1. Adams MM, McGinley JM, Young SR. Food Insecurity Among People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Scoping Review. Intellect Dev Disabil;2026 (Oct 6):1-17.

Food insecurity disproportionately impacts people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (PWIDD) and their families. This scoping review explores food insecurity in this population, considering prevalence estimates and disparities, consequences, risk factors, and protective factors. A systematic search identified 21 relevant sources. Food insecurity was consistently reported at higher levels among PWIDD compared to those without disabilities across sources. Consequences include worsened nutritional challenges, diagnosis-specific behavioral changes, and caregiver emotional distress. Risk factors such as household characteristics, systemic barriers, and the extra cost of disability exacerbate vulnerability, while protective factors like robust service delivery systems, public safety net programs, and caregiver support mitigate risks. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions, inclusive policies, and further research to address food insecurity and improve health outcomes for PWIDD.

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2. George GM, Kumareshan N. Fractional painting training-based optimization enabled deep learning for autism spectrum disorder using MRI images in cloud computing. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging;2026 (Sep 28);364:112346.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs social interactions. Prior models focus on target individuals older than five years and depend heavily on expert analysis, potentially missing subtle or early indicators of ASD. To address these limitations, Fractional Painting Training-based Optimization-enabled Spiking Attention Neural Network (FPTO_SANN) is devised for ASD. Initially, a cloud is simulated, and brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images of individuals with autism are collected from a specific dataset. Image preprocessing is done by Geometric Mean filtering along with Region of Interest (RoI) extraction, and pivotal regions are identified based on functional connectivity using Fractional Painting Training based Optimization (FPTO). In parallel, feature extraction is conducted on the preprocessed MRI images to obtain Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) features along with Local Combination Adaptive Ternary Pattern (LCATP) and Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) features. Finally, ASD classification is performed using a Spiking Attention Neural Network (SANN) that is trained utilizing FPTO, which is developed by integrating Painting Training Based Optimization (PTBO) and Fractional Concept (FC). The FPTO_SANN has attained superior outcomes by considering the metrics, namely accuracy, True Negative Rate (TNR), and True Positive Rate (TPR), with values of 96.67%, 96.98%, and 96.01%.

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3. Hine JF, Foster T, Coleman R, Miller H, Bahrami L, Spitler AK, Xu M, Warren ZE. Autism Diagnostic E-Consults After PCP Training: A Practice-integrated Model to Expand Diagnostic Capacity. J Dev Behav Pediatr;2026 (Oct 6)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and clinical performance of an autism diagnostic e-consult model that embeds asynchronous psychologist review within primary care workflows to support diagnostic decision-making and triage by primary care providers (PCPs). METHODS: Eight autism-trained PCPs across 4 clinics recorded brief diagnostic visits for children referred for autism evaluations. They submitted videos plus structured e-consult orders through a secure platform. Psychologists reviewed cases asynchronously and returned structured electronic health record (EHR) documentation indicating whether PCP impressions were supported and whether specialist follow-up was warranted. Diagnostic outcomes, triage decisions, child and visit characteristics, and observational scores were summarized using descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon rank sum tests, and χ2 tests. RESULTS: Across 81 e-consults over 21 months, children had a median age of 2.3 years; the median interval from initial concern to completed e-consult was 73 days, and all reviews were completed within 7 days. Follow-up testing was recommended for 31%. Concordance between PCP global impressions and psychologist review was high, with 74% of diagnosed children rated « obviously consistent with autism » by their PCP. Children diagnosed with autism had higher ASD-PEDS scores on both psychologist and PCP ratings than those not diagnosed. Children referred for specialist follow-up had lower ASD-PEDS scores, and were more likely to have PCP-endorsed medical/social complexity and phrase speech. CONCLUSION: Pairing PCP training with EHR-integrated e-consults may offer a pragmatic pathway compatible with emerging billing and implementation models for autism assessment in primary care. In this sample, the process was associated with high concordance between PCP and psychologist determinations and appeared to route more complex cases to appropriate specialist follow-up.

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4. Imran MA, Islam MR, Wright CR, Williams RJ, Stephenson G. Title: Maternal circulating cytokine and chemokine levels during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev;2026 (Oct 6):107019.

BACKGROUND: Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy has been implicated in offspring neurodevelopment, but evidence linking maternal gestational immune mediators with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains heterogeneous. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated whether maternal circulating cytokine and chemokine levels during pregnancy are associated with autism in offspring. METHODS: Five databases were searched for human observational studies measuring maternal blood cytokines or chemokines during pregnancy and reporting autism outcomes in offspring. Eligible studies included autism versus control comparisons using maternal serum or plasma samples. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted using odds ratios (ORs) as the primary effect measure. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) were also analysed where group-level concentration data were available. Heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistics, and small-study effects were explored using Egger’s test where estimable. RESULTS: Seven studies met the eligibility criteria. In OR-based analyses, nominal associations with autism were observed for IL-10 (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.06-1.69), CXCL10 (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.24-2.11), IL-1α (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.23-1.65), IL-5 (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.18-1.89), and IL-17A (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.70-0.94). CCL4 showed a borderline association. Supportive SMD analyses indicated higher IL-6 and lower IL-1β concentrations in autism-associated pregnancies. Heterogeneity varied across analytes and was substantial for IL-10 and CCL4. CONCLUSION: Maternal gestational immune profiles may differ in pregnancies later associated with autism, but current evidence does not support a single robust cytokine biomarker. Progress requires larger prospective cohorts with repeated sampling, harmonised assays, pathway-level analyses, and integrated placental-fetal neurodevelopmental phenotyping.

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5. Kılıç B, Ünal D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised Profiles in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Impact of Comorbid Autistic Traits. Eurasian J Med;2026 (Sep 25);58(4):1-5.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to identify cognitive differences between children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without comorbid autistic traits by using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R). METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated children aged 8-16 years diagnosed with ADHD according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria. Participants were stratified based on their Social Responsiveness Scale scores to assess autistic traits. Exclusion criteria comprised autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety, depression, and a Full-Scale IQ below 70. Cognitive profiles were assessed using the WISC-R. To control for Type I error across the 12 WISC-R variables, a Bonferroni correction adjusted the statistical significance threshold to P < .004. RESULTS: The cohort included 16 children with autistic traits and 20 without. Only the WISC-R Block Design subtest revealed a significant difference, with lower scores observed in the group with autistic traits (P = .003). No significant differences were found in full-Scale, verbal, or performance IQ scores. CONCLUSION: The significant difference observed exclusively in the Block Design subtest suggests that comorbid autistic traits in children with ADHD may specifically impair visual-spatial and motor-integrated skills. Future studies incorporating objective motor assessments are warranted to further elucidate these cognitive relationships. Cite this article as: Kılıç B, Ünal D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised profiles in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: impact of comorbid autistic traits. Eurasian J Med. 2026, 58(4), 1449 , doi: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2026.261449.

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6. Kurokawa S, Nomura K, Hosogane N, Nagasawa T, Kawade Y, Matsumoto Y, Morinaga S, Kaise Y, Higuchi A, Goto A, Inada N, Kodaira M, Kishimoto T. Reliability of Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition, Assessments Using Telepsychiatry for Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Their Caregivers: Randomized Feasibility Study. JMIR Form Res;2026 (Oct 6);10:e82784.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the demand for telepsychiatry in neurodevelopmental assessment; however, few studies have examined the interrater reliability of clinician-rated autism scales, such as the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition (CARS2), when used remotely. Although the feasibility and validity of telehealth assessments have been explored previously, the consistency between remote and in person CARS2 ratings by different clinicians remains underinvestigated. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate agreement between CARS2 total scores obtained by different evaluators using telepsychiatry and face-to-face assessments in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: In this randomized feasibility study, 75 children aged 6 to 17 years with DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [Fifth Edition]) diagnoses of ASD, ADHD, or both were enrolled at 5 medical institutions in Japan; 73 of 75 were included in the final analysis. Each participant underwent 2 independent CARS2 evaluations, one face-to-face and the other via telepsychiatry, conducted by different evaluators who were blinded to each other’s ratings. Remote assessments were conducted using a secure video platform with caregiver facilitation. Agreement was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for the overall sample and subgroups defined by primary diagnosis, sex, and age. RESULTS: The overall ICC for CARS2 total scores between face-to-face and telepsychiatry assessments was 0.582 (95% CI 0.407-0.717), indicating moderate agreement. The ICC was 0.546 among participants with ASD as the primary diagnosis and 0.495 among those with ADHD as the primary diagnosis. Point estimates were higher among girls than boys (0.666 vs 0.495) and among children aged 11 years or older than among those aged 10 years or younger (0.676 vs 0.419). In a sensitivity analysis including all participants with an ASD diagnosis, the ICC was 0.580. CONCLUSIONS: CARS2 total scores obtained through telepsychiatry showed moderate agreement with scores obtained through face-to-face assessment when the assessments were conducted by different evaluators in different settings. Higher point estimates were observed among older children and girls, although these subgroup findings should be interpreted cautiously. Telepsychiatry-based CARS2 assessment may be considered a complementary approach rather than a replacement for comprehensive face-to-face evaluation. Larger studies using more standardized assessment protocols are needed.

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7. Mattern H, Roisman GI, Scherf KS. Ask autistic adolescents too: informant discrepancies and test-retest reliability in social behavior. Front Psychiatry;2026;17:1819507.

Assumptions about autistic youths’ inability to accurately self-report their own behavior have limited what is known about adolescent-parent informant discrepancies. Across two randomized controlled trials, autistic adolescents (10-18 years) and their parents independently reported on adolescents’ social skills and problem behaviors approximately 2-3 months apart. Test-retest reliability was evaluated among control-condition dyads (N = 40). Adolescent reports demonstrated moderate test-retest reliability across both domains. There were no group differences in reporting of social skills. Regarding problem behavior, adolescents reporting lower scores were more likely to report an increase over time, and those with higher scores a decrease over time. Parent reports were moderately reliable. They reported a systematic decrease in problem behavior over time; however, parents reporting higher problem behavior overall were more likely to report an increase in these behaviors over time. Using baseline data from all dyads (N = 81), we observed poor association and agreement between adolescent and parent reports in both domains. Adolescents reported more social skills and fewer problem behaviors than did their parents; the social skills discrepancy widened as scores increased. These findings challenge the assumption that autistic adolescents are unreliable reporters of their own behavior and suggest that including their self-reports alongside parent reports may provide unique, clinically meaningful information about social functioning during adolescence.

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