6)

Objective: To evaluate changes in emotion regulation, skin-picking disorder (SPD) severity, and repetitive thoughts and behaviors in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid SPD during methylphenidate treatment, and to examine the association between emotion regulation and SPD severity. Materials and Methods: This naturalistic follow-up study included 26 adolescents aged 11-17 years with ADHD and comorbid SPD. Participants received methylphenidate and were reassessed after three months. Emotion regulation, SPD severity, and repetitive thoughts and behaviors were assessed at baseline and follow-up using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Skin Picking Scale-Revised (SPS-R), and Repetitive Thoughts and Behaviors Scale-Child Form (RTBS-CF). Pre-post differences were analyzed using paired-sample tests, and associations were examined using correlation and linear regression analyses. Results: Significant reductions were observed in total DERS scores (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.35) and all subscales except non-acceptance (p = 0.686, Cohen's d = 0.08). SPS-R and RTBS-CF scores decreased significantly (both p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.79 and 0.91, respectively). Changes in DERS scores were moderately correlated with changes in SPS-R scores (r = 0.554, p = 0.003). Changes in emotion regulation were significantly associated with changes in SPD severity, accounting for approximately 31% of the variance in this sample. Conclusions: Methylphenidate treatment was associated with significant improvements in emotion regulation and concurrent reductions in skin-picking severity in adolescents with ADHD and comorbid SPD. Given the single-arm, pre-post naturalistic design, these findings should be interpreted as associative and exploratory rather than causal.

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