1. Adamou M, Jones SL, Smith O. Adverse childhood experiences in adults completing ADHD and autism diagnostic assessment: associations with diagnostic outcome and psychiatric symptom burden. Front Psychol. 2026; 17: 1898116.

BACKGROUND: Adult ADHD and autism assessment services increasingly receive clinically heterogeneous referrals in which the sequelae of childhood adversity may overlap with neurodevelopmental presentations. The distribution and clinical significance of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in this referral population remain insufficiently characterized. METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional cohort study analyzed routinely collected clinical data from 389 adults who attended either the ADHD or the autism diagnostic pathway of a regional National Health Service (NHS) Adult ADHD and Autism Service. The analytic sample consisted of 233 adults with a definitive diagnostic outcome at data extraction; 149 were awaiting an outcome, six had an inconclusive outcome, and one underage case was excluded. ACE exposure was measured with the 10-item ACE Questionnaire. Psychiatric symptom burden was assessed with routinely administered screening instruments (PHQ-9, GAD-7, AUDIT, DAST-10, MDQ, HELPS and IPDS). The primary analysis examined the association between ACE score, analyzed as a continuous variable, and diagnostic outcome, with adjustment for age, gender and assessment pathway in binary logistic regression; all other analyses were exploratory. RESULTS: Forty-seven participants (20.2%) received a diagnosis of ADHD or autism and 186 (79.8%) did not meet DSM-5 criteria. The mean ACE score was 3.10 (SD = 2.59), and 39.7% of participants reported four or more ACEs, compared with 8.3% in an English national household survey. Participants who were not diagnosed reported higher ACE scores than participants who were diagnosed (3.37 vs. 2.04; Hedges g = 0.52, 95% CI 0.19-0.84, p = 0.002). In the adjusted model, each additional ACE was associated with lower odds of receiving a neurodevelopmental diagnosis (odds ratio 0.85, 95% CI 0.73-0.99, p = 0.040). The proportion diagnosed declined across ACE categories from 35.6% (no adversity) to 6.2% (six or more ACEs). ACE scores correlated positively with depressive symptoms (r = 0.37), anxiety symptoms (r = 0.28) and drug use scores (r = 0.27), but not alcohol use, and were higher among participants screening positive for possible personality disorder, head injury and mood disorder. In an exploratory model additionally adjusting for depressive symptoms and personality disorder screening status, the ACE association attenuated and was no longer statistically significant, indicating that it is not independent of concurrent psychiatric symptom burden. CONCLUSIONS: ACE exposure in this referral cohort was substantially higher than English population estimates and was associated with diagnostic non-confirmation and with greater psychiatric symptom burden. These findings support consideration of childhood adversity within trauma-informed formulation during adult neurodevelopmental assessment. Prospective studies incorporating direct measures of trauma-related psychopathology are needed to determine whether trauma-related mechanisms contribute to neurodevelopmental-like presentations. The cross-sectional retrospective design precludes causal inference.

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2. Campbell VE, Higbee TS, Nichols B, Lindgren NA, Wallace K, Osos JA, Reinert KS. Using linked digital activity schedules to promote cooperative thematic play. J Appl Behav Anal. 2026; 59(4): e70086.

Children with autism often have difficulty initiating, sustaining, and responding to peer play, which limits access to naturally occurring social reinforcers such as shared activities and attention. This study evaluated the efficacy of linked digital activity schedules (i.e., synchronized tablet-based visual prompts that guided partners through shared play sequences) on cooperative thematic play (i.e., coordinated, role-based pretend play organized around a theme). Using a multiple-baseline design across dyads, we combined the schedules with time-delay prompts to occasion independent play actions and verbal exchanges. All participants showed increased cooperative thematic play across sessions. Caregivers completed postteaching questionnaires and reported that the procedures were feasible, acceptable, and useful for supporting peer engagement. Preliminary generalization across novel peers and settings was also observed. These findings provide initial evidence that linked digital activity schedules may be a practical technology-based intervention to promote the cooperative thematic play of children with autism.

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3. Drewett A, O’Reilly M. Inside the ward round: Experiences and perspectives of autistic patients and mental health hospital staff. Health (London). 2026: 13634593261481928.

Autistic individuals experience disproportionately high rates of mental health conditions and hospitalisation, yet research about their perspectives within inpatient decision-making structures, such as the ward round, is limited. We address this gap by exploring how autistic adults and inpatient mental health staff experience ward rounds. Using a mixed-methods qualitative design, we integrated 12 video-recorded naturally occurring ward rounds with 36 reflective interviews across two hospital settings in England. Our reflexive thematic approach created four themes: (i) the intersection of autism and mental health; (ii) the need for adapted treatment; (iii) autism in the hospital environment; and (iv) strengths versus deficit approach to care. The findings spotlight how institutional routines and medicalised language shape autistic people’s involvement and experiences of inpatient care. We argue that a focus on autism-specific knowledge, strengths-focussed practice, and person-centred interactions are jointly essential to improving the wellbeing and effectiveness of hospital mental healthcare.

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4. Garcia AMV, Hudman DL, McGowan P, Ree B. Ovarian Teratoma in a Nonverbal Adult With Rett Syndrome. Cureus. 2026; 18(8): e114672.

Mature cystic ovarian teratomas, also called dermoid cysts, are the most common ovarian neoplasms in women, especially those of reproductive age. While the general clinical approach and treatment of teratomas do not differ in a patient with a concomitant diagnosis of Rett syndrome, the presentation, surgical preparation, and clinical course can be influenced by the pathophysiology of the condition. We report the case of a 35-year-old nonverbal woman with Rett syndrome presenting with symptoms of abdominal pain, constipation, abdominal distension, nausea, and vomiting. Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a mass in the left lower quadrant, originating from the left adnexa. During an exploratory laparotomy, a large cystic mass was identified in the region of the left adnexa with associated adnexal torsion, and the patient underwent a left salpingo-oophorectomy. Microscopic examination of the adnexal mass confirmed a diagnosis of mature ovarian cystic teratoma. This report adds to the limited literature on gynecologic pathology in Rett syndrome.

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5. García-Fernández D, Cereijo-Parra A, López-Diego D, Luna M, Mateo-Martí E, Conde-Moreno E, García Bermejo ML, Crespo-Toro L, Ramos Aranda I, López-Moreno A, Buenache Espartosa R, Revenga-Parra M, Pérez EM, García-Mendiola T. Amplification-free attomolar sensing of autism biomarkers with MINT-DNA dendrimer hybrids. Nanoscale. 2026; 18(35): 19103-13.

Optimizing nano-bio interfaces to successfully combine the extreme sensitivity characteristic of SWCNT sensors with the ultimate selectivity provided by bio-molecules remains a major challenge, since covalent approaches can disrupt the SWCNT lattice and noncovalent chemistry yields kinetically unstable adducts. In this work, we address this challenge by connecting the macrocycles of mechanically interlocked SWCNTs (MINTs) to high-density DNA dendrimers, via thiol-ene covalent chemistry. This nanoscale design leverages the mechanical bond as a stable yet harmless connection between the SWCNTs and DNA dendrimers for signal amplification. The result is an amplification-free electrochemical biosensor for miRNA-27a with an outstanding limit of detection of 0.855 aM for the early and accurate detection of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) biomarkers. The validity of the structural design is confirmed by the fact that the biosensor outperforms supramolecular analogues, SWCNTs, and conventional single-strand probes. It also exhibits excellent specificity, detecting miRNA-27a in the presence of interferents and successfully applied to clinical serum samples from autistic children, with results validated against the standard PCR technique. These findings confirm the platform’s robustness under clinically relevant conditions and position it as a rapid, simple, efficient, and practical tool for miRNA-27a sensing, with strong potential for early ASD diagnosis and broader nucleic acid biomarker detection in complex biological matrices.

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6. Groenewald C. From medical school to foundation training: supporting autistic doctors in early medical careers. BJPsych Bull. 2026: 1-9.

AIMS AND METHOD: To explore existing knowledge on autism in medical education and early clinical training, examine the lived experiences of autistic doctors, review relevant National Health Service policies and legal frameworks, and propose a practical framework for improving inclusion. This study comprised a narrative review of the published literature on autism in medical education, foundation training and healthcare settings, supplemented by a positionality statement informed by the author’s clinical experience. RESULTS: Common barriers include the hidden curriculum of clinical placements, neurotypical templates in communication assessment, sensory demands of clinical environments, significant risks associated with disclosure and inadequate supervisor awareness. Masking imposes substantial psychological costs, including risk of autistic burnout. Legal frameworks exist but are inconsistently applied in practice. The SUPPORT framework is proposed as a structured model: Structured learning environments, Understanding neurodiversity, Predictability, Practical adjustments, Open culture, Relationships and mentorship, and Trainee well-being. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Autistic doctors bring valuable strengths to clinical practice. The barriers they face during the transition from medical school to clinical practice are documented and preventable. Despite legal protections and growing awareness of neurodiversity, National Health Service training frameworks do not consistently address the needs of autistic clinicians. The SUPPORT framework provides a practical, low-resource approach to addressing these barriers, with implementation requiring greater awareness and institutional commitment. These findings identify the need for medical training to move past recognition of neurodiversity and towards creating clinical environments in which autistic doctors can thrive.

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7. Jitngamkusol J, Kasemkhun P, Korkongwisarut D, Srimaneekarn N, Smutkeeree A. Comparison of caregiver-performed toothbrushing with triple- and single-headed toothbrushes in preschool children with developmental disabilities: a randomized crossover study. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2026.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the plaque removal efficacy of a triple-headed versus a single-headed toothbrushes in preschool children with developmental disabilities (DD) through caregiver-performed toothbrushing, and to assess caregiver satisfaction with the triple-headed toothbrush. METHODS: This single-blind randomized crossover study included 24 pairs of preschool children aged 4-6 years with DD and their caregivers. Demographic characteristics, prebrushing plaque index, and decayed, missing, and filled primary teeth (dmft) scores were collected. Caregivers received toothbrushing instruction via a video clip according to the randomly assigned toothbrush sequence. They were then asked to brush their child’s teeth, after which the immediate post-brushing plaque index and toothbrushing duration were recorded. Following a 4-week washout period, participants crossed over to the alternate toothbrush, and all procedures were repeated. At the end of the study, caregivers completed a satisfaction questionnaire regarding the triple-headed toothbrush. Demographic data were compared using Fisher’s exact test. Paired t tests were used to compare outcomes between toothbrush types. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: The triple-headed toothbrush achieved significantly greater plaque reduction than the single-headed toothbrush, particularly on the palatal surfaces of the upper anterior and posterior teeth and the lingual surfaces of the lower posterior teeth (P < 0.05). Brushing time was also significantly shorter with the triple-headed toothbrush. Most caregivers reported high satisfaction with the triple-headed toothbrush, although a few expressed concerns regarding the brush head size and bristle softness. CONCLUSION: The triple-headed toothbrush showed superior plaque removal efficacy and reduced brushing time compared to the single-headed toothbrush in preschool children with DD. Caregivers also reported positive experiences using the triple-headed toothbrush. Therefore, it may be an effective oral hygiene aid for improving plaque control in this population.

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8. Kourti A, Zikou F, Costarelli V, Papoudi D, Antonopoulou K. Psychological and Emotional Well-being of Autistic Individuals with an Immigrant Background: Exploring Strengths and Challenges Through a Mixed-methods Systematic Review. J Immigr Minor Health. 2026.

There is evidence of a high prevalence of autism within immigrant populations. However, the studies focusing on the lived experiences, well-being, and possible unique strengths in these groups, are relatively scarce. This systematic review aimed to synthesise existing research on the psychological and emotional well-being of autistic individuals from immigrant backgrounds, specifically examining the challenges and strengths inherent in this intersectional identity. A systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The following databases were accessed: DOAJ, ERIC, Google Scholar, PubMed, PsychINFO, SCOPUS and ProQuest, from 2007 up to January, 30, 2026. An updated supplementary search was conducted on June 15, 2026. The systematic review has been registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD420251249414). A total of 12 studies were considered eligible (8 quantitative and 4 qualitative). additional psychological, emotional, and social challenges. However, direct comparisons with both non-autistic immigrants and autistic non-immigrants were limited across the included studies. Autistic children with an immigrant background may also experience greater difficulties in areas such as social relationships, emotional reactions, adaptation to change, fears, and anxiety compared to autistic children without an immigrant background. Some studies concluded that autistic immigrants on the other hand may face less stigma than non-immigrant autistic individuals by their peers. Furthermore, autistic immigrants may experience lower acculturative stress than non-autistic immigrants. Autistic immigrants face unique challenges but also possess strengths that may help them shape their identity. Both challenges and strengths should be taken into consideration when providing services to this population.

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9. Martín JM, Geschwind DH. Parsing heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorder. Science. 2026; 393(6817): 1188-9.

Stratifying genetic mutations points to different pathophysiological pathways to a neurodevelopmental disorder.

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10. Moreno-Charco E, Pascual-Morena C, Álvarez-Bueno C, Zuheros-Lara B, Martínez-García I, Martínez-Sánchez P, Contreras-Molina M, Patiño-Cardona S. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric and seizure disorders in neurofibromatosis type 1: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2026; 273(10).

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is associated with intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), emotional and seizure disorders. However, published prevalence estimates vary widely. The aim of this meta-analysis was to estimate the prevalence of ID, ASD, ADHD, epileptic seizures and emotional disorders in NF1. A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science from inception to April 2026. Studies that estimated the proportion of patients with these disorders were included. Where possible, genotype was considered, i.e., NF1 general versus NF1 microdeletions. Random-effects meta-analyses with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were performed. Fifty studies were included. The prevalence of ID was 8% (95% CI 6-11, n = 17) in NF1 and 41% (95% CI 29-52, n = 2) in NF1 microdeletion; the prevalence of ASD was 11% (95% CI 7-14, n = 17) in NF1; the prevalence of ADHD was 33% (95% CI 26-40, n = 29) in NF1 and 45% (95% CI 25-65, n = 2) in NF1 microdeletion; the prevalence of seizures was 11% (95% CI 8-14, n = 13); the prevalence of epilepsy was 9% (95% CI 6-11, n = 16); and the prevalence of depression and anxiety was 13% (95% CI 3-23, n = 11) and 12% (95% CI 5-20, n = 10). NF1 is associated with neuropsychiatric and seizure disorders, reinforcing existing recommendations for neuropsychiatric screening in this population. Further research incorporating molecular data is also required, particularly in the subgroup with NF1 microdeletions.

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11. Newberry K, Savani S. Bridging the Diagnostic Gap: Rethinking Autism Spectrum Disorder versus Borderline Personality Disorder in Women. Health Soc Work. 2026.

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12. Roh JD, Jun Y, Jeon H, Kim J, Yi Y, Kim M, Cho H, Oh Y, Moon H, Kim J, Kim S, Ryu J, Kang M, Kim J, Kim Y, Jung Y, Yoo T, Oh H, Kim H, Jin C, Yang Y, Choi G, Ahn S, Kim JY, Kang H, Bae M, Kim E. Transcriptome-based classification in mice with ASD-risk mutations. Science. 2026; 393(6817): 1250-7.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with a strong genetic component. Large-scale human genetic studies have identified >1200 ASD-risk genes. We report a sex-balanced atlas of 1008 prefrontal RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) profiles from 17 mouse lines carrying ASD-risk mutations. Our analysis identified two opposing transcriptomic states. The two groups differed in sex bias, regional specificity, developmental stability, cell type remodeling, and responses to fluoxetine and lithium. Single-nucleus RNA-seq revealed broader cell type remodeling in group 1 than in group 2, and cell type-specific modules showed reciprocal associations that mirrored bulk transcriptomic signatures. The framework classifies independent mouse lines and identifies subgroups with conserved synaptic directionality, supporting molecular stratification.

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13. Saleh MG, Melch M, Triolo E, Bloy L, Blaskey L, Brodkin ES, Roberts TPL. DEW-MEGA-PRESS of phosphorylethanolamine and glutathione: Reproducibility and feasibility in individuals with autism. Brain Res Bull. 2026; 245: 112122.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate double-editing (DEW) MEGA-PRESS editing of phosphorylethanolamine (PE) and glutathione (GSH) in vivo, estimate measurement variability, and conduct a feasibility study on individuals with autism. METHODS: 13 participants with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with an average age of 28.00 ± 4.81 years, and 14 typically developing (TD) participants, with an average age of 29.33 ± 5.36 years, were enrolled in the study. DEW-MEGA-PRESS at a Siemens 3 T MRI scanner was used to edit both PE and GSH (ON(PE)/ON(GSH) = 3.98/4.56 ppm). Within-subject variability was examined in 15 participants (11 TD and 4 ASD) using repeated scans conducted at 4 and/or 12 weeks after baseline. Finally, differences in PE and GSH between the two groups were assessed using linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS: In vivo experiments show excellent separation between the PE (3.22 ppm) and GSH (2.95 ppm) signals. Within- and between-subject reproducibility assessments revealed coefficients of variation (CV) of 9.0/18.5% for PE and 7.4/10.3% for GSH. Although GSH showed no statistically significant differences, PE levels were significantly higher in ASD than in TD (p < 0.05), and only TD showed a decrease in PE with aging (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In vivo experiments demonstrate excellent separation between PE and GSH, and good within-subject reproducibility, supporting the stability of the approach. Between-subject variability exceeded within-subject variability for both chemicals, suggesting that biological differences between individuals dominate over measurement noise and supporting the feasibility study assessing differences between TD and ASD.

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14. Salmon LJ, Wood-Downie H. The Pubertal and Menstrual Experiences of Autistic Females: What are the Implications for Education and Support?. Autism. 2026: 13623613261478346.

Many autistic girls experience misdiagnoses and often feel overlooked, misunderstood, unsupported, and exhausted from trying to fit into an unaccommodating neurotypical world. Early adolescence brings additional challenges, including the onset of puberty. This systematic literature review summarised research on autistic girls’ and women’s experiences of puberty and menstruation, alongside the perspectives of their caregivers. The review also explored what effective support looks like and considered whether autistic voices are included in intervention design and evaluation. Including autistic voice in research is essential to ensure literature reflects issues most important to autistic individuals and leads to meaningful support. Using narrative synthesis, findings from 17 studies described autistic females’ preparation for and experiences of puberty and the support they desire. Challenges included limited education before puberty, negative impacts on wellbeing, difficulties with menstrual self-care, and the interaction between autism and pubertal changes. While some alignment existed between desired support and intervention focus, particularly regarding self-care, most intervention studies lacked autistic input and focused on within-child change. Recommendations include early education emphasising the normality of puberty and menstruation, promoting self-care, dignity, advocacy, individualised support, and greater inclusion of autistic voices in research and practice.Lay AbstractMany autistic girls are diagnosed late, wrongly diagnosed, or not diagnosed at all. They can feel misunderstood, unsupported, and very tired from trying to fit into a world that is not designed for them. The early teenage years and puberty can be a particularly difficult time. It is important that research includes the voices of autistic people so that studies focus on what matters most to them and lead to better support. This review included 17 studies about autistic girls’ and women’s experiences of puberty and periods, as well as the views of parents and caregivers. The aim was to understand what challenges autistic girls face during puberty and what kinds of support help the most. The findings showed that many autistic girls did not receive enough education about puberty before it started. Puberty could also affect their wellbeing and make some things harder, such as managing period care. Some support programmes teach practical self-care skills, which matches what many girls say they need. However, most programmes were designed without input from autistic people. The review suggests earlier education about puberty, support for self-care and independence, and greater involvement of autistic people in research and support design are needed.

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15. Tschida JE, Moore L, Powell AC, Willar K, Kalatturu J, Kingstrom A, Peeran I, Drahota A. Bridging Evidence and Practice: A Community-Engaged Adaptation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Autistic Youth With Anxiety Receiving Services in Community-Based Organizations. Autism. 2026: 13623613261484649.

Differences between research and community care settings contribute to a research-to-practice gap. Engaging community partners in intervention adaptation may better align mental health evidence-based practices (MH-EBPs) with community-based settings and intervention recipients. This study utilized a community-engaged intervention adaptation method (i.e., Adapted Method for Program Adaptation through Community Engagement [AM-PACE]) to develop a community-adapted version of Behavioral Interventions for Anxiety in Children with Autism (BIACA). A Community Advisory Board provided ongoing input about study procedures and results. A mixed methods design was used to obtain community members’ ratings of implementation outcomes and perspectives regarding facilitators, barriers, and possible improvements. Thereafter, a sample of community providers (n = 188) comparatively evaluated the original BIACA and community-adapted BIACA. Community-based data were collected in the United States from July 2024 to August 2025. Adaptations to BIACA suggested by the community included three domains: content, delivery, and training/evaluation. Comparative analyses found community providers rated the community-adapted BIACA as more acceptable and appropriate and reported higher intent to use compared to the original BIACA (p’s < .05, d's > .17). Adaptations identified through community engagement may enhance the potential for MH-EBPs, such as BIACA, to be implemented in community-based settings.Lay AbstractAnxiety is common among autistic children and can interfere with daily life, school, and relationships. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective therapy for anxiety, and there are well-established CBT programs designed specifically for autistic youth. However, programs that work well in research settings do not always fit easily into real-world community organizations, such as community mental health centers and outpatient clinics. One reason for this is that autistic youth and adults, caregivers, and community providers are not always involved in shaping how these programs are developed. This study focused on adapting an existing anxiety therapy program for autistic children-Behavioral Interventions for Anxiety in Children with Autism (BIACA)-so that it better fits with the characteristics of community-based settings. The research team used a community-engaged approach, which means that community members were actively involved in reviewing the program and suggesting changes. A Community Advisory Board made up of community members provided guidance throughout the study. In addition, nearly 200 community-based mental health providers reviewed both the original version of BIACA and the adapted version without knowing which was which. We collected community-based data in the United States between July 2024 and August 2025. Community members suggested changes to the therapy’s content, how it is delivered, and how providers are trained and supported to use it. When providers compared the original version of the therapy and the version incorporating the community-suggested changes, they rated the community-adapted version as more acceptable, more appropriate, and more likely to be used in practice. Overall, this study shows that involving community partners to adapt mental health therapies may lead to therapies that providers are more willing and able to use. Community engagement may be a key step in helping effective anxiety therapies reach more autistic youth in everyday care settings.

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16. Xu X, Xu H, Zhang L, He Y. A novel de novo multi-exon deletion of SYT1 in a child with Baker-Gordon syndrome. BMC Pediatr. 2026; 26(1).

BACKGROUND: Baker-Gordon syndrome (BGS) is a rare autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in SYT1, which encodes synaptotagmin-1, a key Ca(2)⁺ sensor for synaptic vesicle exocytosis. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a 13-month-old Chinese boy who presented with global developmental delay, axial hypotonia, stereotypic hand-flapping movements, limited vocalization, and mild facial dysmorphism. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a simplified gyral pattern involving the frontal and parietal lobes. Trio-based whole-exome sequencing with read-depth copy-number variant (CNV) analysis identified a novel de novo heterozygous deletion spanning exons 6-8 of SYT1, which was subsequently confirmed by quantitative PCR. CONCLUSION: This study broadens the mutational spectrum of BGS and provides further evidence that intragenic multi-exon deletions affecting key functional domains may represent an alternative pathogenic mechanism in addition to the predominantly reported missense variants. Our findings also highlight the value of exon-level CNV analysis in the genetic diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders.

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