1. Ahmann E, Saviet M, Otto M. Coaching for Adults With ADHD: Gains at a Six-Week Follow-Up. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2026: 15598276261473877.

ADHD coaching is both a stand-alone support and a component of multimodal care for individuals with ADHD. Still, few studies have explored whether beneficial outcomes of ADHD coaching are sustained beyond the active coaching period. A prospective mixed-methods study of a 12-session ADHD coaching engagement included a 6-week post-coaching data collection for 42 adults. In addition to the gains achieved in the pre- to immediate post-coaching period, ADHD symptoms, executive functioning, and functional impairment all showed slight improvements after a 6-week follow-up period. For executive functioning and functional impairment, the changes were statistically significant with a small effect size. While the improvements from the end of the coaching engagement to the 6-week follow-up were small, coaches, consumers, and referring practitioners should be encouraged by the durability of gains. Further longitudinal study is warranted.

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2. Anker E, Lien L. ADHD medicine use in adults increasing. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2026; 146(9).

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3. Duncan CL, von Isenburg M, Green A, Ford C, Pucci A, Muther EF, Riekert KA, Bord E, Hoppe JE, Bacon C, Goodman A, Lyons E, Prickett M, Gibson SL, Everhart RS. Caregiver Mental Health and Its Relation to Child and Adolescent Mental and Behavioral Health in the Era of Highly Effective Modulator Therapy for Cystic Fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2026; 61(8): e71794.

BACKGROUND: Elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) has led to marked improvements in physical health outcomes but inconsistent findings regarding changes in mental and behavioral health outcomes for youth with cystic fibrosis (YWCF) and their caregivers. OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of mental/behavioral health symptoms in YWCF taking ETI and their caregivers, and to examine the association between caregiver and youth mental/behavioral health symptoms. METHOD: In this cross-sectional study, 118 YWCF (ages 7-17) and their caregivers from 11 U.S. CF centers participated. Standardized self-report and parent-proxy screening measures assessed symptoms of depression, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), externalizing behaviors, and sleep disturbance. Descriptive statistics summarized prevalence and Spearman Rho correlations were used to analyze associations. RESULTS: The point prevalence of mild or moderate/severe depressive symptoms was 23.3% (95% CI: 16, 31) for caregivers, 27.1% (95% CI: 15, 40) for children (ages 7-12), and 28.6% (95% CI: 18, 39) for adolescents (ages 13-17). The point prevalence for mild or moderate/severe anxiety symptoms was 23.1% (95% CI: 15, 31) for caregivers, 31.3% (95% CI: 18, 44) for children, and 18.8% (95% CI: 10, 28) for adolescents. Some YWCF exceeded clinical cutoffs for sleep disturbance (29.8-35.0%), attention (11.4-14.9%), and externalizing behavior (5.7-8.5%). Caregiver mental health scores and child mental/behavioral health scores were positively correlated (ρ = 0.20 – 0.52, p’s < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Though most YWCF and caregivers report few to no mental/behavioral health symptoms, many still report clinically elevated levels, suggesting the continued need to screen for mental health concerns in the evolving context of highly effective CF treatment. Our results also indicate that screening should expand to areas beyond anxiety and depression, such as sleep, as well as the possible need for developing family-based mental health care.

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4. Garcia-Argibay M, Faraone SV, Chang Z, Cortese S, Larsson H. From prediction to decision: prediction-based decision rules and target trial emulation in ADHD. Lancet Psychiatry. 2026.

More than 100 prediction models have been developed to support the diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment of ADHD, yet none has reached routine clinical practice. In this Personal View, we argue that an important reason for this implementation gap is the absence of clearly defined prediction-based decision rules-formalised mappings from a model’s output to specific clinical actions. Most published models report discrimination metrics such as the area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve, but do not specify what a clinician should do differently for a patient classified as at high risk versus low risk. Without this link to action, even an accurate model remains clinically inert. We describe how prediction-based decision rules, combined with target trial emulation of their clinical utility in large observational datasets, offer a feasible path forward. We illustrate the approach with two worked ADHD examples (treatment intensity guided by predicted persistence and medication selection guided by predicted treatment response) and propose four priorities to shift the field from model development towards decision-oriented evaluation and implementation.

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5. Halaç E, Gündoğan Küçükşahin N, Bora E. Minor physical anomalies in ASD and ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nord J Psychiatry. 2026: 1-10.

BACKGROUND: Minor physical anomalies (MPAs) are subtle morphological variants that may reflect atypical prenatal development. Elevated MPAs have been reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but findings have been inconsistent. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and grey-literature sources for case-control studies published through December 2025 that reported total MPA scores in ASD or ADHD versus typically developing controls. Pooled effect sizes were calculated as Hedges’ g using random-effects models with restricted maximum likelihood estimation. Shared control groups were handled by sample splitting. Heterogeneity, subgroup and moderator effects, and small-study effects were examined. RESULTS: Twelve ASD studies and eight ADHD studies met inclusion criteria. Across disorders, MPAs were significantly elevated relative to controls (pooled g = 0.72, 95% CI 0.56-0.89). Disorder-specific pooled estimates were significant for both ASD (g = 0.69) and ADHD (g = 0.77), with no significant difference between disorders (Q(bet) = 0.22, p = 0.64). In ASD, effects were stronger for craniofacial anomalies than for peripheral anomalies, and item-level syntheses highlighted several ear- and palate-related features. In ADHD, evidence of small-study effects suggested possible overestimation, although conclusions remained robust in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: MPAs are reliably elevated in both ASD and ADHD. Current case-control evidence supports MPAs as a transdiagnostic marker of early developmental perturbation rather than a feature that strongly differentiates between these disorders.

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6. Li Y, Sun JL, Zhang XY, Lv T, Cui HR, Jiang WQ. Comparison of the effects of executive function training, medication treatment and support group intervention on the symptoms and executive functions of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. SAGE Open Med. 2026; 14: 20503121261477306.

OBJECTIVE: In this real-world study the effects of executive function training, medication treatment, and support groups on the symptoms and executive function (EF) of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were compared. METHODS: A total of 117 children aged 7-14 years who were diagnosed with ADHD were assigned to one of three 8 week intervention groups: medication therapy (MTG, n=39), executive function training (EFTG, n=50), or support group intervention (SG, n=28). Clinical symptoms were assessed using the SNAP-IV and Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ). EF indices were evaluated using the Stroop Color Word Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Digit Span Test. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with baseline scores as covariates was conducted to compare post-intervention outcomes. RESULTS: After 8 weeks, the MTG showed significant improvements in the SNAP-IV scales (p<0.001) and across PSQ factor scores (p=0.006 to p<0.001). The EFTG also showed significant improvements in Inattention subscale (p=0.001) and PSQ Conduct Problems, Learning Problems, Impulsivity-Hyperactivity, and Hyperactivity Index factor scores (p=0.002 to p<0.001). With respect to EF, both the MTG (p<0.001 to p=0.028) and EFTG (p<0.001 to p=0.014) demonstrated significant improvements; the SG showed no significant changes (all p>0.05). Between-group comparisons revealed that the MTG was superior to the SG in symptom reduction (p=0.001 to p=0.009), whereas both the MTG and the EFTG outperformed the SG on EF measures (p=0.001 to p=0.038), with no significant differences between the MTG and EFTG (all p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Both medication and EF training effectively improved symptoms and EF in children with ADHD. Medication demonstrated superior efficacy for symptom alleviation, whereas EF training provided comparable cognitive benefits.

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7. Lin TJ, Vaitheeshwari R, Yeh SC, Chen CC, Tsai YJ, Wu EH. Engineering a Timing-Accurate VR-EEG-Oculomotor Fusion System for Objective Assessment of Executive Function in ADHD. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2026; Pp.

Objective, scalable assessment of executive function in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is limited by subjective rating scales and single modality tests. We present a timing-characterized virtual-reality (VR) implementation of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) synchronized with EEG and oculomotor/cephalic sensing for objective ADHD assessment in children. Stimulus-onset timing was empirically validated with a dedicated photodiode measurement across screen locations and distractor conditions. One hundred and one children (7-15 years; 64 ADHD, 37 control) completed a tutorial and a WCST session with distraction and no-distraction blocks. Task performance, head rotation, eye movement, and EEG features including N2/P3 event related potentials (ERP) were extracted, and group and condition contrasts on the ERP time-courses were evaluated using non-parametric cluster-based permutation testing. Classification used eight machine learning algorithms and a deep neural network (DNN) under 5-fold cross-validation; the best early-fusion DNN (task performance + head rotation + eye movement + N2/P3) reached 83% accuracy, and the best ERP-only model reached 79% under distraction. Overall, a timing characterized VR-EEG oculomotor fusion system captures ADHD-related executive function differences through complementary multimodal integration, providing a scalable, objective adjunct to clinical ADHD screening with empirically quantified stimulus-timing performance.

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8. Lindström T, López-Pinar C, Zakirova-Engstrand R, Jonsson U, Bölte S, Sjöwall D, Hirvikoski T. A Systematic and Explorative Literature Review Investigating Parent Training Interventions For Parents with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2026: 10870547261476398.

OBJECTIVES: It remains unclear how much parents with ADHD benefit from standard parenting interventions such as behavioral parent training (BPT). Our objective was to systematically review the literature on BPT aimed at adults with ADHD. As few studies with this focus were identified, we exploratively broadened our scope to quantitatively combine and qualitatively analyze studies of behavioral parenting interventions reporting parental ADHD characteristics. METHOD: A systematic review was conducted of studies evaluating BPT for (targeting) parents with ADHD. The broader literature was explored through meta-regressions and qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: In the systematic review, five studies focusing on parents with ADHD were identified, including two randomized controlled trials. These studies used different strategies to facilitate parents’ BPT implementation: treating the parents’ ADHD or adapting the BPT itself for adults with ADHD. The number of studies was too small to meta-analyze but narratively suggested that BPT delivered with consideration of parental ADHD functioning and needs can be associated with, for example, increased positive parenting skills. None of our main meta-regressions (5-14 studies) associated parental ADHD with BPT outcomes beyond the trend level. The qualitative literature analysis (54 reports) suggested several ways to adapt the contents and delivery of BPT for parents with ADHD and their contexts. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the potential of tailoring BPT to adults with ADHD. It also emphasizes the need for further research to determine the efficacy of BPT for parents with ADHD and to identify which BPT-related, individual, and contextual factors influence their BPT engagement and outcomes.

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9. Samniya H, Haneda R, Tripp G. A Picture is Worth How Many Words? The Impact of Visual Cues on the Story Retelling of Children with and without ADHD. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol. 2026; 54(5).

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) evidence poorer language skills than their neurotypical (NT) peers, including their narrative (storytelling) abilities. Available narrative studies include a circumscribed number of variables, with limited attention to the effect of task demands on performance. We compared the story retelling skills of children with and without ADHD under different memory loads. Ninety-six 8-12-year-old children, 50 meeting DSM-5-TR criteria for ADHD (54.9% boys) and 46 NT children (39.1% boys) completed a story retelling task under two conditions, i.e., with and without visual story cues. The children’s stories were coded across a range narrative dimensions, with performance compared across groups and conditions. Children with ADHD produced less complete and coherent stories that included higher rates of dysfluencies and linguistic errors than NT children. Across groups, performance was better in the presence of visual story cues, with larger effects for the ADHD group on some variables. Findings highlight the extent of narrative production difficulties in children with ADHD and the positive effects of visual cues. Given the importance of narrative skills for communication and social interactions, their inclusion in the comprehensive assessment of children with ADHD is recommended.

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10. Tripathi R, Singh S, Arya A, Agarwal V. Sleep and Stroop Performance with Adjunctive Melatonin in Pharmacotherapy-stable Pediatric ADHD: A Prospective Open-label Study. Indian J Psychol Med. 2026: 02537176261472435.

BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is frequently comorbid with sleep disturbances; evidence linking melatonin to objective neurocognitive outcomes in this population is lacking. The present study assessed the association of melatonin with parent-reported sleep disturbance scores and Stroop Color-Word Test performance in children and adolescents with ADHD and comorbid sleep disturbances on stable pharmacotherapy. METHODS: Prospective, open-label, single-arm, 6-week study. Thirty-three participants (ADHD; Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire [CSHQ] score ≥41) on stable methylphenidate or atomoxetine were enrolled; 32 completed follow-up. Melatonin (3 mg/day <40 kg; 5 mg/day ≥40 kg) was administered 1 hour before bedtime. Primary outcome: CSHQ total score (baseline, weeks 2, 4, 6). Secondary outcome: Psychology Experiment Building Language Stroop Color-Word Test (baseline and week 6). Analysis involved repeated-measures analysis of variance and paired t tests. RESULTS: Total CSHQ scores declined from 50.25 ± 3.60 to 34.31 ± 2.69 at 6 weeks (F=506.238, p < .001, partial η²=0.942), with significant improvement in six of eight subscales after Bonferroni correction. Pre- and post-Stroop scores showed large observed changes (d=1.12-1.19; all p < .001), though practice effects cannot be excluded without a control group. Sleep-cognition correlations were small and non-significant (r=0.19-0.29; p > .10). Adverse effects were mild and transient. CONCLUSIONS: Pre- and post-improvements in parent-reported sleep scores and Stroop performance were observed over 6 weeks of melatonin use; given the single-arm design, causal attribution is not possible. Randomized controlled trials with objective sleep measures and parallel cognitive assessment forms are warranted.

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11. Tsuk S, Zeevi Y, Mimouni-Bloch A. Effects of single-dose methylphenidate on motor performance in physically active college students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized crossover trial. Front Sports Act Living. 2026; 8: 1869057.

Methylphenidate (MPH) is commonly used for managing core symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, its effects on motor performance in active individuals with ADHD have been scarcely documented. This study aimed to assess the acute effects of a single dose of MPH on agility, balance, and physiological parameters at rest and after motor tests, in physically active participants with ADHD. For this randomized crossover study, we recruited 35 physical education college students with ADHD (mean age 25.3 years; 65.7% males). Participants used their prescribed MPH medication. The following evaluations were performed both before and after MPH treatment: motor performance tests (a zigzag agility test, both with and without leading a ball; and a balance test), physiological measurements (heart rate, blood pressure, core temperature) recorded at rest and after the motor tests (at least one week apart); mental evaluations using a rated perceived exertion (RPE) scale. We found no significant differences in motor performance, physiological measures, or RPE with vs. without MPH. These results suggest that while MPH may enhance certain motor functions as shown in other studies, such effects are not universally beneficial across all motor performance measures in young physically active adults diagnosed with ADHD. Clinical Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT04283604.

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