1. QuickStats: Percentage* of Children and Adolescents Aged 5-17 Years Who Had Ever Received a Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, by Sex and Year – United States, 2019-2025. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2026; 75(42): 630.

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2. Gündoğan S, Demirci B, Coşkun A, Kilim Ö. Anxiety and Adult ADHD Symptoms Among Occupational Injury Cases Presenting to the Emergency Department: A Cross-Sectional Study. Workplace Health Saf. 2026: 21650799261496318.

BACKGROUND: Work-related injuries have economic and psychosocial consequences. Emerging evidence suggests neurocognitive and affective factors, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and anxiety, may contribute to occupational injury risk; however, data integrating these factors in emergency department (ED) settings remain limited. This study aimed to compare ADHD and anxiety symptom burden between adults with occupational injuries and age- and sex-matched non-injured controls and to evaluate symptom associations with occupational injury. METHODS: Adults presenting to a tertiary ED in Türkiye with occupational injuries and age- and sex-matched non-injured controls were assessed using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Sociodemographic, occupational, hazard, injury, and clinical variables were recorded. Logistic regression evaluated factors independently associated with occupational injury, and correlations with sleep duration were analyzed. FINDINGS: A total of 609 participants were included (292 injured; 317 controls). Injured workers showed higher ASRS and BAI scores than controls (p < .05). ASRS and BAI scores demonstrated gradients across occupational hazard class, trauma mechanism, and clinical outcomes, including hospitalization and impairment. Prior injury history was more frequent among injured workers. In multivariable analysis, occupational hazard class, ASRS scores, and BAI scores remained independently associated with occupational injury. Sleep duration showed moderate negative correlations with ASRS and BAI scores. CONCLUSIONS/APPLICATION TO PRACTICE: Adult ADHD and anxiety symptoms were associated with occupational injury in ED presentations. Screening for neurocognitive and affective vulnerabilities, together with fatigue and sleep management strategies, may enhance occupational injury prevention efforts. Further longitudinal studies are warranted.

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3. Hamilton LG, Ramji AV, Elsherif M, Kapp SK, Sulik J. « The significance of context »: Fit, friction, and function in the work lives of early career academics with ADHD. PLoS One. 2026; 21(10): e0361208.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with various traits that influence individuals’ experiences at work. While some may be experienced as challenging (e.g., when differences in executive function impact time management), others can be more positive (e.g., when curiosity motivates exploration and discovery). Plausibly, academia is a work environment where these positive aspects should be valued. However, ADHD is still often viewed from a medicalised perspective in workplace settings, despite the neurodiversity paradigm offering an alternative, non-pathologising way to frame these individual differences. Research has begun to explore employment experiences and outcomes for adults with ADHD; however, there is currently little data relevant to academic workplaces specifically. This qualitative study offers a critical realist analysis of interviews with early-career academics, seeking to understand first-person ADHD perspectives on establishing an academic career. Consistent with the neurodiversity paradigm, the analysis foregrounds (mis-)matches between individual ‘neurotypes’ and workplace environments. It also highlights an ecological view by exploring how ADHD matters both for individual careers and for collective knowledge production. Findings suggest that academia can, in principle, be a rewarding environment for ADHDers, though social and institutional pressures often inhibit this potential. Furthermore, having an ‘ADHD neurotype’ influences both individual career trajectories and wellbeing at work; at the same time, knowledge production at the collective level may benefit from the inclusion of ADHD academics. The findings are discussed in reference to ecological models of neurodiversity and their implications for universities aiming to facilitate neurodivergent contributions and inclusion at work.

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4. Huang W, Lai X, Zhu J, Zheng G, Liang J. Elevated Serum Immunoglobulin E Levels and Risk of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2026: 99228261498074.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, quantitatively evaluate the independent influence of elevated IgE levels on ADHD risk and related behavioral/cognitive impairments via clinical data analysis, and explore the epidemiological link between IgE-mediated allergic conditions and ADHD onset. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. Total serum IgE, inhalant- and food-specific IgE (sIgE) levels, Conners scale scores, and demographic data were retrospectively collected from the clinical electronic medical record (EMR) system. The Conners Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) was used to assess childhood hyperactive behaviors. Correlation analysis and logistic regression analysis were applied to compare the prevalence of ADHD across different IgE level groups, explore the association between ADHD prevalence and IgE levels, and analyze the correlation between IgE levels and subscales of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). In addition, logistic regression models were used to evaluate the effect of IgE levels on ADHD risk. RESULTS: A total of 513 children were included in this study, among whom 201 (39.18%) were IgE-positive, and 128 (24.95%) met the diagnostic criteria for ADHD. The prevalence of ADHD was significantly associated with both total IgE (P = .023) and inhalant-specific IgE (sIgE) levels (P = .006). Logistic regression analysis identified 2 independent risk factors for ADHD: elevated total IgE (odds ratio [OR] = 1.593, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-2.39, P = .024) and elevated inhalant sIgE (OR = 1.821, 95% CI: 1.11-2.69, P = .016). Children with elevated total IgE levels had 1.593-fold higher odds of receiving an ADHD diagnosis than those with normal IgE levels, while those with elevated inhalant sIgE had 1.821-fold higher odds of such a diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Immunoglobulin E-mediated allergic status constitutes a risk factor for ADHD, with inhalant allergen sensitization demonstrating a particularly strong association.

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5. Keyhanpour S, Shams F, Najarian M, Abbasi K, Ghiasvand R, Rouhani MH. Whether substituting high-fat dairy with low-fat dairy changes the risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A case-control study. Nutr Health. 2026: 2601060261501614.

BackgroundAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children, with potential influences from modifiable dietary factors. Evidence on the differential effects of low-fat and high-fat dairy on ADHD risk is limited.AimTo examine associations between total, low-fat, and high-fat dairy intake and ADHD risk, and to assess the impact of substituting high-fat dairy with low-fat dairy in children.MethodsA case-control study was conducted on 150 Iranian children aged 4-12 years, including 62 with ADHD and 88 controls. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between dairy intake and ADHD risk, adjusting for energy intake, body mass index, age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Substitution analysis evaluated the effect of replacing 1 g/day of high-fat dairy with low-fat dairy.SummaryChildren with ADHD consumed significantly less total and low-fat dairy than controls, whereas high-fat dairy intake did not differ significantly between groups. Higher total and low-fat dairy intakes were inversely associated with ADHD risk (odds ratio (OR) = 0.974 and 0.970, respectively; both P < 0.001). High-fat dairy intake was not significantly associated with ADHD risk after full adjustment. Substituting 1 g/day of high-fat dairy with low-fat dairy was associated with lower odds of ADHD (OR = 0.981; P = 0.029). These findings suggest that greater consumption of total and low-fat dairy, as well as replacing high-fat with low-fat dairy, may be associated with lower ADHD risk in children.

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6. Lawson KM, Meza JI, Robins RW. The role of temperament and personality traits in the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from late childhood through adolescence. Dev Psychol. 2026.

Individual differences in temperament and personality traits may shed light on the presentation and development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) across adolescence. The present study used multimethod, longitudinal data from a large sample of Mexican-origin youth (N = 674; 50% girls) to examine associations between ADHD symptoms (including combined, hyperactive-impulsive, and inattentive subtypes) and a wide range of temperament and personality traits assessed via self-, mother-, and father-reports and coded observational data. First, we found moderate 1-year rank-order stabilities of combined, hyperactive-impulsive, and inattentive ADHD symptoms (rs ranging from .27 to .51) but relatively low 8-year rank-order stability from age 10 to 17 (r = .19 for combined); 8-year stability was higher for boys than girls. Second, hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive symptoms were both negatively correlated with concurrent effortful control and conscientiousness and positively correlated with impulsivity, negative emotionality, and neuroticism; in addition, hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were positively associated with surgency and extraversion. Third, bivariate latent growth curve models showed that the levels and slopes of effortful control (and its facets) and negative emotionality (particularly the frustration, aggression, and depressed mood facets) were significantly related to the levels and slopes of ADHD symptom trajectories. Findings from random-intercept cross-lagged panel models showed that temperament domains and ADHD symptoms had meaningful between- and within-person associations but no significant cross-lagged associations. Associations were stronger for adolescent self-reports of temperament/personality than for mother-reports. Overall, findings highlight connections between temperament and personality traits with ADHD symptoms across adolescence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

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7. Muhamad NA, Ling LS, Maamor NH, Hussin S, Tengku Baharudin Shah TPN, Jamalluddin NH, Leman FN, Musa NSE, Yahya F, Chemi N, Abdullah N, Abdul Jabbar N, Ibrahim N. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Pattern and Its Associated Outcomes Among Children Referred to Psychiatry and Mental Health Services in Malaysia: Protocol for a Retrospective Cohort Study. JMIR Res Protoc. 2026; 15: e89752.

BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder associated with significant impairments in academic, social, and daily functioning. Despite the availability of clinical practice guidelines in Malaysia, evidence on real-world treatment patterns and outcomes remains limited. The lack of multicenter data on treatment use and clinical outcomes hinders the evaluation of current ADHD care and opportunities for service improvement. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study is to observe treatment patterns among children with ADHD referred to psychiatry and mental health services in Malaysia after receiving treatment for 18 months. This study will also compare treatment outcomes between children with ADHD who do receive treatment and those who do not receive any ADHD treatment. METHODS: This multicenter retrospective cohort study will use secondary data from clinical records of children aged 4 to 16 years with a confirmed diagnosis of ADHD. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, clinical features, ADHD subtype and comorbidities, treatment modalities, health care use, treatment trajectories, and clinical outcomes will be extracted using a standardized case report form and will be anonymized prior to analysis. Data collection will be undertaken by trained site investigators and medical officers across participating centers. Statistical analyses will be conducted using R software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing). Descriptive statistics will be used to summarize characteristics, treatment patterns, health care use, and clinical outcomes of children with ADHD. Treatment patterns will be characterized according to pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions, treatment modifications, and service use. Comparative analyses will be performed to examine associations between treatment patterns and clinical outcomes across children with ADHD and clinical subgroups. RESULTS: This study will be funded through a Ministry of Health Research Grant obtained in August 2026. It will commence in August 2026 and end in December 2028. Based on the sample size calculation, a minimum of 2771 eligible children with ADHD records will be included in the study. The study will be reported in accordance with the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines for retrospective cohort studies. The findings will be disseminated through presentations and article publications at the national and international levels. CONCLUSIONS: This study will address a critical evidence gap in ADHD care by providing comprehensive real-world data on treatment patterns and outcomes among Malaysian children with ADHD. Findings will identify variations in treatment approaches, treatment trajectories, and clinical outcomes across hospitals and regions, assess the alignment of real-world practice with national recommendations, and highlight potential disparities in access to ADHD specialist services. The findings are expected to support evidence-based clinical decision-making, guide strategic health care planning, optimize resource use, and contribute to the development of a more coordinated, efficient, and equitable system of ADHD care across diverse health care settings in Malaysia.

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8. Nadif O, Maghnaoui FZ, Chiheb M. Inhibitory control assessed by neuropsychological tests in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of the Western and Central European literature. Appl Neuropsychol Child. 2026: 1-8.

BACKGROUND: Inhibitory control (IC) is a core executive function impaired in both attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). No systematic review has yet synthesized IC profiles across both disorders using standardized neuropsychological tasks in Western and Central European pediatric populations. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to map IC deficits across four inhibitory domains in children and adolescents with ADHD and/or ASD. All cross-disorder observations reflect indirect comparisons from separate bodies of literature, as no included study directly compared both disorders within the same sample. METHODS: PubMed and Scopus were systematically searched (2000-2025). Two independent reviewers screened 129 records following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Quality was appraised using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. A narrative synthesis was conducted due to substantial heterogeneity across paradigms and populations. RESULTS: Ten studies met inclusion criteria (7 ADHD, 3 ASD; N ≥ 667). ADHD was linked to response disinhibition, elevated reaction time (RT) variability, and impaired post-error adaptation. ASD showed difficulties in prepotent response suppression and self-monitoring, with motor inhibition largely preserved. CONCLUSIONS: The separate ADHD and ASD literatures suggest potentially different inhibitory profiles based on indirect evidence. These findings support multi-domain IC assessment and provide an empirical baseline for future cross-cultural research in non-Western populations.

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9. Zhang S, Han C, Si Y, Tan J, Pan X, Li K, Wang M, Yue X, Yu X, Wei W, Bai Y, Wang M. Altered stability of dynamic functional architecture in the co-occurrence of autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuroscience. 2026.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently co-occur, whereas the underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to identify alterations in dynamic functional architecture across ASD, ADHD, and their comorbidity. This study selected 287 participants from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange and ADHD-200 datasets, divided into ASD without ADHD (ASD-only), ADHD without ASD (ADHD-only), ASD + ADHD, and typically developing (TD) groups. In this study, we employed dynamic functional stability at the voxel level by measuring the temporal concordance of dynamic functional connectivity (DFC). Furthermore, whole-brain DFC analyses were conducted using clusters with significant stability alterations as seed regions. Group comparisons and correlation analyses were subsequently performed. Our results showed significant group differences in functional stability in the left superior frontal gyrus, orbital part (ORBsup), right pallidum, and left amygdala. Seed-based analyses identified altered DFC variability between the left amygdala and three regions, including the right middle temporal gyrus (MTG), the left insula, and the left superior occipital gyrus (SOG). Notably, DFC variability between the left amygdala and right MTG was significantly negatively correlated with Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) scores in the comorbidity group (r = – 0.620, p < 0.01, FDR corrected). From a dynamic perspective, our findings revealed that ASD, ADHD, and their comorbidity exhibited commonanduniquechanges in brain function, thereby enhancing our understanding of the pathogenesis underlying ASD + ADHD.

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