1. Hashimoto K, Nishimura S, Tan H, Goto K. Surgical Timing Considerations in osteosarcoma patients with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of indirect evidence and a conceptual framework. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2026; 34(3): 10225536261499469.

PurposeDirect evidence on optimal surgical timing in patients with osteosarcoma and coexisting autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is lacking. We systematically reviewed the available indirect evidence and developed a conceptual framework to support individualised multidisciplinary decision-making.MethodsPubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched from database inception through 7 January 2026, across three domains: osteosarcoma surgical timing, perioperative care in ASD, and cancer treatment adaptations in ASD and related neurodevelopmental populations. Findings were synthesised narratively in accordance with PRISMA 2020 and interpreted according to evidentiary directness and methodological quality.ResultsOf 1,327 records screened, 156 full-text articles were assessed and 32 studies were included (10 on osteosarcoma surgical timing, 17 on ASD perioperative care, and 5 on cancer treatment in ASD and related neurodevelopmental populations). No study directly evaluated surgical timing and outcomes in patients with both conditions. In general osteosarcoma cohorts, prolonged treatment intervals were associated with adverse outcomes, including reduced tumour necrosis when the chemotherapy-surgery interval exceeded four weeks (p=0.03) and poorer survival when adjuvant chemotherapy was resumed late after surgery.ConclusionsCurrent evidence does not support ASD-specific surgical timing thresholds in osteosarcoma. We propose a three-domain conceptual framework that keeps oncologic urgency primary while using ASD-informed adaptations-such as early multidisciplinary planning, structured preoperative preparation, sensory-adapted environments, and individualised anaesthesia and communication planning-to support timely and feasible care.

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2. Katz C, Spiwak R, Tan Q, Roos L, McHardy RJW, Katz LY. Sibling Outcomes Among Probands with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Population-wide Longitudinal Cohort Study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2026.

Living with an Autistic sibling presents unique challenges for their siblings. Previous literature reports increased psychiatric problems in siblings of autistic probands, but other areas of functioning remain underexplored at the population-level. This study investigates whether these siblings have different rates of mental disorders, hospitalized suicide attempts, psychotropic medication prescriptions, physical health burden, and educational outcomes against siblings of Down Syndrome probands and siblings of individuals without neurodevelopmental disorders (Neurotypical). Using population-based administrative data, three longitudinal matched cohorts evaluated outcomes over a 10-24-year follow-up. After accounting for covariates, siblings of autistic probands (N = 5,409) evidenced increased risk of all mental disorders except substance use disorder versus siblings of Neurotypical probands (N = 328,015), and increased risk of select disorders versus siblings of Down Syndrome probands (N = 3,952). Siblings of autistic probands were more likely to be prescribed psychotropic medications than either comparator and more likely to experience developmental delays than siblings of Neurotypical probands.

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3. Nadif O, Maghnaoui FZ, Chiheb M. Inhibitory control assessed by neuropsychological tests in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of the Western and Central European literature. Appl Neuropsychol Child. 2026: 1-8.

BACKGROUND: Inhibitory control (IC) is a core executive function impaired in both attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). No systematic review has yet synthesized IC profiles across both disorders using standardized neuropsychological tasks in Western and Central European pediatric populations. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to map IC deficits across four inhibitory domains in children and adolescents with ADHD and/or ASD. All cross-disorder observations reflect indirect comparisons from separate bodies of literature, as no included study directly compared both disorders within the same sample. METHODS: PubMed and Scopus were systematically searched (2000-2025). Two independent reviewers screened 129 records following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Quality was appraised using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. A narrative synthesis was conducted due to substantial heterogeneity across paradigms and populations. RESULTS: Ten studies met inclusion criteria (7 ADHD, 3 ASD; N ≥ 667). ADHD was linked to response disinhibition, elevated reaction time (RT) variability, and impaired post-error adaptation. ASD showed difficulties in prepotent response suppression and self-monitoring, with motor inhibition largely preserved. CONCLUSIONS: The separate ADHD and ASD literatures suggest potentially different inhibitory profiles based on indirect evidence. These findings support multi-domain IC assessment and provide an empirical baseline for future cross-cultural research in non-Western populations.

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4. Nogay NH. The potential role of dietary polyphenols in the management of gastrointestinal issues in autism spectrum disorder. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2026: 1-19.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition, frequently comorbid with heterogeneous gastrointestinal (GI) pathologies, including Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), and functional motility disorders. Emerging evidence implicates the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of these GI anomalies. Dietary polyphenols, characterized by potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuromodulatory properties, represent a promising candidate approach for exploring the management of these comorbid conditions. This review critically examines the proposed molecular mechanisms by which specific phenolic compounds (e.g., resveratrol, quercetin and curcumin) may mitigate GI symptoms in ASD. Mechanistically, preclinical evidence suggests that polyphenols may help restore intestinal barrier integrity by upregulating tight junction proteins, suppress mucosal inflammation via the downregulation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB)/NOD-like Receptor Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3(NLRP3) pathways, and regulate gut motility through enteric neurotransmitter modulation. However, direct clinical efficacy in individuals with ASD remains largely unproven. Future clinical directions are proposed, focusing on the incorporation of low-fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) natural food matrices and the development of controlled food fortification strategies over isolated high-dose supplementation. This work provides a theoretical foundation and a concise roadmap for advancing polyphenol-based dietary interventions in the management of GI pathophysiology in ASD.

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5. Ogourtsova T, Lamontagne A, Mahmoudi E, Pietrangelo F. WE PLAY | ON JOUE – Family-Centered Virtual Reality Games Room for Children with Developmental Disabilities and Their Families: A Feasibility Case Study. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2026: 1-27.

AIMS: To explore the feasibility, satisfaction with, enjoyment of, acceptability, and preliminary effects of joint virtual reality (VR) sessions targeting physical engagement in youth with disabilities and relaxation in caregivers. METHODS: In a mini-ethnographic case study, four youth-caregiver dyads completed weekly 30-minute immersive VR sessions over four weeks. Youth (aged 10-20 years) with cerebral palsy (n = 2), autism with motor dyspraxia (n = 1), and CHARGE syndrome (n = 1) used the AstroSurfer app targeting motor functions. Caregivers simultaneously engaged with the TRIPP(®) app for relaxation and meditation. Pre- and post-intervention measures included the Trunk Control Measurement Scale and the Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test (youth), the Parental Stress Scale and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (caregivers). Enjoyment ratings (0-10, at each session) and exit interviews were completed. RESULTS: Although standardized motor outcomes showed limited overall change over the intervention period, improvements were observed in one youth participant. Reductions in stress were noted for three caregivers. Enjoyment ratings were high (7-10/10 for youth; 9-10/10 for caregivers), with engaging gameplay and relaxation identified as key benefits. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide preliminary support for the potential feasibility and acceptability of family-centered VR interventions in pediatric rehabilitation, warranting evaluation in larger studies.

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6. Yujiao C, Shanshan L, Meng Z, Aiping M, Xiang W, Yousheng Y, Chenghong Y. TP-PCR combined with long-read sequencing for screening of fragile X syndrome carriers. Neurol Sci. 2026; 47(11).

BACKGROUND: To accurately screen Fragile X syndrome (FXS) carriers during pregnancy, number of CGG repeats for full mutation (FM), low-proportion mosaicism, the presence of AGG interruptions, and microdeletions were identified. METHODS: Long-read sequencing (LRS) was developed and evaluated premutation (PM) by comparing to triplet repeat-primed PCR (TP-PCR). In the follow-up, pregnancy outcomes in carrying FMR1 expanded alleles and the screening of their newborn offspring were inquired. RESULTS: The results showed that LRS could accurately detect CGG repeats in clinical samples (blood and amniotic fluid samples) with premutation (PM). Furthermore, LRS could directly determine that mosaicism in FXS (29/48/77 repeats), offering a mosaicism ratio of 3%. The results of CGG repeats of FMR1 by LRS demonstrated that a history of infertility had PM alleles (29/71 repeats). In addition, LRS demonstrated a 71 bp deletion exon 1 of FMR1 in carrying PM, whereas CGG repeats was lower than 0 via detecting by TP-PCR. CONCLUSION: Our study provides the first evidence of low-proportion mosaicism and microdeletion via LRS method, which may prove to be an option for the additional cases of FXS during pregnancy.

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7. Zhang S, Han C, Si Y, Tan J, Pan X, Li K, Wang M, Yue X, Yu X, Wei W, Bai Y, Wang M. Altered stability of dynamic functional architecture in the co-occurrence of autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuroscience. 2026.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently co-occur, whereas the underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to identify alterations in dynamic functional architecture across ASD, ADHD, and their comorbidity. This study selected 287 participants from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange and ADHD-200 datasets, divided into ASD without ADHD (ASD-only), ADHD without ASD (ADHD-only), ASD + ADHD, and typically developing (TD) groups. In this study, we employed dynamic functional stability at the voxel level by measuring the temporal concordance of dynamic functional connectivity (DFC). Furthermore, whole-brain DFC analyses were conducted using clusters with significant stability alterations as seed regions. Group comparisons and correlation analyses were subsequently performed. Our results showed significant group differences in functional stability in the left superior frontal gyrus, orbital part (ORBsup), right pallidum, and left amygdala. Seed-based analyses identified altered DFC variability between the left amygdala and three regions, including the right middle temporal gyrus (MTG), the left insula, and the left superior occipital gyrus (SOG). Notably, DFC variability between the left amygdala and right MTG was significantly negatively correlated with Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) scores in the comorbidity group (r = – 0.620, p < 0.01, FDR corrected). From a dynamic perspective, our findings revealed that ASD, ADHD, and their comorbidity exhibited commonanduniquechanges in brain function, thereby enhancing our understanding of the pathogenesis underlying ASD + ADHD.

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