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Unpredictability reduces over-selective responding of individuals with ASD who have language impairments / Phil REED in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 57 (January 2019)
[article]
Titre : Unpredictability reduces over-selective responding of individuals with ASD who have language impairments Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Phil REED, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.35-45 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Over-selectivity Unpredictability Partial reinforcement Reinforcement reduction Remediation of over-selectivity ASD Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background: The phenomenon whereby behavior becomes controlled by one aspect of the environment at the expense of other equally-salient aspects of the environment (stimulus over-selectivity) is extremely common in many with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, the theoretical mechanisms underpinning over-selectivity and its remediation are not well understood. Four experiments explored whether principles derived from associability accounts of learning, notably the concept of uncertainty, might allow better theoretical understanding of the phenomenon. Method: Participants with ASD who had language impairments received simultaneous discrimination training (AB+/CD?), and were tested in extinction regarding the degree to which the separate elements (A and B) of the previously reinforced compound (AB+) controlled behavior. Results: All experiments established the presence of over-selectivity; choosing one stimulus element to a greater-extent than the other. In Experiments 1 and 2, relative to a 100% feedback schedule, over-selectivity reduced when a 50%, but not a 25%, schedule of feedback was used. In Experiment 3, prolonged schedule exposure reduced over-selectivity. In Experiment 4, change from a 100% to a 33% schedule did not reduce over-selectivity. Conclusions: These results suggest that unpredictability, rather than variability per se, or reinforcement reduction and change, reduces over-selectivity. This suggests that attentional mechanisms, especially uncertainty, may play a role in this phenomenon during its acquisition and remediation. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2018.10.006 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=371
in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 57 (January 2019) . - p.35-45[article] Unpredictability reduces over-selective responding of individuals with ASD who have language impairments [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Phil REED, Auteur . - p.35-45.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 57 (January 2019) . - p.35-45
Mots-clés : Over-selectivity Unpredictability Partial reinforcement Reinforcement reduction Remediation of over-selectivity ASD Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background: The phenomenon whereby behavior becomes controlled by one aspect of the environment at the expense of other equally-salient aspects of the environment (stimulus over-selectivity) is extremely common in many with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, the theoretical mechanisms underpinning over-selectivity and its remediation are not well understood. Four experiments explored whether principles derived from associability accounts of learning, notably the concept of uncertainty, might allow better theoretical understanding of the phenomenon. Method: Participants with ASD who had language impairments received simultaneous discrimination training (AB+/CD?), and were tested in extinction regarding the degree to which the separate elements (A and B) of the previously reinforced compound (AB+) controlled behavior. Results: All experiments established the presence of over-selectivity; choosing one stimulus element to a greater-extent than the other. In Experiments 1 and 2, relative to a 100% feedback schedule, over-selectivity reduced when a 50%, but not a 25%, schedule of feedback was used. In Experiment 3, prolonged schedule exposure reduced over-selectivity. In Experiment 4, change from a 100% to a 33% schedule did not reduce over-selectivity. Conclusions: These results suggest that unpredictability, rather than variability per se, or reinforcement reduction and change, reduces over-selectivity. This suggests that attentional mechanisms, especially uncertainty, may play a role in this phenomenon during its acquisition and remediation. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2018.10.006 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=371 Environmental harshness and unpredictability: Do they affect the same parents and children? / Xiaoya ZHANG in Development and Psychopathology, 34-2 (May 2022)
[article]
Titre : Environmental harshness and unpredictability: Do they affect the same parents and children? Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Xiaoya ZHANG, Auteur ; Gabriel L. SCHLOMER, Auteur ; Bruce J. ELLIS, Auteur ; Jay BELSKY, Auteur Article en page(s) : 667-673 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : differential susceptibility harshness life-history theory unpredictability Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Differential susceptibility theory stipulates that individuals vary in their susceptibility to environmental effects, often implying that the same individuals differ in the same way in their susceptibility to different environmental exposures. The latter point is addressed herein by evaluating the extent to which early-life harshness and unpredictability affect mother's psychological well-being and parenting, as well as their adolescent's life-history strategy, as reflected in number of sexual partners by age 15 years, drawing on data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Results indicated that mothers whose well-being and parenting proved more susceptible to harshness also proved somewhat more susceptible to environmental unpredictability, with the same being true of adolescent sexual behavior. Nevertheless, findings caution against overgeneralizing sample-level findings to all individuals. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457942100095x Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=474
in Development and Psychopathology > 34-2 (May 2022) . - 667-673[article] Environmental harshness and unpredictability: Do they affect the same parents and children? [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Xiaoya ZHANG, Auteur ; Gabriel L. SCHLOMER, Auteur ; Bruce J. ELLIS, Auteur ; Jay BELSKY, Auteur . - 667-673.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Development and Psychopathology > 34-2 (May 2022) . - 667-673
Mots-clés : differential susceptibility harshness life-history theory unpredictability Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Differential susceptibility theory stipulates that individuals vary in their susceptibility to environmental effects, often implying that the same individuals differ in the same way in their susceptibility to different environmental exposures. The latter point is addressed herein by evaluating the extent to which early-life harshness and unpredictability affect mother's psychological well-being and parenting, as well as their adolescent's life-history strategy, as reflected in number of sexual partners by age 15 years, drawing on data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Results indicated that mothers whose well-being and parenting proved more susceptible to harshness also proved somewhat more susceptible to environmental unpredictability, with the same being true of adolescent sexual behavior. Nevertheless, findings caution against overgeneralizing sample-level findings to all individuals. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457942100095x Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=474 Harshness and unpredictability: Childhood environmental links with immune and asthma outcomes / Phoebe H. LAM in Development and Psychopathology, 34-2 (May 2022)
[article]
Titre : Harshness and unpredictability: Childhood environmental links with immune and asthma outcomes Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Phoebe H. LAM, Auteur ; Gregory E. MILLER, Auteur ; Lauren HOFFER, Auteur ; Rebekah SILIEZAR, Auteur ; Johanna DEZIL, Auteur ; Amanda MCDONALD, Auteur ; Edith CHEN, Auteur Article en page(s) : 587-596 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : asthma harshness inflammation unpredictability Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The environment has pervasive impacts on human development, and two key environmental conditions ? harshness and unpredictability ? are proposed to be instrumental in tuning development. This study examined (1) how harsh and unpredictable environments related to immune and clinical outcomes in the context of childhood asthma, and (2) whether there were independent associations of harshness and unpredictability with these outcomes. Participants were 290 youth physician-diagnosed with asthma. Harshness was assessed with youth-reported exposure to violence and neighborhood-level murder rate. Unpredictability was assessed with parent reports of family structural changes. Youth also completed measures of asthma control as well as asthma quality of life and provided blood samples to assess immune profiles, including in vitro cytokine responses to challenge and sensitivity to inhibitory signals from glucocorticoids. Results indicated that harshness was associated with more pronounced pro-inflammatory cytokine production following challenge and less sensitivity to the inhibitory properties of glucocorticoids. Furthermore, youth exposed to harsher environments reported less asthma control and poorer quality of life. All associations with harshness persisted when controlling for unpredictability. No associations between unpredictability and outcomes were found. These findings suggest that relative to unpredictability, harshness may be a more consistent correlate of asthma-relevant immune and clinical outcomes. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579421001577 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=474
in Development and Psychopathology > 34-2 (May 2022) . - 587-596[article] Harshness and unpredictability: Childhood environmental links with immune and asthma outcomes [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Phoebe H. LAM, Auteur ; Gregory E. MILLER, Auteur ; Lauren HOFFER, Auteur ; Rebekah SILIEZAR, Auteur ; Johanna DEZIL, Auteur ; Amanda MCDONALD, Auteur ; Edith CHEN, Auteur . - 587-596.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Development and Psychopathology > 34-2 (May 2022) . - 587-596
Mots-clés : asthma harshness inflammation unpredictability Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The environment has pervasive impacts on human development, and two key environmental conditions ? harshness and unpredictability ? are proposed to be instrumental in tuning development. This study examined (1) how harsh and unpredictable environments related to immune and clinical outcomes in the context of childhood asthma, and (2) whether there were independent associations of harshness and unpredictability with these outcomes. Participants were 290 youth physician-diagnosed with asthma. Harshness was assessed with youth-reported exposure to violence and neighborhood-level murder rate. Unpredictability was assessed with parent reports of family structural changes. Youth also completed measures of asthma control as well as asthma quality of life and provided blood samples to assess immune profiles, including in vitro cytokine responses to challenge and sensitivity to inhibitory signals from glucocorticoids. Results indicated that harshness was associated with more pronounced pro-inflammatory cytokine production following challenge and less sensitivity to the inhibitory properties of glucocorticoids. Furthermore, youth exposed to harsher environments reported less asthma control and poorer quality of life. All associations with harshness persisted when controlling for unpredictability. No associations between unpredictability and outcomes were found. These findings suggest that relative to unpredictability, harshness may be a more consistent correlate of asthma-relevant immune and clinical outcomes. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579421001577 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=474