Approaches to Understanding Multisensory Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder / Justin K. SIEMANN in Autism Research, 13-9 (September 2020)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 13-9 (September 2020) . - p.1430-1449 Titre : Approaches to Understanding Multisensory Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Justin K. SIEMANN, Auteur ; Jeremy VEENSTRA-VANDERWEELE, Auteur ; Mark T. WALLACE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1430-1449 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abnormal sensory responses are a DSM-5 symptom of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and research findings demonstrate altered sensory processing in ASD. Beyond difficulties with processing information within single sensory domains, including both hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity, difficulties in multisensory processing are becoming a core issue of focus in ASD. These difficulties may be targeted by treatment approaches such as “sensory integration,” which is frequently applied in autism treatment but not yet based on clear evidence. Recently, psychophysical data have emerged to demonstrate multisensory deficits in some children with ASD. Unlike deficits in social communication, which are best understood in humans, sensory and multisensory changes offer a tractable marker of circuit dysfunction that is more easily translated into animal model systems to probe the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Paralleling experimental paradigms that were previously applied in humans and larger mammals, we and others have demonstrated that multisensory function can also be examined behaviorally in rodents. Here, we review the sensory and multisensory difficulties commonly found in ASD, examining laboratory findings that relate these findings across species. Next, we discuss the known neurobiology of multisensory integration, drawing largely on experimental work in larger mammals, and extensions of these paradigms into rodents. Finally, we describe emerging investigations into multisensory processing in genetic mouse models related to autism risk. By detailing findings from humans to mice, we highlight the advantage of multisensory paradigms that can be easily translated across species, as well as the potential for rodent experimental systems to reveal opportunities for novel treatments. Lay Summary Sensory and multisensory deficits are commonly found in ASD and may result in cascading effects that impact social communication. By using similar experiments to those in humans, we discuss how studies in animal models may allow an understanding of the brain mechanisms that underlie difficulties in multisensory integration, with the ultimate goal of developing new treatments. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1430–1449. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2375 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=431 [article] Approaches to Understanding Multisensory Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Justin K. SIEMANN, Auteur ; Jeremy VEENSTRA-VANDERWEELE, Auteur ; Mark T. WALLACE, Auteur . - p.1430-1449. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 13-9 (September 2020) . - p.1430-1449 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abnormal sensory responses are a DSM-5 symptom of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and research findings demonstrate altered sensory processing in ASD. Beyond difficulties with processing information within single sensory domains, including both hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity, difficulties in multisensory processing are becoming a core issue of focus in ASD. These difficulties may be targeted by treatment approaches such as “sensory integration,” which is frequently applied in autism treatment but not yet based on clear evidence. Recently, psychophysical data have emerged to demonstrate multisensory deficits in some children with ASD. Unlike deficits in social communication, which are best understood in humans, sensory and multisensory changes offer a tractable marker of circuit dysfunction that is more easily translated into animal model systems to probe the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Paralleling experimental paradigms that were previously applied in humans and larger mammals, we and others have demonstrated that multisensory function can also be examined behaviorally in rodents. Here, we review the sensory and multisensory difficulties commonly found in ASD, examining laboratory findings that relate these findings across species. Next, we discuss the known neurobiology of multisensory integration, drawing largely on experimental work in larger mammals, and extensions of these paradigms into rodents. Finally, we describe emerging investigations into multisensory processing in genetic mouse models related to autism risk. By detailing findings from humans to mice, we highlight the advantage of multisensory paradigms that can be easily translated across species, as well as the potential for rodent experimental systems to reveal opportunities for novel treatments. Lay Summary Sensory and multisensory deficits are commonly found in ASD and may result in cascading effects that impact social communication. By using similar experiments to those in humans, we discuss how studies in animal models may allow an understanding of the brain mechanisms that underlie difficulties in multisensory integration, with the ultimate goal of developing new treatments. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1430–1449. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2375 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=431

Atypical rapid audio-visual temporal recalibration in autism spectrum disorders / Jean-Paul NOEL in Autism Research, 10-1 (January 2017)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 10-1 (January 2017) . - p.121-129 Titre : Atypical rapid audio-visual temporal recalibration in autism spectrum disorders Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Jean-Paul NOEL, Auteur ; Matthew A. DE NIEAR, Auteur ; Ryan STEVENSON, Auteur ; David ALAIS, Auteur ; Mark T. WALLACE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.121-129 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism  multisensory  audio-visual  plasticity  recalibration Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Changes in sensory and multisensory function are increasingly recognized as a common phenotypic characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Furthermore, much recent evidence suggests that sensory disturbances likely play an important role in contributing to social communication weaknesses—one of the core diagnostic features of ASD. An established sensory disturbance observed in ASD is reduced audiovisual temporal acuity. In the current study, we substantially extend these explorations of multisensory temporal function within the framework that an inability to rapidly recalibrate to changes in audiovisual temporal relations may play an important and under-recognized role in ASD. In the paradigm, we present ASD and typically developing (TD) children and adolescents with asynchronous audiovisual stimuli of varying levels of complexity and ask them to perform a simultaneity judgment (SJ). In the critical analysis, we test audiovisual temporal processing on trial t as a condition of trial t???1. The results demonstrate that individuals with ASD fail to rapidly recalibrate to audiovisual asynchronies in an equivalent manner to their TD counterparts for simple and non-linguistic stimuli (i.e., flashes and beeps, hand-held tools), but exhibit comparable rapid recalibration for speech stimuli. These results are discussed in terms of prior work showing a speech-specific deficit in audiovisual temporal function in ASD, and in light of current theories of autism focusing on sensory noise and stability of perceptual representations. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1633 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=303 [article] Atypical rapid audio-visual temporal recalibration in autism spectrum disorders [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Jean-Paul NOEL, Auteur ; Matthew A. DE NIEAR, Auteur ; Ryan STEVENSON, Auteur ; David ALAIS, Auteur ; Mark T. WALLACE, Auteur . - p.121-129. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 10-1 (January 2017) . - p.121-129 Mots-clés : autism  multisensory  audio-visual  plasticity  recalibration Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Changes in sensory and multisensory function are increasingly recognized as a common phenotypic characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Furthermore, much recent evidence suggests that sensory disturbances likely play an important role in contributing to social communication weaknesses—one of the core diagnostic features of ASD. An established sensory disturbance observed in ASD is reduced audiovisual temporal acuity. In the current study, we substantially extend these explorations of multisensory temporal function within the framework that an inability to rapidly recalibrate to changes in audiovisual temporal relations may play an important and under-recognized role in ASD. In the paradigm, we present ASD and typically developing (TD) children and adolescents with asynchronous audiovisual stimuli of varying levels of complexity and ask them to perform a simultaneity judgment (SJ). In the critical analysis, we test audiovisual temporal processing on trial t as a condition of trial t???1. The results demonstrate that individuals with ASD fail to rapidly recalibrate to audiovisual asynchronies in an equivalent manner to their TD counterparts for simple and non-linguistic stimuli (i.e., flashes and beeps, hand-held tools), but exhibit comparable rapid recalibration for speech stimuli. These results are discussed in terms of prior work showing a speech-specific deficit in audiovisual temporal function in ASD, and in light of current theories of autism focusing on sensory noise and stability of perceptual representations. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1633 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=303

Audition-specific temporal processing deficits associated with language function in children with autism spectrum disorder / Jennifer H. FOSS-FEIG in Autism Research, 10-11 (November 2017)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 10-11 (November 2017) . - p.1845-1856 Titre : Audition-specific temporal processing deficits associated with language function in children with autism spectrum disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Jennifer H. FOSS-FEIG, Auteur ; Kimberly B. SCHAUDER, Auteur ; Alexandra P. KEY, Auteur ; Mark T. WALLACE, Auteur ; Wendy L. STONE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1845-1856 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : ASD  audition  vision  temporal processing  language  low level perception Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Sensory processing alterations are highly prevalent in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Neurobiologically-based theories of ASD propose that abnormalities in the processing of temporal aspects of sensory input could underlie core symptoms of ASD. For example, rapid auditory temporal processing is critical for speech perception, and language difficulties are central to the social communication deficits defining the disorder. This study assessed visual and auditory temporal processing abilities and tested their relation to core ASD symptoms. 53 children (26 ASD, 27 TD) completed visual and auditory psychophysical gap detection tasks to measure gap detection thresholds (i.e., the minimum interval between sequential stimuli needed for individuals to perceive an interruption between the stimuli) in each domain. Children were also administered standardized language assessments such that the relation between individual differences in auditory gap detection thresholds and degree of language and communication difficulties among children with ASD could be assessed. Children with ASD had substantially higher auditory gap detection thresholds compared to children with TD, and auditory gap detection thresholds were correlated significantly with several measures of language processing in this population. No group differences were observed in the visual temporal processing. Results indicate a domain-specific impairment in rapid auditory temporal processing in ASD that is associated with greater difficulties in language processing. Findings provide qualified support for temporal processing theories of ASD and highlight the need for future research testing the nature, extent, and universality of auditory temporal processing deficits in this population. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1845–1856. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary Sensory symptoms are common in ASD. Temporal processing alterations are often implicated, but understudied. The ability to process rapid sensory information, particularly auditory input, is critical for language functioning. This study tested auditory and visual temporal processing in ASD and controls. Findings suggest that rapid auditory (but not visual) processing is impaired in ASD and related to language functioning. These results could provide mechanistic clues to understanding core symptoms and lead to novel intervention targets. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1820 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=322 [article] Audition-specific temporal processing deficits associated with language function in children with autism spectrum disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Jennifer H. FOSS-FEIG, Auteur ; Kimberly B. SCHAUDER, Auteur ; Alexandra P. KEY, Auteur ; Mark T. WALLACE, Auteur ; Wendy L. STONE, Auteur . - p.1845-1856. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 10-11 (November 2017) . - p.1845-1856 Mots-clés : ASD  audition  vision  temporal processing  language  low level perception Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Sensory processing alterations are highly prevalent in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Neurobiologically-based theories of ASD propose that abnormalities in the processing of temporal aspects of sensory input could underlie core symptoms of ASD. For example, rapid auditory temporal processing is critical for speech perception, and language difficulties are central to the social communication deficits defining the disorder. This study assessed visual and auditory temporal processing abilities and tested their relation to core ASD symptoms. 53 children (26 ASD, 27 TD) completed visual and auditory psychophysical gap detection tasks to measure gap detection thresholds (i.e., the minimum interval between sequential stimuli needed for individuals to perceive an interruption between the stimuli) in each domain. Children were also administered standardized language assessments such that the relation between individual differences in auditory gap detection thresholds and degree of language and communication difficulties among children with ASD could be assessed. Children with ASD had substantially higher auditory gap detection thresholds compared to children with TD, and auditory gap detection thresholds were correlated significantly with several measures of language processing in this population. No group differences were observed in the visual temporal processing. Results indicate a domain-specific impairment in rapid auditory temporal processing in ASD that is associated with greater difficulties in language processing. Findings provide qualified support for temporal processing theories of ASD and highlight the need for future research testing the nature, extent, and universality of auditory temporal processing deficits in this population. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1845–1856. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary Sensory symptoms are common in ASD. Temporal processing alterations are often implicated, but understudied. The ability to process rapid sensory information, particularly auditory input, is critical for language functioning. This study tested auditory and visual temporal processing in ASD and controls. Findings suggest that rapid auditory (but not visual) processing is impaired in ASD and related to language functioning. These results could provide mechanistic clues to understanding core symptoms and lead to novel intervention targets. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1820 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=322

Brief Report: Arrested Development of Audiovisual Speech Perception in Autism Spectrum Disorders / Ryan A. STEVENSON in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44-6 (June 2014)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 44-6 (June 2014) . - p.1470-1477 Titre : Brief Report: Arrested Development of Audiovisual Speech Perception in Autism Spectrum Disorders Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Ryan A. STEVENSON, Auteur ; Justin K. SIEMANN, Auteur ; Tiffany G. WOYNAROSKI, Auteur ; Brittany C. SCHNEIDER, Auteur ; Haley E. EBERLY, Auteur ; Stephen M. CAMARATA, Auteur ; Mark T. WALLACE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1470-1477 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism  Sensory processing  Multisensory integration  Speech perception  Audiovisual  McGurk effect Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Atypical communicative abilities are a core marker of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). A number of studies have shown that, in addition to auditory comprehension differences, individuals with autism frequently show atypical responses to audiovisual speech, suggesting a multisensory contribution to these communicative differences from their typically developing peers. To shed light on possible differences in the maturation of audiovisual speech integration, we tested younger (ages 6–12) and older (ages 13–18) children with and without ASD on a task indexing such multisensory integration. To do this, we used the McGurk effect, in which the pairing of incongruent auditory and visual speech tokens typically results in the perception of a fused percept distinct from the auditory and visual signals, indicative of active integration of the two channels conveying speech information. Whereas little difference was seen in audiovisual speech processing (i.e., reports of McGurk fusion) between the younger ASD and TD groups, there was a significant difference at the older ages. While TD controls exhibited an increased rate of fusion (i.e., integration) with age, children with ASD failed to show this increase. These data suggest arrested development of audiovisual speech integration in ASD. The results are discussed in light of the extant literature and necessary next steps in research. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1992-7 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=233 [article] Brief Report: Arrested Development of Audiovisual Speech Perception in Autism Spectrum Disorders [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Ryan A. STEVENSON, Auteur ; Justin K. SIEMANN, Auteur ; Tiffany G. WOYNAROSKI, Auteur ; Brittany C. SCHNEIDER, Auteur ; Haley E. EBERLY, Auteur ; Stephen M. CAMARATA, Auteur ; Mark T. WALLACE, Auteur . - p.1470-1477. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 44-6 (June 2014) . - p.1470-1477 Mots-clés : Autism  Sensory processing  Multisensory integration  Speech perception  Audiovisual  McGurk effect Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Atypical communicative abilities are a core marker of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). A number of studies have shown that, in addition to auditory comprehension differences, individuals with autism frequently show atypical responses to audiovisual speech, suggesting a multisensory contribution to these communicative differences from their typically developing peers. To shed light on possible differences in the maturation of audiovisual speech integration, we tested younger (ages 6–12) and older (ages 13–18) children with and without ASD on a task indexing such multisensory integration. To do this, we used the McGurk effect, in which the pairing of incongruent auditory and visual speech tokens typically results in the perception of a fused percept distinct from the auditory and visual signals, indicative of active integration of the two channels conveying speech information. Whereas little difference was seen in audiovisual speech processing (i.e., reports of McGurk fusion) between the younger ASD and TD groups, there was a significant difference at the older ages. While TD controls exhibited an increased rate of fusion (i.e., integration) with age, children with ASD failed to show this increase. These data suggest arrested development of audiovisual speech integration in ASD. The results are discussed in light of the extant literature and necessary next steps in research. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1992-7 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=233

Brief Report: Differences in Multisensory Integration Covary with Sensory Responsiveness in Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder / J. I. FELDMAN in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49-1 (January 2019)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 49-1 (January 2019) . - p.397-403 Titre : Brief Report: Differences in Multisensory Integration Covary with Sensory Responsiveness in Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : J. I. FELDMAN, Auteur ; W. KUANG, Auteur ; J. G. CONRAD, Auteur ; A. TU, Auteur ; P. SANTAPURAM, Auteur ; D. M. SIMON, Auteur ; J. H. FOSS-FEIG, Auteur ; L. D. KWAKYE, Auteur ; R. A. STEVENSON, Auteur ; Mark T. WALLACE, Auteur ; Tiffany G. WOYNAROSKI, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.397-403 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Audiovisual  Autism  Multisensory integration  Sensory  Speech perception  Temporal binding Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Research shows that children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) differ in their behavioral patterns of responding to sensory stimuli (i.e., sensory responsiveness) and in various other aspects of sensory functioning relative to typical peers. This study explored relations between measures of sensory responsiveness and multisensory speech perception and integration in children with and without ASD. Participants were 8-17 year old children, 18 with ASD and 18 matched typically developing controls. Participants completed a psychophysical speech perception task, and parents reported on children's sensory responsiveness. Psychophysical measures (e.g., audiovisual accuracy, temporal binding window) were associated with patterns of sensory responsiveness (e.g., hyporesponsiveness, sensory seeking). Results indicate that differences in multisensory speech perception and integration covary with atypical patterns of sensory responsiveness. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3667-x Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=377 [article] Brief Report: Differences in Multisensory Integration Covary with Sensory Responsiveness in Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / J. I. FELDMAN, Auteur ; W. KUANG, Auteur ; J. G. CONRAD, Auteur ; A. TU, Auteur ; P. SANTAPURAM, Auteur ; D. M. SIMON, Auteur ; J. H. FOSS-FEIG, Auteur ; L. D. KWAKYE, Auteur ; R. A. STEVENSON, Auteur ; Mark T. WALLACE, Auteur ; Tiffany G. WOYNAROSKI, Auteur . - p.397-403. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 49-1 (January 2019) . - p.397-403 Mots-clés : Audiovisual  Autism  Multisensory integration  Sensory  Speech perception  Temporal binding Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Research shows that children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) differ in their behavioral patterns of responding to sensory stimuli (i.e., sensory responsiveness) and in various other aspects of sensory functioning relative to typical peers. This study explored relations between measures of sensory responsiveness and multisensory speech perception and integration in children with and without ASD. Participants were 8-17 year old children, 18 with ASD and 18 matched typically developing controls. Participants completed a psychophysical speech perception task, and parents reported on children's sensory responsiveness. Psychophysical measures (e.g., audiovisual accuracy, temporal binding window) were associated with patterns of sensory responsiveness (e.g., hyporesponsiveness, sensory seeking). Results indicate that differences in multisensory speech perception and integration covary with atypical patterns of sensory responsiveness. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3667-x Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=377

Disrupted integration of exteroceptive and interoceptive signaling in autism spectrum disorder / Jean?Paul NOEL in Autism Research, 11-1 (January 2018)  

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Evidence for Diminished Multisensory Integration in Autism Spectrum Disorders / Ryan A. STEVENSON in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44-12 (December 2014)  

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Examining the latent structure and correlates of sensory reactivity in autism: a multi-site integrative data analysis by the autism sensory research consortium / Roseann SCHAAF ; Karla K. AUSDERAU ; Grace T. BARANEK ; D Jonah BARRETT ; Carissa J. CASCIO ; Rachel L. DUMONT ; Ekomobong E. Eyoh ; Michelle D. FAILLA ; Jacob I. FELDMAN ; Jennifer H. FOSS-FEIG ; Heather L. GREEN ; Shulamite A. GREEN ; Jason L. HE ; Elizabeth A. KAPLAN-KAHN ; Bahar KEÇELI-KAYS?L? ; Keren MACLENNAN ; Zoe MAILLOUX ; Elysa J. MARCO ; Lisa E. MASH ; Elizabeth P. MCKERNAN ; Sophie MOLHOLM ; Stewart H. MOSTOFSKY ; Nicolaas A. J. PUTS ; Caroline E. ROBERTSON ; Natalie RUSSO ; Nicole SHEA ; John SIDERIS ; James S. SUTCLIFFE ; Teresa TAVASSOLI ; Mark T. WALLACE ; Ericka L. WODKA ; Tiffany G. WOYNAROSKI in Molecular Autism, 14 (2023)  

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Keeping time in the brain: Autism spectrum disorder and audiovisual temporal processing / Ryan A. STEVENSON in Autism Research, 9-7 (July 2016)  

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Multisensory speech perception in autism spectrum disorder: From phoneme to whole-word perception / Ryan A. STEVENSON in Autism Research, 10-7 (July 2017)  

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Multisensory Speech Perception in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders / Tiffany G. WOYNAROSKI in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43-12 (December 2013)  

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Neural Correlates of Sensory Hyporesponsiveness in Toddlers at High Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder / David M. SIMON in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47-9 (September 2017)  

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Plasticity of temporal binding in children with autism spectrum disorder: A single case experimental design perceptual training study / Jacob I. FELDMAN in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 74 (June 2020)  

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Psychometric validation and refinement of the Interoception Sensory Questionnaire (ISQ) in adolescents and adults on the autism spectrum / E. SUZMAN in Molecular Autism, 12 (2021)  

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A Randomized Controlled Trial for Audiovisual Multisensory Perception in Autistic Youth / Jacob I. FELDMAN in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53-11 (November 2023)  

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