“Do My Friends Only Like the School Me or the True Me?”: School Belonging, Camouflaging, and Anxiety in Autistic Students / Elizabeth ATKINSON in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 56-6 (June 2026)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 56-6 (June 2026) . - p.2231-2245 Titre : “Do My Friends Only Like the School Me or the True Me?”: School Belonging, Camouflaging, and Anxiety in Autistic Students Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Elizabeth ATKINSON, Auteur ; Sarah WRIGHT, Auteur ; Henry WOOD-DOWNIE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.2231-2245 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The prevalence of autistic students in schools is continuously increasing. Typically, the social and sensory differences associated with autism can make the school environment difficult to manage. Autistic students are more likely to experience mental health difficulties than their non-autistic peers. It is therefore important to listen to autistic people about their educational experiences and explore ways that the environment could be changed to reduce anxiety. Purpose. The current research explores whether the relationship between school belonging and anxiety in secondary-aged autistic students is mediated by camouflaging. Methods. An anonymous online survey was completed by 72 autistic students attending mainstream schools in the UK and Ireland. The survey included questionnaires about school belonging (simple sense of belonging scale), anxiety (ASC-ASD) and camouflaging traits (CAT-Q). Further, the survey included open-ended questions about environmental factors related to school belonging and camouflaging. Qualitative content analysis was used to interpret answers to open ended questions. Results. The results found that, as predicted, camouflaging did mediate the relationship between school belonging and anxiety. Categories were created for each question, for example, ‘the school environment’ and ‘acceptance and understanding’. Conclusion. Social relationships; individual factors; the environment and adaptations, and acceptance and understanding, influence students’ sense of belonging. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-024-06668-w Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=588 [article] “Do My Friends Only Like the School Me or the True Me?”: School Belonging, Camouflaging, and Anxiety in Autistic Students [texte imprimé] / Elizabeth ATKINSON, Auteur ; Sarah WRIGHT, Auteur ; Henry WOOD-DOWNIE, Auteur . - p.2231-2245. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 56-6 (June 2026) . - p.2231-2245 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The prevalence of autistic students in schools is continuously increasing. Typically, the social and sensory differences associated with autism can make the school environment difficult to manage. Autistic students are more likely to experience mental health difficulties than their non-autistic peers. It is therefore important to listen to autistic people about their educational experiences and explore ways that the environment could be changed to reduce anxiety. Purpose. The current research explores whether the relationship between school belonging and anxiety in secondary-aged autistic students is mediated by camouflaging. Methods. An anonymous online survey was completed by 72 autistic students attending mainstream schools in the UK and Ireland. The survey included questionnaires about school belonging (simple sense of belonging scale), anxiety (ASC-ASD) and camouflaging traits (CAT-Q). Further, the survey included open-ended questions about environmental factors related to school belonging and camouflaging. Qualitative content analysis was used to interpret answers to open ended questions. Results. The results found that, as predicted, camouflaging did mediate the relationship between school belonging and anxiety. Categories were created for each question, for example, ‘the school environment’ and ‘acceptance and understanding’. Conclusion. Social relationships; individual factors; the environment and adaptations, and acceptance and understanding, influence students’ sense of belonging. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-024-06668-w Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=588

Research Review: A systematic review and meta-analysis of sex differences in narrow constructs of restricted and repetitive behaviours and interests in autistic children, adolescents, and adults / Sarah WRIGHT ; Cora SARGEANT ; Samuele CORTESE ; Henry WOOD-DOWNIE in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 65-1 (January 2024)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 65-1 (January 2024) . - p.4-17 Titre : Research Review: A systematic review and meta-analysis of sex differences in narrow constructs of restricted and repetitive behaviours and interests in autistic children, adolescents, and adults Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Sarah WRIGHT, Auteur ; Cora SARGEANT, Auteur ; Samuele CORTESE, Auteur ; Henry WOOD-DOWNIE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.4-17 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Evidence that autism often manifests differently between males and females is growing, particularly in terms of social interaction and communication, but it is unclear if there are sex differences in restricted and repetitive behaviours and interests (RRBIs) when rigorously focusing on the narrow construct level (i.e., stereotyped behaviour, restricted interests, insistence on sameness, and/or sensory experiences). Methods We conducted a systematic review and four random effects meta-analyses investigating sex differences in narrow construct measures of RRBIs in autistic children, adolescents, and adults (Prospero registration ID: CRD42021254221). Study quality was appraised using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Results Forty-six studies were narratively synthesised and 25 of these were included in four random effects meta-analyses. Results found that autistic males had significantly higher levels of stereotyped behaviours (SMD 0.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.09, 0.33], p < .001) and restricted interests (SMD 0.18, 95% CI [0.07, 0.29], p < .001) compared to autistic females. In contrast, there were no significant sex differences for sensory experiences (SMD 0.09, 95% CI [ 0.27, 0.09], p .32) and insistence on sameness (SMD 0.01, 95% CI [ 0.03, 0.05], p .68). The findings from the narrative synthesis were generally consistent with those from the meta-analyses and also found qualitative sex differences in the way RRBIs manifest. Conclusions Our findings show significant differences in narrowly defined RRBIs in males and females. Practitioners need to be aware of such differences, which could be contributing to the under-recognition of autism in females and may not be captured by current diagnostic instruments. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13855 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=518 [article] Research Review: A systematic review and meta-analysis of sex differences in narrow constructs of restricted and repetitive behaviours and interests in autistic children, adolescents, and adults [texte imprimé] / Sarah WRIGHT, Auteur ; Cora SARGEANT, Auteur ; Samuele CORTESE, Auteur ; Henry WOOD-DOWNIE, Auteur . - p.4-17. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 65-1 (January 2024) . - p.4-17 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Evidence that autism often manifests differently between males and females is growing, particularly in terms of social interaction and communication, but it is unclear if there are sex differences in restricted and repetitive behaviours and interests (RRBIs) when rigorously focusing on the narrow construct level (i.e., stereotyped behaviour, restricted interests, insistence on sameness, and/or sensory experiences). Methods We conducted a systematic review and four random effects meta-analyses investigating sex differences in narrow construct measures of RRBIs in autistic children, adolescents, and adults (Prospero registration ID: CRD42021254221). Study quality was appraised using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Results Forty-six studies were narratively synthesised and 25 of these were included in four random effects meta-analyses. Results found that autistic males had significantly higher levels of stereotyped behaviours (SMD 0.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.09, 0.33], p < .001) and restricted interests (SMD 0.18, 95% CI [0.07, 0.29], p < .001) compared to autistic females. In contrast, there were no significant sex differences for sensory experiences (SMD 0.09, 95% CI [ 0.27, 0.09], p .32) and insistence on sameness (SMD 0.01, 95% CI [ 0.03, 0.05], p .68). The findings from the narrative synthesis were generally consistent with those from the meta-analyses and also found qualitative sex differences in the way RRBIs manifest. Conclusions Our findings show significant differences in narrowly defined RRBIs in males and females. Practitioners need to be aware of such differences, which could be contributing to the under-recognition of autism in females and may not be captured by current diagnostic instruments. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13855 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=518

Research Review: A systematic review and meta-analysis of sex/gender differences in social interaction and communication in autistic and nonautistic children and adolescents / Henry WOOD-DOWNIE in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62-8 (August 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 62-8 (August 2021) . - p.922-936 Titre : Research Review: A systematic review and meta-analysis of sex/gender differences in social interaction and communication in autistic and nonautistic children and adolescents Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Henry WOOD-DOWNIE, Auteur ; Bonnie WONG, Auteur ; Hanna KOVSHOFF, Auteur ; Samuele CORTESE, Auteur ; Julie A. HADWIN, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.922-936 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adolescent  Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder  Autistic Disorder  Child  Communication  Cross-Sectional Studies  Female  Humans  Male  Sex Factors  Social Interaction  Autism spectrum disorders  Dsm  gender difference  meta-analysis  sex differences Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Evidence increasingly suggests that ASD manifests differently in females than males. Previous reviews investigating sex/gender differences in social interaction and social communication have focused at the level of broad constructs (e.g. comparing algorithm scores from pre-existing diagnostic instruments) and have typically reported no significant differences between males and females. However, a number of individual studies have found sex/gender differences in narrow construct domains. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and random effects model meta-analyses (in January 2019 and updated January 2020) that investigated sex/gender differences in narrow construct measures of social communication and interaction in autistic and nonautistic children and adolescents, and adults. Study quality was appraised using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS, BMJ Open, 6, 2016, 1). RESULTS: Across 16 studies (including 2,730 participants), the analysis found that female (vs. male) individuals with ASD had significantly better social interaction and social communication skills (SMD = 0.39, p < .001), which was reflective of a similar sex/gender profile in nonautistic individuals (SMD = 0.35, p < .001). Nonautistic males had significantly better social interaction and communication than males with ASD (SMD = 0.77, p < .001). Nonautistic females also had significantly better social interaction and communication than females with ASD (SMD = 0.72, p  <.001). Nonautistic males had better social interaction and communication than females with ASD, though this difference was not significant (SMD = 0.30, p = .07). CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and meta-analysis highlighted important sex/gender differences in social interaction and communication for individuals with ASD, likely not captured by pre-existing diagnostic instruments, which potentially contribute to the under recognition of autism in females, and may need to be reflected in the diagnostic process. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13337 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=456 [article] Research Review: A systematic review and meta-analysis of sex/gender differences in social interaction and communication in autistic and nonautistic children and adolescents [texte imprimé] / Henry WOOD-DOWNIE, Auteur ; Bonnie WONG, Auteur ; Hanna KOVSHOFF, Auteur ; Samuele CORTESE, Auteur ; Julie A. HADWIN, Auteur . - p.922-936. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 62-8 (August 2021) . - p.922-936 Mots-clés : Adolescent  Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder  Autistic Disorder  Child  Communication  Cross-Sectional Studies  Female  Humans  Male  Sex Factors  Social Interaction  Autism spectrum disorders  Dsm  gender difference  meta-analysis  sex differences Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Evidence increasingly suggests that ASD manifests differently in females than males. Previous reviews investigating sex/gender differences in social interaction and social communication have focused at the level of broad constructs (e.g. comparing algorithm scores from pre-existing diagnostic instruments) and have typically reported no significant differences between males and females. However, a number of individual studies have found sex/gender differences in narrow construct domains. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and random effects model meta-analyses (in January 2019 and updated January 2020) that investigated sex/gender differences in narrow construct measures of social communication and interaction in autistic and nonautistic children and adolescents, and adults. Study quality was appraised using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS, BMJ Open, 6, 2016, 1). RESULTS: Across 16 studies (including 2,730 participants), the analysis found that female (vs. male) individuals with ASD had significantly better social interaction and social communication skills (SMD = 0.39, p < .001), which was reflective of a similar sex/gender profile in nonautistic individuals (SMD = 0.35, p < .001). Nonautistic males had significantly better social interaction and communication than males with ASD (SMD = 0.77, p < .001). Nonautistic females also had significantly better social interaction and communication than females with ASD (SMD = 0.72, p  <.001). Nonautistic males had better social interaction and communication than females with ASD, though this difference was not significant (SMD = 0.30, p = .07). CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and meta-analysis highlighted important sex/gender differences in social interaction and communication for individuals with ASD, likely not captured by pre-existing diagnostic instruments, which potentially contribute to the under recognition of autism in females, and may need to be reflected in the diagnostic process. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13337 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=456

Sex/Gender Differences in Camouflaging in Children and Adolescents with Autism / Henry WOOD-DOWNIE in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51-4 (April 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 51-4 (April 2021) . - p.1353-1364 Titre : Sex/Gender Differences in Camouflaging in Children and Adolescents with Autism Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Henry WOOD-DOWNIE, Auteur ; Bonnie WONG, Auteur ; Hanna KOVSHOFF, Auteur ; William MANDY, Auteur ; Laura HULL, Auteur ; Julie A. HADWIN, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1353-1364 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism  Camouflaging  Compensation  Masking  Reciprocity  Sex/gender differences  Theory of mind Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : This study investigated sex/gender differences in camouflaging with children and adolescents (N = 84) with and without an autism diagnosis/increased levels of autistic traits using two conceptualisations/operationalisations of camouflaging. A significant group-by-gender interaction using ANCOVA, with the covariate of verbal IQ, reflected similar levels of social reciprocity in autistic and neurotypical females, whereas autistic males had lower reciprocity than neurotypical males. Autistic females also had higher reciprocity than autistic males, despite similar levels of autistic traits (behavioural camouflaging). Additionally, autistic males and females had similar theory of mind skills, despite females having increased reciprocity (compensatory camouflaging). These findings provide evidence of increased camouflaging in autistic females, which may contribute to delay in the recognition of difficulties and provision of support. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04615-z Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=445 [article] Sex/Gender Differences in Camouflaging in Children and Adolescents with Autism [texte imprimé] / Henry WOOD-DOWNIE, Auteur ; Bonnie WONG, Auteur ; Hanna KOVSHOFF, Auteur ; William MANDY, Auteur ; Laura HULL, Auteur ; Julie A. HADWIN, Auteur . - p.1353-1364. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 51-4 (April 2021) . - p.1353-1364 Mots-clés : Autism  Camouflaging  Compensation  Masking  Reciprocity  Sex/gender differences  Theory of mind Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : This study investigated sex/gender differences in camouflaging with children and adolescents (N = 84) with and without an autism diagnosis/increased levels of autistic traits using two conceptualisations/operationalisations of camouflaging. A significant group-by-gender interaction using ANCOVA, with the covariate of verbal IQ, reflected similar levels of social reciprocity in autistic and neurotypical females, whereas autistic males had lower reciprocity than neurotypical males. Autistic females also had higher reciprocity than autistic males, despite similar levels of autistic traits (behavioural camouflaging). Additionally, autistic males and females had similar theory of mind skills, despite females having increased reciprocity (compensatory camouflaging). These findings provide evidence of increased camouflaging in autistic females, which may contribute to delay in the recognition of difficulties and provision of support. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04615-z Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=445

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