1. Becker SP, Miller MC, Burns GL. Psychometric Properties of the PROMIS Pediatric Sleep Disturbance and Sleep-Related Impairment Self and Proxy Short Forms in Early Adolescents With and Without ADHD. J Sleep Res. 2026: e70381.

This study evaluated the psychometric properties and psychopathology correlates of the Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric Sleep Disturbance and Sleep-related Impairment Self and Proxy Short Forms in early adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Participants were 341 early adolescents (ages 10-12 years; 52.2% female), with approximately half meeting diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Adolescents and their caregivers completed short form versions of the PROMIS Pediatric Sleep Disturbance and Sleep-related Impairment Self and Proxy Forms, in addition to measures of ADHD, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Adolescents with ADHD were significantly more likely to be taking melatonin (33.7%) compared to adolescents without ADHD (14.9%). Across informants, the PROMIS paediatric sleep measures demonstrated strong internal consistency, moderate convergent validity, and partial evidence of discriminant validity. As expected, adolescents with ADHD had higher scores in both sleep disturbance and sleep-related impairment than their non-ADHD peers across both informants, and most differences remained when participants taking stimulant medications were excluded from analyses. No sex differences in either sleep disturbance or sleep-related impairment scores were present across either adolescent or parent informant. Both sleep disturbance and sleep-related impairment were consistently associated with higher levels of psychopathology across parent, teacher, and adolescent reports, with daytime impairment showing particularly strong and unique associations with depression. This study provides psychometric support for the PROMIS Pediatric Sleep Disturbance and Sleep-related Impairment Self and Proxy Short Forms in early adolescents, including youth with ADHD who frequently experience sleep disturbances and sleep-related impairment.

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2. Karaca B, Alşen Güney S. Beyond core symptoms: the association between caregiver anxiety and ADHD symptom severity and metacognitive awareness in children. Child Neuropsychol. 2026: 1-18.

This study examined the association between caregiver anxiety, ADHD symptom severity, and metacognitive awareness in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and evaluated whether metacognitive awareness mediates the relationship between caregiver anxiety and ADHD symptom severity. This cross-sectional study included children aged 7-17 years diagnosed with ADHD and their primary caregivers. Caregiver anxiety was assessed using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Children’s ADHD symptom severity was evaluated with the Atilla Turgay Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale, metacognitive awareness with the Junior Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (Jr.MAI), and overall clinical severity with the Clinical Global Impression – Severity scale (CGI-S). Group comparisons were conducted based on caregiver anxiety severity, and correlation, multiple regression, and mediation analyses were performed. Children of caregivers with higher anxiety severity exhibited significantly greater total ADHD symptom severity, particularly in hyperactivity and oppositional defiant symptoms. Metacognitive awareness was negatively correlated with ADHD symptom severity. In regression analyses, metacognitive awareness and CGI-S independently predicted ADHD symptom severity, whereas caregiver anxiety severity did not remain a significant predictor. Mediation analyses indicated that metacognitive awareness did not significantly mediate the relationship between caregiver anxiety and ADHD symptom severity. Caregiver anxiety is associated with increased ADHD symptom severity, particularly behavioral dysregulation domains. Although metacognitive awareness does not function as a mediator, its inverse association with symptom severity highlights its potential protective role. These findings underscore the importance of addressing both caregiver mental health and children’s metacognitive skills in comprehensive ADHD interventions.

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3. Landsman RA, Griffin AM, Hoffman MF, Herlihy M, Licameli GR. Comorbid Psychological Diagnoses in Children With Single-Sided Deafness Who Received or Are Under Consideration for Cochlear Implantation. Am J Audiol. 2026; 35(2): 423-33.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe the range and prevalence of comorbid psychological diagnoses in patients with single-sided deafness (SSD)(1) identified during routine neuropsychological evaluations before and after cochlear implantation. METHOD: A retrospective chart review of all patients with SSD referred for neuropsychological evaluation for consideration or following receipt of a cochlear implant (CI) from January 2021 to June 2024 was conducted. Neuropsychological evaluation findings were reviewed to identify the presence of comorbid psychological condition(s). RESULTS: Twenty-three of 52 (44.23%) children with SSD in this clinical sample were found to have a comorbid psychological diagnosis. The most common diagnoses in school-aged children were attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anxiety disorders. For 15 of the 52 (28.85%) subjects, neuropsychological testing revealed previously undiagnosed and untreated diagnoses. A total of 55.56% of children with SSD 6 years of age or older who received a CI had a comorbid psychological condition. CONCLUSIONS: Children with SSD who are referred for CI evaluation appear to be at a greater risk for psychological diagnoses than the general population. This highlights the need for standardized psychological/neuropsychological assessments in this population, as these evaluations help ensure that all the needs of children with SSD are well supported, including psychological interventions when needed.

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4. Lyon RE, Wanstall EA, Toplak ME, Williams TS. Understanding problematic media use in children and youth at risk for attentional difficulties: a comparative study of community, ADHD, and early neurological risk samples. Child Neuropsychol. 2026: 1-22.

Children with attention difficulties are more susceptible to problematic media use (PMU). However, little consideration has been given to whether the risk of PMU varies based on the nature of attentional difficulties, namely whether children diagnosed with ADHD or difficulties that co-occur with early neurological risk are differentially related to PMU. The Problematic Media Use Measure (PMUM) was examined in three samples of parents with children aged 6-18: Community (N = 386), ADHD (N = 66) and early neurological risk (N = 65) samples, using a mixed-methods approach. Parents were given questionnaires to assess PMU and screen media use and impact, followed by semi-structured interviews with a subset of parents in the ADHD sample. Group comparisons used an age- and sex-matched subset (n = 36/group). Parents in the ADHD group reported higher PMU and more stress related to screen media use compared to both the Early Neurological Risk and Community groups. Parents in the ADHD group also reported significantly more negative and fewer positive impacts of screen media for their children compared to the Community group. Higher PMU was associated with older age in the Early Neurological Risk group (r(s) = .26, p = .04), and higher externalizing behavior in both clinical samples (ADHD, r(s) = .29, p = .02; neurological, r(s) = .56, p < .001). Thematic analysis of parent interviews yielded complementary themes, including unique challenges of screen use for children with ADHD. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed.

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5. Pyszkowska A, Nowacki A, Dziura N. Determinants of hyperfocus in the context of escapism and gaming motivations, flow, and ADHD symptoms among adult video gamers. Res Dev Disabil. 2026; 174: 105321.

Individuals with ADHD often engage in highly stimulating activities, such as gaming, which may be accompanied by hyperfocus, a state of intense concentration characterized by a sense of timelessness and complete absorption. Although many previous studies focused on links between ADHD and gaming addiction, little is known about motivational aspects of gaming engagement in this population, especially in the context of hyperfocus. Therefore, the aims of the current study were to 1) establish determinants of hyperfocus and its relationships with gaming motivation, flow, and escapism when controlling for ADHD symptoms and ADHD diagnosis, and 2) understand potential differences in hyperfocus and gaming motivation experiences between video gamers with and without a formal ADHD diagnosis. A total of 401 individuals participated in a cross-sectional study (including 174 with a formal ADHD diagnosis, 230 men, M(age) = 28.32 (SD(age) = 6.14). The results showed that hyperfocus had the strongest associations with ADHD symptoms (rho=.386, p < .01), flow (rho=.292, p < .001), and external regulation of gaming motivation (rho=.283, p < .001). The quantile regression model revealed that, despite some similarities, hyperfocus and flow showed distinct associations with types of escapism and attention symptoms. The U Mann-Whitney analysis showed that gamers with ADHD, compared to those from the general population, scored significantly higher in hyperfocus (U=31794.000, p < .001) and flow (U=22825.000, p < .01). These findings challenge the assumption that hyperfocus and flow are interchangeable and highlight the need to consider hyperfocus as a separate construct in understanding gaming engagement among individuals with ADHD.

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6. Shura RD, Stern MJ, Varela JL, Fannick EH, Canu WH. Conners Continuous Performance Test-3 performance in a sample of veterans assessed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence of questionable diagnostic utility. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2026; 41(5).

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the Conners Continuous Performance Test-3 (CPT-3) in a veteran sample evaluated for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD: The study used retrospective data from an outpatient ADHD assessment clinic at a Veterans Affairs Health Care System; patients completed a psychological assessment for diagnostic clarity of ADHD. After excluding those with missing or invalid data, deferred or other/unspecified ADHD diagnosis, severe neurological issues, and stimulant use the day of the exam, the final sample was 241: 144 met criteria for ADHD, 61 met criteria for another psychiatric diagnosis, and 36 were categorized as « clinical » controls. Diagnostic accuracy and non-parametric tests were used to examine the CPT-3 Clinical Likelihood Estimate (CLE) and nine primary performance scores with respect to ADHD diagnosis. RESULTS: The CLE was not a good indicator of ADHD diagnosis, with an unacceptable AUC of 0.607 predicting ADHD status and 48.6% of those with ADHD identified as having a minimal likelihood of attention deficits. All nine primary CPT-3 scores were worse in those with ADHD than without, but differences were not clinically significant (d = 0.10-0.24). After controlling for psychiatric comorbidity, there were no differences across the ADHD and clinical control groups. Additionally, inattentive and combined presentations did not significantly differ in performance across all nine scores. CONCLUSIONS: The CPT-3 does not appear to be useful as a diagnostic tool when evaluating veterans for ADHD. There was no distinct ADHD subtype profile of score abnormalities.

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