1. Al-Ghawanmeh R, Odeh M, Kufoof T, Al-Qudah M, Al-Thnaibat MH, Burayzat S, Suwan S, Alhazami HAY. Response to the Letter to the Editor Regarding « Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among Physicians and Senior Medical Students in Jordan » [Response to Letter]. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2026; 17: 660848.

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2. Albertella L, Lee RSC, Fontenelle LF. Attention and Its Symptoms: From Descriptive Psychopathology to RDoC and Back Again. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2026; 49(4): 567-77.

This article reviews historical and recent conceptualizations of attention, attentional problems, and their role in psychiatric disorders. It synthesizes theoretic accounts, neurocircuitry, symptoms, transdiagnostic significance, and bedside assessment methods. Attentional problems extend beyond psychiatric diagnoses into everyday life, with disorder-specific roles as risk factors, markers, consequences, or correlates. Between-individual and within-individual attentional variability show promise as risk markers for psychopathology and early detection. Wearables, technology, and modeling may enable earlier identification and inform interventions at optimal treatment windows. Future work should focus integrating precision dynamic methods with traditional clinical assessments, alongside input from clinicians and patients, to ensure accessible and precise assessment solutions.

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3. Chutko LS, Surushkina SY, Yakovenko EA, Scheglova LV. [Clinical aspects and interventions for school failure in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2026; 126(9. Vyp. 2): 73-80.

This article reviews scientific literature on the causes of school failure and the prevalence of academic difficulties among children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It summarizes research on age-related changes in educational performance in children with ADHD and analyzes how psychological and neurological factors contribute to persistent learning difficulties. The review discusses current perspectives on primary neurocognitive deficits and executive dysfunctions associated with ADHD. It also highlights pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for addressing these challenges.

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4. Custodio RJP, Getzmann S, Wascher E, Pan MC, Samante FI, Samante FL, Kim BN, Kim HJ, Yi EC, Cheong JH. The developmental dopamine trajectory hypothesis of ADHD across the lifespan. Front Psychiatry. 2026; 17: 1944446.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasingly recognized as a lifespan neurodevelopmental disorder, yet the mechanisms underlying its changing clinical presentation across development remain poorly understood. Although childhood ADHD is typically characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention, symptom expression frequently evolves during adolescence and adulthood toward greater reward dysregulation, executive dysfunction, motivational impairment, internal restlessness, and changing manifestations of emotional dysregulation. Existing neurobiological models have substantially advanced understanding of ADHD pathophysiology but provide limited explanation for how symptom continuity can coexist with developmental changes in clinical expression. Here, we propose the Developmental Dopamine Trajectory Hypothesis, which posits that DAT related dopaminergic dysregulation may interact with the sequential maturation of frontostriatal, mesolimbic, and mesocortical circuits to contribute to developmental changes in ADHD symptom expression across the lifespan. A central proposition of the framework is that the functional consequences of DAT related dopaminergic dysregulation depend on the developmental state of the neural circuits on which it acts. Within this framework, childhood manifestations may arise primarily from interactions between dopaminergic vulnerability and developing frontostriatal networks, adolescent manifestations from increasing involvement of reward and emotion related circuitry, and adult manifestations from interactions with mature executive control and motivational systems. By integrating evidence from longitudinal clinical studies, neuroimaging, electrophysiology, pharmacology, genetics, and translational DAT models, the proposed framework provides a mechanistic model for how developmental changes in neural circuit state may contribute to changing symptom expression despite continuity of underlying neurobiological vulnerability. The hypothesis generates testable predictions regarding longitudinal symptom trajectories, developmental biomarker changes, potential developmental differences in treatment responsiveness, and adolescence as a proposed critical neurodevelopmental transition period. Reconceptualizing ADHD through a developmental dopaminergic framework places developmental timing and neural circuit maturation at the center of the relationship between dopaminergic vulnerability and clinical phenotype, providing a basis for future longitudinal, mechanistic, and developmentally informed research across the lifespan.

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5. De Leonardis A, Spalice A, Verrotti A, De Rosa I, Aloisio S. Psychiatric comorbidities in pediatric epilepsy: a single-center retrospective study highlighting the burden of depressive symptoms. Front Neurol. 2026; 17: 1951989.

INTRODUCTION: Epilepsy in the pediatric population is frequently associated with psychiatric comorbidities. Depression is of particular clinical significance given its elevated incidence and substantial impact on quality of life, treatment adherence, and psychosocial functioning. The prevalence of depression in children with epilepsy ranges from 7% to 14%, considerably higher than the 1-5% reported in the general pediatric population. The relationship between epilepsy and depression appears bidirectional: epilepsy predisposes to depressive disorders, and depression may increase seizure risk, suggesting shared neurobiological pathways. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms in pediatric patients with epilepsy, with particular focus on depressive symptomatology, and to examine associations with etiological and clinical variables. METHODS: This retrospective study included 240 pediatric patients (aged 2-18 years) diagnosed with epilepsy between 2013 and 2024. Psychiatric symptoms were ascertained retrospectively from clinical records. Patients were categorized into two groups: those with an identified genetic and/or structural abnormality (G1, n = 60) and those without (G2, n = 180). Statistical analysis employed the chi-squared test and Student’s t-test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Psychiatric symptoms were identified in 30% of patients (72/240, 95% CI 24.2-35.8%). The most prevalent disorder was attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 30), followed by sleep disturbance/asthenia (n = 19), aggression/temper tantrums (n = 13), depressive/mood symptoms (n = 11), anxiety symptoms (n = 10), autism spectrum disorder (n = 6), eating behavior alterations (n = 4), self-harm (n = 4), adjustment/self-esteem features (n = 3), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; n = 3), panic attacks (n = 2), and suicide attempts (n = 2). Psychiatric symptoms were significantly more prevalent in G1 (42%, 95% CI 29.2-54.1%) than in G2 (26%, 95% CI 19.7-32.5%; p = 0.03), corresponding to an odds ratio of 2.02 (95% CI 1.10-3.72). No significant associations were found between psychiatric symptoms and age, sex, family history, or treatment regimen. DISCUSSION: Psychiatric comorbidities, including depressive symptomatology, are common in pediatric epilepsy and likely associated with underlying neurobiological factors. These findings support integrating neuropsychiatric screening, using validated instruments such as the Children's Depression Inventory-2 (CDI-2) and the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy-Youth version (NDDI-E-Y), into routine epilepsy care.

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6. Fenollar-Cortés J, Caminero-Ruiz A, Ruiz-Aranda DA, Navarro-Soria I, Lavigne-Cerván R, López-Pinar C. The potential clinical relevance of the WISC-V in ADHD assessment: an analysis of structural models and within-subject cognitive discrepancies. BMC Psychol. 2026; 14(1).

BACKGROUND: The current study examined the clinical utility of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fifth Edition (WISC-V) as a valid tool for the evaluation of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. The primary objectives were to explore the construct validity of the WISC-V based on its original factor structure and alternative structural models, including hierarchical and bifactor models. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate whether significant differences between primary and complementary indices could reveal a cognitive pattern associated with ADHD. METHODS: A total of 241 participants, aged 6 to 17 years and recently diagnosed with ADHD, were included in the study. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to evaluate the fit of different models. RESULTS: Results indicated that the four-factor higher-order model showed the best fit among admissible models, whereas bifactor parameterizations yielded improper solutions. The original hierarchical five-factor model proposed by Wechsler also showed good, though significantly poorer, fit than the four-factor model. Moreover, scores on the Working Memory and Processing Speed indices were significantly lower, with medium to large effect sizes, than those on Verbal Comprehension, Visual-Spatial Reasoning, and Fluid Reasoning indices. Additionally, the Cognitive Proficiency Index was significantly lower than the General Ability Index. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that, although the discrepancies are more frequent in ADHD than in the general population, they are neither sensitive nor specific enough to serve as diagnostic markers. They may complement, but not replace, other sources of information in ADHD assessment. The study highlights the need for further research to validate the WISC-V’s clinical utility as a supplementary tool in ADHD assessment.

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7. Goryunov AV, Pavliv NI, Shushpanova OV, Blinova TE, Golubeva NI. [Increased nervous excitability, anxiety, and sleep disorders in childhood – the role of multicomponent low-dose medications]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2026; 126(9. Vyp. 2): 51-7.

Anxiety, emotional excitability, and sleep disturbances are common in pediatric populations, often emerging during stressful periods such as chronic family conflict, parental divorce, initial socialization in kindergarten, and the beginning of formal schooling. These conditions are frequently linked to autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction. During such periods, nervous system instability impairs stress adaptation and may lead to neurotic reactions. Chronic stress and anxiety can trigger neuroinflammatory processes, which further intensify anxiety and ANS dysfunction. Clinically, these mechanisms present as autonomic disorders, including various types of pain, sleep disturbances, increased anxiety, emotional instability, and behavioral disorders. Higher rates of anxiety and insomnia are observed in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, and other psychiatric conditions. Early intervention that combines psychological correction with safe pharmacotherapy is critical. Given the limitations of psychopharmacological treatments in pediatric patients, standardized phytotherapy is commonly employed, particularly low-dose, multicomponent medications such as Nervoheel and Neurexan. A review of current studies suggests that Neurexan and Nervoheel are effective in managing neurotic anxiety, fears, and sleep disorders in children, and may also improve ANS dysfunction associated with emotional instability, irritability, fatigue, and senestalgia.

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8. Im D. Exercise as a complementary intervention for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a neurobiological analysis. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2026; 51: 1-26.

OBJECTIVE: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. Stimulant medication remains its first-line treatment, but perceived ineffectiveness, side effects, and lack of treatment access may pose challenges for adults with ADHD. Physical exercise has received increasing attention in the treatment of children with ADHD, but research in adults is scarce. This paper aims to explore possible mechanisms by which exercise could reduce inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive symptoms in adults with ADHD. METHODS: Respective narrative reviews were conducted on the neurobiology of exercise and of ADHD in adults using relevant search terms in PubMed. Findings were compared to formulate possible mechanisms by which exercise could improve ADHD symptoms in adults. RESULTS: Exercise could reduce ADHD symptoms in adults via enhancement of neuroplasticity and structural integrity in relevant brain regions, improved functional connectivity in cognitive networks, modulation of neurotransmitter release and function, improved hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function, reduced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, enhancement of reward and motivation circuitry, and beneficial epigenetic modifications. LIMITATIONS: This narrative review relied on a single database and single-author screening with date and language restrictions, and its conclusions are limited by heterogeneous, largely observational evidence, indirect mechanistic data from non-ADHD populations, and few intervention studies in adults with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: Future research should attempt to confirm the efficacy of exercise in reducing ADHD symptoms in adults as well as the proposed mechanisms for such a relationship. Verification of these issues would open the door to an evidence-based, inexpensive, widely available, and broadly beneficial complementary intervention for adults with ADHD.

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9. Lapochkin OL, Zykov VP, Zavadenko NN, Goryunov AV, Chutko LS, Barhatova AN, Koren EV, Kupriyanova TA, Skoromets AP, Grechany SV, Nesterovsky YE, Goryunova AV, Komarova IB, Barkhatov MV, Sulimov AV, Tsotsonava ZM, Makarov IV. [Expert Council resolution: adjunctive pharmacotherapy for hyperkinetic disorders (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) in children and adolescents]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2026; 126(9. Vyp. 2): 126-35.

On July 16, 2026, the Expert Council of the National Association of Pediatric Neurologists convened in Moscow in a hybrid format. The Council reviewed adjunctive pharmacotherapy for hyperkinetic disorders (F90 according to ICD-10; Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders, ADHD; 6A05 according to ICD-11) in children and adolescents, focusing on evidence and clinical experience with medications used In Russian practice beyond the international first-line standard. Using the 2019 CECCMP evidence evaluation system and the current procedure for developing clinical guidelines linked to ICD-10 categories in the Russian Federation, the Council stratified medications into two groups. Group A, with the strongest evidence base (double-blind randomized controlled trial with a primary endpoint achieved in ADHD), includes Prospekta. Group B, with a limited evidence base, includes Cortexin, Tenoten for children, Cerebrolysin, Semax, Cogitum, Magne B(6), Pantoham, and Mexidol. Adjunctive pharmacotherapy is recommended only as part of a multidisciplinary approach that includes psychoeducation and behavioral interventions. It is not a substitute for atomoxetine therapy for eligible patients.

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10. Lievrouw S, Houbrechts M, Vandycke W, Dekkers T, Van Den Noortgate W, Goossens L, Danckaerts M, Vertessen K, Van der Oord S, Bosmans G. Associations between ADHD behavior and attachment (in)security in middle childhood: A longitudinal study. Dev Psychopathol. 2026: 1-15.

Research has consistently suggested an association between ADHD behavior and insecure attachment, yet longitudinal data in middle childhood are largely absent. In particular, the directionality of this association and the role of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) behavior remain unclear. This longitudinal study therefore examined these links across three annual waves in a Western-European community sample. Data were available for 614 children at Wave 1 (Mage = 10.28, SD = 0.58, range 9-12; 44% boys, 54% girls), 470 at Wave 2 (Mage = 10.28, SD = 0.61, range 10-13; 44% boys, 54% girls), and 385 at Wave 3 (Mage = 12.01, SD = 0.58, range 10-14; 45% boys, 54% girls). ADHD and ODD behavior were rated by mothers using the Child Behavior Checklist; children’s attachment was assessed through both explicit (questionnaires) and implicit (secure base script knowledge) measures. Random Intercept Cross‑Lagged Panel Models revealed stable small to moderate between‑child associations between ADHD behavior and attachment (in)security (β = -0.550 to 0.367), which largely remained significant after controlling for ODD behavior (β = -0.517 to 0.295). Cross‑lagged effects, reflecting prospective within-child processes, were mostly non‑significant, providing little evidence for bidirectional associations in middle childhood.

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11. Mucci F, Marazziti D, Mennucci J, Vannini G, Diolaiuti F, Casamassima F, Luche RD, Iazzetta P, Gurrieri R, Lorenzetti C, Valoroso L, Cerù A, Bouanani S. Adult Adhd Knowledge, Practices and Training Needs Among Psychiatrists in Tuscany. Results from the Auto-Sag Survey. Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2026; 23(5): 429-38.

OBJECTIVE: the clinical management of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Italy takes place without consolidated national guidelines and within a regulatory framework originally designed for paediatric populations. This study aimed to describe psychiatrists’ knowledge, diagnostic and therapeutic practices, regulatory awareness, and training needs regarding adult ADHD, and to test whether specific ADHD training, rather than general clinical experience, predicted perceived preparedness. METHOD: a cross-sectional online survey (AUTO-SAG: ADHD Understanding of Treatment and Orientation: Self-Assessment on Guidance), comprising 57 items across six domains, was distributed to board-certified psychiatrists practising in Tuscany between August 2025 and January 2026. RESULTS: of the 93 respondents, 68 (73.1%; 95% CI: 63.3-81.1) rated their preparedness to manage adult ADHD as poor or absent, and the majority reported limited familiarity with validated diagnostic instruments. Two thirds (66.7%) had never prescribed ADHD-specific medication, with poor pharmacological knowledge cited as the primary reason. The sample was nearly evenly divided between those perceiving underdiagnosis (53.8%) and overdiagnosis (40.9%) as the predominant diagnostic risk. Specific ADHD training was significantly associated with perceived preparedness (OR = 6.27; p < 0.001), whereas years of clinical experience showed no association (ρ = -0.120; p = 0.25); preparedness did not differ significantly across age groups. Despite these gaps, 89.2% expressed willingness to participate in training. CONCLUSIONS: targeted education, rather than clinical seniority, may be the most modifiable determinant of perceived preparedness, though structural and regulatory barriers constrain the translation of knowledge into practice.

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12. Ponomarev R, Sklyar S, Krasilnikova V, Savina T. Retraction Note: Digital Cognitive Training for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Psycholinguist Res. 2026; 55(6).

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13. Schmidt C, Helmstaedter C, Witt JA, Surges R, Moskau-Hartmann S, von Wrede R. Caution with self-reported ADHD symptoms in adults with epilepsy: discrepancy between subjective perception and objective cognitive performance. Seizure. 2026; 143: 173-9.

PURPOSE: Beyond seizure control, additional health issues are increasingly recognized as important aspects in the care of people with epilepsy (PwE). Cognitive impairments and psychiatric comorbidities, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), are commonly reported in this population. However, the widespread use of self-report screening tools and readily accessible online questionnaires raises concerns about the validity of subjective ADHD symptom identification in PwE and the potential for overdiagnosis. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between self-reported ADHD symptoms and objectively assessed attention and executive functions in PwE. METHODS: A total of 289 adult PwE were included. ADHD symptoms were assessed using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS v1.1) and ADHD self-report (ADHS-SB) based on DSM-IV (ADHS-SB/DSM-IV) and ICD-10 criteria (ADHS-SB/ICD 10). Cognitive performance was evaluated using the EpiTrack®, a neuropsychological screening tool assessing attention and executive functions (n = 129). Agreement was assessed using chi-square tests, McNemar tests, and Cohen’s kappa. RESULTS: ADHD screening positivity ranged from 14.9% to 21.8%, with 6.6% positive across all instruments, attention and executive functions were impaired in 41.9%. ASRS results showed weak agreement with ADHS-SB/DSM-IV results (κ = .248) and ADHS-SB/ICD 10 results (κ = .321). ADHS-SB/DSM-IV and ADHS-SB/ICD 10 results showed substantial agreement (κ = .702, p < .001). Positive ADHD screening was showed no meaningful association with attention and executive functions (κ = -.050 to .146). EpiTrack® performance correlated with higher seizure frequency and polytherapy (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Subjective ADHD symptoms show limited overlap with objectively measured cognitive impairment in people with epilepsy. Attention and executive dysfunction appear to be driven primarily by epilepsy-related factors rather than reported ADHD symptoms, underscoring the need for comprehensive clinical assessment.

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14. Shao Y, Diao H, Li S, Xu X, Li J, Zhang P, Tian X, Zhao G, Wu H. Diagnostic Accuracy and Proposed Cut-Off Values of the ASRS-R for Screening ADHD in Chinese Children and Adolescents: A Case-Control Study. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2026: 13591045261499615.

Building on the prior validation of the Revised Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-R), this case-control study aimed to derive proposed cut-off scores for screening ADHD in Chinese children and adolescents aged 8-14 years. The study included 457 children and adolescents (106 with DSM-5 diagnosed ADHD, 351 controls) from a Shenzhen hospital. Reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.929) and validity (GFI = 0.954; rs = 0.604 with SNAP-IV) were good. ROC analysis was used to determine proposed cut-offs. For the total score, the proposed cut-off was 27.5 (AUC = 0.881, 95% CI: 0.847-0.915), with sensitivity 89.6% and specificity 77.8%. Adjusted for population prevalence, positive and negative predictive values were 21.6% and 99.1%. For inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity subscales, proposed cut-offs were 19.5 (AUC = 0.846) and 17.5 (AUC = 0.853), respectively. The ASRS-R demonstrates satisfactory screening efficacy for Chinese children and adolescents aged 8-14 years. These preliminary cut-offs, characterized by exceptional ability to rule out non-ADHD cases, provide evidence-based support for early ADHD screening in school, community, and clinical settings. However, these cut-offs require external validation, ideally in consecutively recruited and community-based samples. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition in childhood, which can affect children’s learning, social skills and daily life. Early and convenient screening helps identify children who need further professional evaluation and support. The ASRS-R is a self-report scale that allows children and teens to rate their own symptoms, but there is no widely accepted screening score for Chinese children aged 8–14 years. In this study, we tested 457 children and adolescents aged 8–14 years in Shenzhen, including 106 children diagnosed with ADHD and 351 typically developing peers. We examined how well the ASRS-R scale can distinguish between children with and without ADHD, and calculated a recommended cut-off score for screening. We found that the ASRS-R scale works well as a first-step screening tool. A total score of 27.5 is the recommended threshold: it correctly identifies most children with ADHD and has a very high ability to rule out children who do not have the condition. These findings support the use of the ASRS-R for preliminary ADHD screening in schools, communities and primary care settings in China. Further studies with larger, community-based samples are needed to confirm these results. eng.

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15. Wilson N, Minnis H. Mental health, ADHD, and autism: two reports, one call to act. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2026.

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16. Yang L, Wang X, Liu A, Li X, Peng W, Muer C. ADHD symptoms and efficient learning strategies in college students: the parallel mediating roles of motivation and mind-wandering. Front Psychol. 2026; 17: 1830674.

A questionnaire survey was conducted among college students from a university in Sichuan Province to examine the relationship between ADHD symptoms and the use of efficient learning strategies, with a focus on the parallel mediating roles of learning motivation and mind-wandering. Of the 919 questionnaires distributed, 730 valid responses (N = 730) were retained for analysis. Structural equation modeling with bootstrap confidence intervals indicated that learning motivation and mind-wandering acted as parallel mediators in the relationship between ADHD symptoms and strategy use, with both learning motivation and mind-wandering showing negative indirect effects (learning motivation: β = -0.130, 95% CI [-0.196, -0.061]; mind-wandering: β = -0.107, 95% CI [-0.198, -0.027]). The direct effect of ADHD symptoms on strategy use was non-significant (β = -0.056, 95% CI [-0.160, 0.053]), whereas both indirect effects were statistically significant, albeit with small-to-moderate effect sizes. These findings contribute to understanding the associated mechanisms of academic difficulties in college students with elevated ADHD symptoms, particularly highlighting the dual pathways of motivation and mind-wandering. The study offers tentative theoretical implications and suggests directions for future intervention research (e.g., motivational reinforcement, attentional training); given the small-to-moderate absolute magnitudes of the indirect effects, these practical implications should be interpreted with caution pending replication.

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17. Zhao Y, Wang Y, Liu Y. An Integrative Approach for Subtyping Mental Disorders Using Multimodal Data. Stat Med. 2026; 45(25-27).

Understanding the biological and behavioral heterogeneity underlying psychiatric disorders is critical for advancing precision diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. This paper addresses the scientific question of how multimodal data, which spans clinical, cognitive, and neuroimaging measures, can be integrated to identify biologically meaningful subtypes of mental disorders. We introduce Mixed INtegrative Data Subtyping (MINDS), a Bayesian hierarchical model designed to jointly analyze mixed-type data for simultaneous dimension reduction and clustering. Using data from the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) Study, MINDS integrates clinical symptoms, cognitive performance, and brain structure measures to subtype attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Our method leverages Pólya-Gamma augmentation for computational efficiency and robust inference. Simulations demonstrate improved stability and accuracy compared to existing clustering approaches. Application to the ABCD data reveals clinically interpretable subtypes of ADHD and OCD with distinct cognitive and neurodevelopmental profiles. These findings show how integrative multimodal modeling can enhance the reproducibility and clinical relevance of psychiatric subtyping, funding data-driven policies for early identification and targeted interventions in mental health.

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