1. Alberca CD, Park K, Papale LA, Madrid A, Bergmann PE, Keleş S, Alisch RS. Multi-omic data integration improves the resolution of the molecular etiology of autism in a mouse model. Mol Psychiatry. 2026.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder with complex molecular etiology. Since genetic causes account for less than 50% of ASD cases, novel approaches are required to overcome the challenges of characterizing genes and molecular pathways linking risk alleles to phenotype. Here we use RNA-sequencing, 3-dimensional protein-centric chromatin conformation (Hi-ChIP), and whole genome DNA methylation sequencing approaches to investigate hippocampal tissue from an ASD mouse model (Cntnap2 knockout [Cntnap2 KO]) to determine if multi-omic data integration improves the resolution of key molecular pathways contributing to the complex ASD phenotype. Each -omic dataset individually identified disruptions in numerous genes and pathways, providing broad ASD-related insights, such as 1) 699 downregulated genes with an enrichment of neuronal ontological terms; 2) unique chromatin interactions in Cntnap2 KO mice; and 3) that most differentially methylated genes (1220/1659) have a neuronal function. The multi-omic data integration reduced the heterogeneity and refined the data to 43 genes with links to ASD (e.g., Zbtb18, Cttnbp2, Gabbr2). A pathways analysis of these 43 genes identified one gene ontological term: regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity. These findings are consistent with large scale gene expression studies of human ASD postmortem brain tissue, suggesting that multi-omic data integration can be used to achieve a greater resolution of the heterogeneous ASD molecular etiology.

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2. Atsumi T, Ito H, Shinjo A, Fukutomi T, Terao Y, Ide M, Matsushima K. Development and Validation of a Japanese Version of the Sensory Experience Questionnaire (SEQ) 3.0: Structural Differences of Sensory Features Across Autistic Children. Autism Res. 2026: e70317.

People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have unique sensory experiences. For both research and clinical purposes, tools that measure sensory features in autism are valuable; however, a gold-standard tool does not yet exist. The Sensory Experience Questionnaire (SEQ) 3.0 is a well-established caregiver-/parent-report questionnaire for autistic children and other neurodivergent individuals. This study aimed to develop and psychometrically validate the Japanese version of the SEQ 3.0 (SEQ-J). After validation, we examined the differences in sensory response patterns among children with ASD, those with other neurodevelopmental conditions, and typically developing (TD) children to determine whether the SEQ assesses ASD-specific sensory features. We recruited 154 children with ASD (44 with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] and 66 with other conditions) and 156 TD children, aged 6-12 years. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed an acceptable model fit for four content factors (sensory hyper- and hyporesponsiveness, sensory interests, repetitive and seeking behaviors, and enhanced perception) and six method factors (five sensory modalities and social context) in both children with and without ASD. We performed representational similarity analyses (RSAs) on all 10 SEQ factors, comparing both between- and within-group data. The RSAs revealed no difference in within-group similarities between the ASD group with no other developmental conditions and ASD + ADHD groups, but a significant difference in the overall configuration of scores between diagnostic groups compared to other group combinations. These findings support the psychometric validity of the SEQ-J for measuring sensory response patterns specific to children with ASD. Additionally, the structural configuration of SEQ subscores may be useful for investigating sensory features across diagnostic conditions, including ASD. Sensory Experience Questionnaire (SEQ) 3.0 is a well‐established caregiver questionnaire for understanding sensory response patterns in autistic children. We created the Japanese version and showed that it works well and provides consistent results for Japanese children. The SEQ scores on sensory response patterns helped distinguish autistic children from non‐autistic peers, and the sensory experience structure across subscales may also help compare sensory features across other conditions, such as ADHD. eng.

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3. Egwu EO, Chukwuemeka EK, Napoleon T, Oyedele TJ, Davies OO, Christopher UN, Solomon AO, Onwurah CB, Obodoeze AE, Ogungbemi EF, Chizaram ON, Sanusi IO, Akinrinde D, Clement A. Exercise as an Adjunctive Lifestyle Intervention for Psychiatric Comorbidities in Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2026.

PURPOSE: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is frequently accompanied by psychiatric comorbidities, including anxiety, depression, attentional difficulties, irritability, and emotional dysregulation, which substantially impair functioning and quality of life beyond core neurodevelopmental features. Although pharmacologic and behavioral interventions remain central to management, their effectiveness may be limited by adverse effects, variable response, and accessibility barriers. This review examines structured physical exercise as an adjunctive lifestyle intervention for improving psychiatric comorbidities in individuals with ASD. METHODS: A scoping review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted, examining exercise-based interventions in ASD, including aerobic, resistance, mind-body, and school- or community-based programs. Studies reporting psychiatric and behavioral comorbidities across pediatric and adult populations were included. RESULTS: Across studies, exercise participation was associated with reductions in anxiety and other internalizing symptoms, improvements in mood regulation, and enhancements in attention and executive functioning, with the most consistent effects observed in children and adolescents. Additional reported benefits included improved behavioral regulation, increased opportunities for social engagement, and gains in adaptive functioning. However, the evidence base is limited by small and heterogeneous samples, variability in intervention protocols, limited mechanistic investigation, and insufficient long-term follow-up. CONCLUSION: Current evidence supports structured exercise as a safe and accessible adjunctive intervention within multidisciplinary care models for ASD. Future research should prioritize standardized reporting, longitudinal and mechanistic designs, and individualized exercise approaches that account for sensory sensitivities, cognitive profiles, and functional capacity. Formal integration of structured exercise into clinical care pathways may enhance psychiatric outcomes and overall well-being in individuals with ASD.

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4. Gibula-Tarlowska E, Grochecki P, Lubinska J, Sliwa M, Smaga I, Marszalek-Grabska M, Lubec G, Slowik T, Slotwinska W, Kotlinski R, Listos J, Kedzierska E, Filip M, Kotlinska JH. Effects of early postnatal dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibition on social and cognitive behavior in a rat model of autism. Behav Brain Res. 2026; 514: 116400.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in social behavior and cognition. Increasing evidence suggests that alterations in dopaminergic neurotransmission, including changes in dopamine transporter (DAT) function, may contribute to ASD-related behavioral abnormalities. This study investigated whether selective DAT inhibition during early postnatal development influences behavioral and molecular alterations in a rat model of ASD induced by prenatal exposure to sodium valproate (NaVP). Pregnant Wistar rats received NaVP (600 mg/kg, i.p.) on gestational day 12.5. Male offspring were treated with the selective DAT inhibitor CE-123 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) once daily from postnatal day (PND) 10-23. Behavioral assessments during adolescence (PND25-42) evaluated social interaction, recognition memory, spatial preference, anxiety-like behavior, locomotor activity, and aversive memory. DAT, dopamine D2 receptor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) protein expression were assessed in selected brain regions. Prenatal NaVP exposure impaired social novelty discrimination, declarative, spatial, and aversive memory, reduced locomotor activity, and increased anxiety-like behavior. These behavioral alterations were accompanied by elevated DAT and dopamine D2 receptor expression. Early postnatal CE-123 treatment attenuated several ASD-like behavioral abnormalities, normalized DAT and dopamine D2 receptor expression, increased BDNF levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and increased IL-1β expression, without inducing non-specific locomotor stimulation. Together, these findings demonstrate that early postnatal CE-123 treatment was associated with long-lasting behavioral improvements accompanied by alterations in dopaminergic markers and BDNF expression. Although these findings support a role for dopaminergic regulation and neuroplasticity in the observed behavioral effects, the underlying mechanisms require further investigation.

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5. Hintelmann C, Kota S, Hargwood P, Li L. Dysphagia in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Scoping Review. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2025.

OBJECTIVE: There are four phases of swallowing: oral preparatory, oral transit, oropharyngeal, and esophageal. Disruption of any phase(s) can lead to dysphagia. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children have a high rate of dysphagia compared with neurotypical peers. This scoping review aims to identify the phases of swallow affected in ASD children and highlight the role of the otolaryngologist in evaluating dysphagia in ASD children. DATA SOURCES: Pubmed, Embase, APA PsycInfo, and Google Scholar. REVIEW METHODS: A scoping review using the above databases was performed of studies from January 2003 to September 2024 evaluating dysphagia in ASD children. Two reviewers independently screened all abstracts, and three reviewers independently performed full-text screening to ensure studies met predefined inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Of the 637 unique abstracts identified, 20 articles were included. Oral phase swallowing was evaluated in 19 (95%) studies, with food selectivity (n = 11 [55%]), oromotor impairment (n = 9 [45%]), and oral hypersensitivity (n = 7 [35%]) being the most consistently reported issues in ASD children. Oropharyngeal and esophageal swallowing were evaluated in 7 (30%) and 8 (40%) studies, respectively. Otolaryngology (ENT)-specific symptoms were reported in 3 (15%) of studies, which included drooling, mouth breathing, and nasal congestion. CONCLUSION: While oral phase dysphagia in ASD children is commonly reported, there is limited information on oropharyngeal and esophageal dysphagia. Further research is needed to identify ENT-specific symptoms associated with dysphagia in ASD children, as otolaryngologists play a crucial role in diagnosing and treating anatomic abnormalities that contribute to dysphagia.

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6. Hu Z, Xiang R, Luo H, Hu D, Kang H, Li H, Fan X, Peng Y. Predicting brain age in children aged 2-6 years with autism spectrum disorders using routine T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Investig. 2026.

IMPORTANCE: Early childhood (ages 2-6 years) represents a dynamic phase of brain maturation and a critical window for the emergence of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the maturational patterns of the brain during this period remain underexplored, especially regarding the utility of routine clinical imaging. OBJECTIVE: To develop a brain age prediction model using routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and characterize maturational deviations in children with ASD. METHODS: We retrospectively collected MRI data from 2010 typically developing children (TDC) and 822 children with ASD (aged 2-6 years). A brain age prediction model based on T1- and T2-weighted MRI was developed using machine learning algorithms in the TDC cohort and subsequently applied to the ASD cohort. Model performance was assessed using the mean absolute error (MAE) and Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC). Brain age difference (BAD) was compared between the two groups, followed by age-matched analyses and age-stratified comparisons. RESULTS: The Ridge regression model demonstrated a robust performance in the TDC testing set (MAE = 0.526 years, PCC = 0.812) and showed comparable predictive performance in the ASD cohort (MAE = 0.497 years, PCC = 0.775). Age-matched analysis revealed significantly delayed brain maturation in ASD patients compared with TDC patients (P < 0.001). Stratified analysis identified nominal delays in ASD subgroups aged 3-4 years and 4-5 years, with a trend toward relatively advanced predicted brain age by ages 5-6 years. INTERPRETATION: This routine MRI-based brain age prediction model demonstrated good performance, with low prediction error and high correlation between predicted and chronological age, in estimating the brain age of TDC and ASD. It revealed a dynamic, age-related pattern in children with ASD, highlighting developmental heterogeneity across early childhood.

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7. Kurz EM, Bölte S, Falck-Ytter T. Sleep in Young Children With Autism, ADHD and Combined Presentations. Autism Res. 2026: e70326.

Autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are often accompanied by sleep problems. Longitudinal studies hint towards a greater proportion of persisting sleep problems across early development in neurodivergent compared to neurotypical individuals. Within the context of a prospective infant sibling study of autism and ADHD (n = 209), we compared early caregiver-rated sleep trajectories of individuals diagnosed with autism, ADHD or cooccurring autism and ADHD (AuDHD) at 36 months with two groups that did not meet diagnostic criteria-one group of individuals with and one without elevated likelihood of autism and/or ADHD. Sleep behaviors assessed at 10 and 14 months (i.e., number of night awakenings and settle durations) did not differ between individuals with and without a diagnosis of autism and/or ADHD. At 24 and 36 months, individuals diagnosed with autism and/or ADHD took longer to fall asleep, had less sufficient sleep, more parasomnia-related behaviors and had greater overall sleep disturbance than those without a diagnosis, suggesting that their sleep problems are more circumscribed than often reported for older age ranges. In autism specifically, bedtime resistance improved from 24 to 36 months. While additional studies incorporating objective sleep measures are needed, the current results indicate that sleep involvement in neurodevelopmental conditions may mainly reflect transdiagnostic rather than diagnosis-specific processes in early childhood. Both autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are often accompanied by sleep problems although findings from early childhood are mixed and little is known about individuals with cooccurring autism and ADHD (AuDHD). During toddlerhood subtle differences regarding a few specific caregiver‐rated sleep behaviors emerged between individuals with a diagnosis of autism and/or ADHD compared to those without a diagnosis. Overall, these findings suggest that emerging sleep problems may reflect processes shared across autism and ADHD rather than patterns that are unique to either diagnosis. eng.

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8. Lee SH, Liao CC, Chou TL, Gau SS. Neural Endophenotypes of Semantic Processing and Social Functioning in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Res. 2026: e70320.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is highly heritable; however, the neural architecture underlying semantic processing and social functioning, and the extent to which it reflects familial liability, remains insufficiently understood. Unaffected siblings (SIB), who share substantial genetic liability with individuals with ASD, offer a critical framework for identifying intermediate neural phenotypes. We examined 36 individuals with ASD, 36 SIB, and 37 typically developing (TD) controls, matched for age, IQ, and handedness. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a semantic judgment task was used to compare neural activation across groups and to assess whether associations with social functioning, measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), reflected familial risk or dimensional continuity across the autism spectrum. Group comparisons revealed a graded endophenotypic pattern in inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) activation, with reduced activation in ASD and intermediate responses in SIB. The middle temporal gyrus (MTG) showed a similar but weaker gradient, with SIB not differing significantly from TD. Both ASD and SIB also demonstrated heightened cuneus activation, consistent with a heritable compensatory shift toward perceptual processing. Importantly, reduced MTG activation, along with a weaker marginal pattern in the IFG, was associated with higher SRS scores in both the familial and full samples, suggesting an association between semantic activation and social functioning. These findings clarify how familial liability and dimensional variation jointly shape the neural organization of semantic processing and social functioning in ASD.

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9. Lilitwat W. Brain-age prediction in autism: Translating imaging biomarkers without overstating clinical meaning. Pediatr Investig. 2026.

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10. Liu X, Gong L, He M. Tuning Rather Than Replacing: MECP2 Isoform Switching Opens a New Therapeutic Avenue for Rett Syndrome. Neurosci Bull. 2026.

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11. Maes P, Tafolla M, Benrey N, Rosen N, Tager-Flusberg H, Lord C. Language Adaptation of Young Bilingual Autistic Children During Semi-Naturalistic Interactions With Their Caregivers. Autism Res. 2026: e70319.

Although bilingualism is now recognized as having no adverse effects on language outcomes in autistic children, little is known about how it manifests in early development, particularly in minimally speaking children who may show unique patterns of bilingual expression. The present study used naturalistic language sampling to characterize bilingual language use in minimally speaking autistic children and their caregivers. Video recordings of 31 minimally speaking autistic children interacting with their caregivers during two separate sessions of the Brief Observation of Symptoms of Autism (BOSA)-one in English and one in Spanish-were transcribed and analyzed for language skills (mean length of utterance in words, number of different words), speaking rate (utterances per minute), and use of English, Spanish, or mixed-language utterances. We found that children were slightly more proficient in English than in Spanish, especially in the number of different words. Both children and caregivers produced similar rates of speech across the English and Spanish BOSA sessions, suggesting that language choice did not quantitatively impact their interaction. Finally, children aligned with their caregivers’ language use more consistently in English than in Spanish. Although they responded in Spanish when caregivers used Spanish, they also switched into English a lot during the Spanish BOSA. These findings suggest that minimally speaking autistic children flexibly adapt to their caregiver’s language while showing an early advantage or preference for their societally dominant language.

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12. Nimbley E, Austin A, Tchanturia K, Thomas K, Jones CRG, Gillespie-Smith K, Duffy F. Clinician Perspectives on Barriers and Enablers to Autism-Affirming Eating Disorder Care. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2026.

OBJECTIVE: Autistic people with an eating disorder (ED) report more negative experiences of ED treatment and are at greater risk of requiring higher intensity services. Current ED treatment options do not fully meet underpinning drivers of autistic people’s experiences of EDs. There remains little guidance or understanding on how autism-informed adaptations are implemented. This paper aims to explore clinician-perceived barriers and enablers to implementing autism-affirming adaptations in UK ED services. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 clinicians in multidisciplinary roles across UK ED services who were beginning to implement autism-affirming care. Data were analysed using critical realist thematic analysis. RESULTS: Clinicians described many barriers associated with implementing autism-affirming care underpinned by longstanding beliefs about the risks of accommodating ED behaviours. This contributed to anxiety about making adaptations to care and the potential to over- or under-accommodate autistic needs. An underlying assumption that evidence-based practice solely equates to manualised treatment for EDs constrained adaptation. A commitment to individualised formulation and care, regardless of diagnosis, and valuing a diverse multidisciplinary team were key enablers. System-level barriers included siloed autism and ED resources and training. CONCLUSIONS: Autism-affirming adaptations challenge some core underpinning messages historically embedded in siloed ED services.

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13. Oliveira JA, Lemos MJ, Queiroz LF, Sciorilli JV, Tran T, Ortiz IO, Armstrong BBS, de Oliveira FR. Prenatal exposure to paracetamol and risk of autism spectrum disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2026; 48.

OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis aimed to assess the ASD risk in offspring exposed to prenatal acetaminophen compared to non-exposed offspring. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases up to October 2025. Studies were included if they involved pregnant women, compared exposed versus non-exposed groups, were RCTs or cohort studies, and reported ASD outcomes. Data was extracted independently by two authors, with discrepancies resolved by consensus. Statistical analyses used odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals, Cochran Q, and I² statistics with a random-effects model. Study quality was appraised using the ROBINS-E tool. RESULTS: Eight studies, involving 2,560,208 patients, were included. Pooled results showed an 18% increased risk of ASD diagnosis (p <0.0001) and a non-significant 16% increase for ASD symptoms (p=0.1719). Dose-response relationships and gender-specific effects were reported by studies, while familial confounding and "some concerns" to "high" risk of bias were identified. CONCLUSION: A consistent, albeit modest, association was found. These findings emphasize the necessity for careful benefit-risk assessments and informed dialogue with expectant mothers regarding pain and fever management during pregnancy.PROSPERO: CRD420251160888.

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14. Saif AGF. The Proposed Clustering Model to Predict Autism Spectrum Disorder in Toddlers. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2026; 16(3): 249-64.

OBJECTIVE: To introduce a robust clustering model for the early prediction of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in toddlers. METHODS: Five parametric and five non-parametric clustering algorithms were employed using all available features of a dataset obtained from Kaggle.com. The performance of these algorithms was evaluated through a comparative analysis based on several metrics, including the Silhouette Score (SS), Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI), adjusted rand index (ARI), Fowlkes-Mallows index (FMI), normalized mutual information (NMI), standard deviation (SD), and processing time (PT). RESULTS: The results demonstrate that the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) achieved superior performance compared with the other algorithms on this dataset. The best results were observed in terms of both clustering performance (SS = 0.1952, DBI = 1.8038, ARI = 0.9730, FMI = 0.9884, NMI = 0.9439) and time efficiency (an average of 4.1998 s over five runs) when training and testing were conducted on the entire dataset. When the dataset was split into training and testing sets, GMM achieved the following performance: SS = 0.2108, DBI = 1.6722, ARI = 1, FMI = 1, NMI = 1, and SD=0.0818. CONCLUSION: ASD is a long-term neurological condition that requires early, rapid, accurate, and effective diagnosis to ensure appropriate healthcare intervention. Traditional diagnostic methods are often time-consuming and costly. Consequently, machine learning approaches have emerged as faster and more cost-effective alternatives for ASD diagnosis. In this study, GMM showed superior performance among the algorithms compared within this dataset, but should not be interpreted as a diagnostic tool without further validation.

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15. Sarintra N, Pesek R, Ayers T, Tootle C, Bharwani SS, Ramirez A, Khan HH. Transnasal endoscopy for eosinophilic esophagitis surveillance in adolescents with mild autism spectrum disorder: A single-center case series. JPGN Rep. 2026; 7(3): 465-70.

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience sensory sensitivities and procedural anxiety, which can complicate sedated esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Transnasal endoscopy (TNE) is a less invasive, unsedated alternative, but data on its use in this population are limited. We evaluated the safety, tolerability, and clinical utility of sedation-free TNE in adolescents with Level 1 ASD (mild autism) undergoing surveillance for eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). In this retrospective case series, five adolescents (mean age 13.2 years; 80% male) underwent TNE between April 2024 and April 2025. We assessed procedural success, adverse events, biopsy adequacy, and behavioral strategies. All procedures were completed successfully without sedation or serious adverse events. Child Life Specialists (CLSs) supported 80% of cases, using behavioral aids, such as virtual reality (VR) goggles and desensitization tools. Mean procedure time was 10.75 ± 1.96 min. We concluded that TNE is a safe and feasible alternative to sedated EGD in carefully selected adolescents with mild ASD and warrants further study in larger cohorts.

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16. Sticinski EV, Earnshaw VA, Eidelman S, Karpyn A, Chai SC. Caregiver Strain and Quality of Life in Parents of Offspring With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Moderating Effects of Caregiver Age and Mutuality. J Autism Dev Disord. 2026.

PURPOSE: To examine caregiver age and mutuality as moderators in the relationship between caregiver strain and quality of life (QoL) among caregivers of offspring with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD). METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 186 parents of offspring with I/DD. Moderation and three-way interaction analyses were performed using Hayes’ PROCESS macro to test caregiver age, mutuality, and their interaction as moderators of the association between caregiver strain and quality of life. RESULTS: The three-way interaction (caregiver strain × mutuality × caregiver age) was statistically significant (p = .01). Higher mutuality buffered the negative impact of caregiver strain on quality of life, but only among younger caregivers. CONCLUSION: Mutuality serves as an important buffer against the detrimental effects of caregiver strain on quality of life for younger caregivers. However, this buffering effect diminishes as caregivers age. Interventions may benefit from an age-tailored approach, such as enhancing mutuality and relational support for younger caregivers while prioritizing tangible, practical support for older caregivers. These strategies could strengthen the design and delivery of caregiver support programs and policies.

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