Academic learning challenges and links to vocational outcomes in young autistic adults / Diego ARAGON-GUEVARA ; Goldie A. MCQUAID ; Gregory L. WALLACE ; Nancy R. LEE in Autism, 28-12 (December 2024)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 28-12 (December 2024) . - p.3143-3155 Titre : Academic learning challenges and links to vocational outcomes in young autistic adults Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Diego ARAGON-GUEVARA, Auteur ; Goldie A. MCQUAID, Auteur ; Gregory L. WALLACE, Auteur ; Nancy R. LEE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.3143-3155 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : adult  autism spectrum disorders  cognition (attention  learning  memory)  vocational/labor force participation Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Obtaining and maintaining employment can be a challenge for autistic adults and learning challenges may be related to vocational outcomes in this population. The present study sought to evaluate the Learning Needs Screening Tool to identify autistic job seekers who may benefit from additional services to obtain employment. A total of 401 autistic adults participated in this study. Internal consistency of Learning Needs Screening Tool items was evaluated. A principal component analysis was then completed to understand the measure?s factor structure and evaluations of external validity were completed. Evaluation of the screening items of the Learning Needs Screening Tool revealed high internal consistency. Three factors (Orthography, Arithmetic, and Retrospective Learning and Service Receipt) emerged. Overall, 56% of the sample screened positive on the Learning Needs Screening Tool, indicating a history of learning challenges. Analysis of history of special education receipt and vocational outcomes showed strong external validity for the measure. Results support the utility of the Learning Needs Screening Tool as a possible screening tool to evaluate learning challenges in autistic job seekers. As those who screened positive were more likely to have no vocational/educational activities, knowledge of retrospective learning needs may help vocational counselors identify autistic adults who need greater supports when seeking and obtaining jobs. Lay abstract Finding a job can be hard for autistic adults. No studies have been completed that look into whether having difficulties learning and troubles finding a job are related in this population. The current study did so by evaluating the Learning Needs Screening Tool, a measure of learning challenges used in vocational rehabilitation settings, or places meant to help people find work. A total of 401 autistic adults completed this study online. Specifically, the study evaluated (a) the characteristics of the Learning Needs Screening Tool, including the relationships between questions that ask about similar learning challenges, and (b) the ability of the measure to relate to real-world outcomes that are associated with learning difficulties, namely prior special education receipt and difficulties finding a job. Evaluation of the questions asked on the Learning Needs Screening Tool revealed that they were highly related and that learning difficulties fell into different categories. Fifty-six percent of the people in the study showed learning challenges on the measure. People who were identified as having learning difficulties on the Learning Needs Screening Tool had higher rates of receiving special education services in the past and lower rates of current employment. These results suggest that the Learning Needs Screening Tool may help to identify autistic job seekers who have learning difficulties and may have more challenges finding a job. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613241255774 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=543 [article] Academic learning challenges and links to vocational outcomes in young autistic adults [texte imprimé] / Diego ARAGON-GUEVARA, Auteur ; Goldie A. MCQUAID, Auteur ; Gregory L. WALLACE, Auteur ; Nancy R. LEE, Auteur . - p.3143-3155. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 28-12 (December 2024) . - p.3143-3155 Mots-clés : adult  autism spectrum disorders  cognition (attention  learning  memory)  vocational/labor force participation Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Obtaining and maintaining employment can be a challenge for autistic adults and learning challenges may be related to vocational outcomes in this population. The present study sought to evaluate the Learning Needs Screening Tool to identify autistic job seekers who may benefit from additional services to obtain employment. A total of 401 autistic adults participated in this study. Internal consistency of Learning Needs Screening Tool items was evaluated. A principal component analysis was then completed to understand the measure?s factor structure and evaluations of external validity were completed. Evaluation of the screening items of the Learning Needs Screening Tool revealed high internal consistency. Three factors (Orthography, Arithmetic, and Retrospective Learning and Service Receipt) emerged. Overall, 56% of the sample screened positive on the Learning Needs Screening Tool, indicating a history of learning challenges. Analysis of history of special education receipt and vocational outcomes showed strong external validity for the measure. Results support the utility of the Learning Needs Screening Tool as a possible screening tool to evaluate learning challenges in autistic job seekers. As those who screened positive were more likely to have no vocational/educational activities, knowledge of retrospective learning needs may help vocational counselors identify autistic adults who need greater supports when seeking and obtaining jobs. Lay abstract Finding a job can be hard for autistic adults. No studies have been completed that look into whether having difficulties learning and troubles finding a job are related in this population. The current study did so by evaluating the Learning Needs Screening Tool, a measure of learning challenges used in vocational rehabilitation settings, or places meant to help people find work. A total of 401 autistic adults completed this study online. Specifically, the study evaluated (a) the characteristics of the Learning Needs Screening Tool, including the relationships between questions that ask about similar learning challenges, and (b) the ability of the measure to relate to real-world outcomes that are associated with learning difficulties, namely prior special education receipt and difficulties finding a job. Evaluation of the questions asked on the Learning Needs Screening Tool revealed that they were highly related and that learning difficulties fell into different categories. Fifty-six percent of the people in the study showed learning challenges on the measure. People who were identified as having learning difficulties on the Learning Needs Screening Tool had higher rates of receiving special education services in the past and lower rates of current employment. These results suggest that the Learning Needs Screening Tool may help to identify autistic job seekers who have learning difficulties and may have more challenges finding a job. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613241255774 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=543

Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder: Examining the roles of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing / Goldie A. MCQUAID in Autism, 26-2 (February 2022)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 26-2 (February 2022) . - p.552-559 Titre : Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder: Examining the roles of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Goldie A. MCQUAID, Auteur ; Nancy R. LEE, Auteur ; Gregory L. WALLACE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.552-559 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : adults  autism  camouflaging  diagnosis  gender  sex Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder refers to behaviors and/or strategies that mask the presentation of autism spectrum disorder features in social contexts in order to appear "non-autistic" (Attwood, 2007). Camouflaging modifies the behavioral presentation of core autism spectrum disorder features (e.g. social and communication differences), but the underlying autistic profile is unaffected, yielding a mismatch between external observable features and the internal lived experience of autism. Camouflaging could be an important factor in later diagnosis of individuals without co-occurring intellectual disability, especially among those designated female sex at birth. Little research to date has examined how gender identity impacts camouflaging, however. Furthermore, no study has compared groups that differ in diagnostic timing to directly investigate if later-diagnosed individuals show elevated camouflaging relative to those receiving an earlier diagnosis. We used the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire subscales (Assimilation, Compensation, and Masking) and investigated the roles of sex, gender identity (gender diverse vs cisgender), and diagnostic timing (childhood/adolescent-diagnosed vs adult-diagnosed), and the interactions of these factors, in autistic adults (N = 502; ages 18-49 years). Main effects of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing were revealed. Autistic females reported more camouflaging across all three Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire subscales compared to males. Gender diverse adults reported elevated camouflaging on the Compensation subscale compared to cisgender adults. Adulthood-diagnosed individuals reported elevated Assimilation and Compensation compared to childhood/adolescence-diagnosed individuals. We discuss how the aspects of camouflaging may have unique implications for later diagnostic timing and for the intersection of neurodiversity and gender diversity. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613211042131 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=452 [article] Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder: Examining the roles of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing [texte imprimé] / Goldie A. MCQUAID, Auteur ; Nancy R. LEE, Auteur ; Gregory L. WALLACE, Auteur . - p.552-559. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 26-2 (February 2022) . - p.552-559 Mots-clés : adults  autism  camouflaging  diagnosis  gender  sex Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder refers to behaviors and/or strategies that mask the presentation of autism spectrum disorder features in social contexts in order to appear "non-autistic" (Attwood, 2007). Camouflaging modifies the behavioral presentation of core autism spectrum disorder features (e.g. social and communication differences), but the underlying autistic profile is unaffected, yielding a mismatch between external observable features and the internal lived experience of autism. Camouflaging could be an important factor in later diagnosis of individuals without co-occurring intellectual disability, especially among those designated female sex at birth. Little research to date has examined how gender identity impacts camouflaging, however. Furthermore, no study has compared groups that differ in diagnostic timing to directly investigate if later-diagnosed individuals show elevated camouflaging relative to those receiving an earlier diagnosis. We used the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire subscales (Assimilation, Compensation, and Masking) and investigated the roles of sex, gender identity (gender diverse vs cisgender), and diagnostic timing (childhood/adolescent-diagnosed vs adult-diagnosed), and the interactions of these factors, in autistic adults (N = 502; ages 18-49 years). Main effects of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing were revealed. Autistic females reported more camouflaging across all three Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire subscales compared to males. Gender diverse adults reported elevated camouflaging on the Compensation subscale compared to cisgender adults. Adulthood-diagnosed individuals reported elevated Assimilation and Compensation compared to childhood/adolescence-diagnosed individuals. We discuss how the aspects of camouflaging may have unique implications for later diagnostic timing and for the intersection of neurodiversity and gender diversity. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613211042131 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=452

Cardiovascular disease risk factors in autistic adults: The impact of sleep quality and antipsychotic medication use / Lauren BISHOP in Autism Research, 16-3 (March 2023)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 16-3 (March 2023) . - p.569-579 Titre : Cardiovascular disease risk factors in autistic adults: The impact of sleep quality and antipsychotic medication use Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Lauren BISHOP, Auteur ; Rebecca A. CHARLTON, Auteur ; Kiley J. MCLEAN, Auteur ; Goldie A. MCQUAID, Auteur ; Nancy R. LEE, Auteur ; Gregory L. WALLACE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.569-579 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abstract Approximately 40% of American adults are affected by cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (e.g., high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and overweight or obesity), and risk among autistic adults may be even higher. Mechanisms underlying the high prevalence of CVD risk factors in autistic people may include known correlates of CVD risk factors in other groups, including high levels of perceived stress, poor sleep quality, and antipsychotic medication use. A sample of 545 autistic adults without intellectual disability aged 18+ were recruited through the Simons Foundation Powering Autism Research, Research Match. Multiple linear regression models examined the association between key independent variables (self-reported perceived stress, sleep quality, and antipsychotic medication use) and CVD risk factors, controlling for demographic variables (age, sex assigned at birth, race, low-income status, autistic traits). Overall, 73.2% of autistic adults in our sample had an overweight/obesity classification, 45.3% had high cholesterol, 39.4% had high blood pressure, and 10.3% had diabetes. Older age, male sex assigned at birth, and poorer sleep quality were associated with a higher number of CVD risk factors. Using antipsychotic medications was associated with an increased likelihood of having diabetes. Poorer sleep quality was associated with an increased likelihood of having an overweight/obesity classification. Self-reported CVD risk factors are highly prevalent among autistic adults. Both improving sleep quality and closely monitoring CVD risk factors among autistic adults who use antipsychotic medications have the potential to reduce risk for CVD. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2872 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=498 [article] Cardiovascular disease risk factors in autistic adults: The impact of sleep quality and antipsychotic medication use [texte imprimé] / Lauren BISHOP, Auteur ; Rebecca A. CHARLTON, Auteur ; Kiley J. MCLEAN, Auteur ; Goldie A. MCQUAID, Auteur ; Nancy R. LEE, Auteur ; Gregory L. WALLACE, Auteur . - p.569-579. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 16-3 (March 2023) . - p.569-579 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Abstract Approximately 40% of American adults are affected by cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (e.g., high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and overweight or obesity), and risk among autistic adults may be even higher. Mechanisms underlying the high prevalence of CVD risk factors in autistic people may include known correlates of CVD risk factors in other groups, including high levels of perceived stress, poor sleep quality, and antipsychotic medication use. A sample of 545 autistic adults without intellectual disability aged 18+ were recruited through the Simons Foundation Powering Autism Research, Research Match. Multiple linear regression models examined the association between key independent variables (self-reported perceived stress, sleep quality, and antipsychotic medication use) and CVD risk factors, controlling for demographic variables (age, sex assigned at birth, race, low-income status, autistic traits). Overall, 73.2% of autistic adults in our sample had an overweight/obesity classification, 45.3% had high cholesterol, 39.4% had high blood pressure, and 10.3% had diabetes. Older age, male sex assigned at birth, and poorer sleep quality were associated with a higher number of CVD risk factors. Using antipsychotic medications was associated with an increased likelihood of having diabetes. Poorer sleep quality was associated with an increased likelihood of having an overweight/obesity classification. Self-reported CVD risk factors are highly prevalent among autistic adults. Both improving sleep quality and closely monitoring CVD risk factors among autistic adults who use antipsychotic medications have the potential to reduce risk for CVD. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2872 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=498

Cardiovascular risk and emotion regulation contribute to depression symptomatology in middle-aged and older autistic adults / Rebecca A. CHARLTON in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 101 (March 2023)  

Public ISBD [article]  inResearch in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 101 (March 2023) . - 102089 Titre : Cardiovascular risk and emotion regulation contribute to depression symptomatology in middle-aged and older autistic adults Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Rebecca A. CHARLTON, Auteur ; Goldie A. MCQUAID, Auteur ; Lauren BISHOP, Auteur ; Gregory L. WALLACE, Auteur Article en page(s) : 102089 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Ageing  Autism  Cardiovascular risk factors  Depression  Emotion regulation  Later-life  Physical health Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and executive function difficulties increase during later-life and are associated with depression symptoms among non-autistic older people. These associations, however, have not yet been explored among middle-aged and older autistic people. Methods Using data collected via Simons Foundation Powering Autism Research (SPARK), Research Match, we examined the frequency of CVRF, and associations between CVRF, executive function and depression symptoms in 387 middle-aged and older autistic people (aged 40 “83 years). Results Autistic adults reported high rates of CVRF (two, 28.9%; three or more, 23.2%). Rates of high cholesterol and obesity were greater among middle-aged and older autistic adults compared to the general population. CVRF, age, and emotion regulation (but not inhibitory control), were significantly associated with depression symptoms in middle-aged and older autistic adults. Conclusions CVRF occur at high rates in middle-aged and older autistic adults, and it is important that healthcare providers monitor risk factors in order to implement preventative strategies. CVRF are associated with depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older autistic adults, but may not be as important as difficulties with emotion regulation. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102089 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=492 [article] Cardiovascular risk and emotion regulation contribute to depression symptomatology in middle-aged and older autistic adults [texte imprimé] / Rebecca A. CHARLTON, Auteur ; Goldie A. MCQUAID, Auteur ; Lauren BISHOP, Auteur ; Gregory L. WALLACE, Auteur . - 102089. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 101 (March 2023) . - 102089 Mots-clés : Ageing  Autism  Cardiovascular risk factors  Depression  Emotion regulation  Later-life  Physical health Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and executive function difficulties increase during later-life and are associated with depression symptoms among non-autistic older people. These associations, however, have not yet been explored among middle-aged and older autistic people. Methods Using data collected via Simons Foundation Powering Autism Research (SPARK), Research Match, we examined the frequency of CVRF, and associations between CVRF, executive function and depression symptoms in 387 middle-aged and older autistic people (aged 40 “83 years). Results Autistic adults reported high rates of CVRF (two, 28.9%; three or more, 23.2%). Rates of high cholesterol and obesity were greater among middle-aged and older autistic adults compared to the general population. CVRF, age, and emotion regulation (but not inhibitory control), were significantly associated with depression symptoms in middle-aged and older autistic adults. Conclusions CVRF occur at high rates in middle-aged and older autistic adults, and it is important that healthcare providers monitor risk factors in order to implement preventative strategies. CVRF are associated with depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older autistic adults, but may not be as important as difficulties with emotion regulation. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102089 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=492

Characterization of Anticholinergic Medication Use and Its Associations With Everyday Memory Problems and Cognitive Decline in Autistic Adults With Higher Support Needs / Goldie A. MCQUAID in Autism Research, 19-10 (October 2026)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 19-10 (October 2026) . - p.e70342 Titre : Characterization of Anticholinergic Medication Use and Its Associations With Everyday Memory Problems and Cognitive Decline in Autistic Adults With Higher Support Needs Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Goldie A. MCQUAID, Auteur ; Nancy Raitano LEE, Auteur ; Gregory L. WALLACE, Auteur Année de publication : 2026 Article en page(s) : p.e70342 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : adult  anticholinergic  autism  cognition  memory Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : ABSTRACT Among older adults in the general population, medications with anticholinergic (AC) effects are associated with declines in cognitive functioning and with dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Autistic people have high rates of co-occurring medical conditions and polypharmacy across the lifespan; thus, they may be at particularly high risk of exposure to AC medications and their negative impacts on cognitive functioning, including earlier in adulthood. Consistent with this, a single study has shown AC medication use is prevalent among autistic adults without co-occurring intellectual disability and is associated with self-reported concurrent memory problems and declines in cognition. No study has examined AC medications and their associations with cognition among autistic adults with higher support needs. We therefore characterized AC medication use and its associations with caregiver-rated memory problems and changes in cognition and behavior that have been linked with cognitive decline. Caregivers of autistic adults (18?68?years; Mean ~31?years) recruited via Simons Powering Autism Research's (SPARK) Research Match service reported medication use (N?=?512), memory complaints (N?=?467), and a screener that probes behavior/cognitive changes (N?=?466) that are associated with cognitive decline among persons with an intellectual disability. The majority (66.41%) of autistic adults were taking at least one AC medication and 31% were taking clinically-meaningful levels of these medications. After controlling for age and birth sex, greater potency of AC medications was associated with both caregiver-reported memory challenges and behavioral/cognitive changes associated with cognitive decline. Understanding AC medication use and its potential impacts on cognition among autistic adults with higher support needs is crucial. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.70342 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=594 [article] Characterization of Anticholinergic Medication Use and Its Associations With Everyday Memory Problems and Cognitive Decline in Autistic Adults With Higher Support Needs [texte imprimé] / Goldie A. MCQUAID, Auteur ; Nancy Raitano LEE, Auteur ; Gregory L. WALLACE, Auteur . - 2026 . - p.e70342. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 19-10 (October 2026) . - p.e70342 Mots-clés : adult  anticholinergic  autism  cognition  memory Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : ABSTRACT Among older adults in the general population, medications with anticholinergic (AC) effects are associated with declines in cognitive functioning and with dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Autistic people have high rates of co-occurring medical conditions and polypharmacy across the lifespan; thus, they may be at particularly high risk of exposure to AC medications and their negative impacts on cognitive functioning, including earlier in adulthood. Consistent with this, a single study has shown AC medication use is prevalent among autistic adults without co-occurring intellectual disability and is associated with self-reported concurrent memory problems and declines in cognition. No study has examined AC medications and their associations with cognition among autistic adults with higher support needs. We therefore characterized AC medication use and its associations with caregiver-rated memory problems and changes in cognition and behavior that have been linked with cognitive decline. Caregivers of autistic adults (18?68?years; Mean ~31?years) recruited via Simons Powering Autism Research's (SPARK) Research Match service reported medication use (N?=?512), memory complaints (N?=?467), and a screener that probes behavior/cognitive changes (N?=?466) that are associated with cognitive decline among persons with an intellectual disability. The majority (66.41%) of autistic adults were taking at least one AC medication and 31% were taking clinically-meaningful levels of these medications. After controlling for age and birth sex, greater potency of AC medications was associated with both caregiver-reported memory challenges and behavioral/cognitive changes associated with cognitive decline. Understanding AC medication use and its potential impacts on cognition among autistic adults with higher support needs is crucial. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.70342 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=594

Co-occurring ADHD symptoms in autistic adults are associated with less independence in daily living activities and lower subjective quality of life / Benjamin E. YERYS in Autism, 26-8 (November 2022)  

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Cognitive Flexibility Mediates the Associations Between Perceived Stress, Social Camouflaging and Mental Health Challenges in Autistic Adults / Matthew J. HOLLOCKS in Autism Research, 18-8 (August 2025)  

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Elevated parkinsonism symptoms in autism during middle and older adulthood are linked with psychosocial, physical health, and mental health outcomes / Gregory L. WALLACE ; Alex Job SAID ; Goldie A. MCQUAID in Autism Research, 18-1 (January 2025)  

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Executive Functioning Is Linked to Internalizing Symptoms in Autistic Adults With Higher Support Needs / Ethan GREENSTEIN in Autism, 30-9 (September 2026)  

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Exploring the effects of age and sex on sensory sensitivities in middle and older aged autistic adults / Goldie A. MCQUAID ; Gregory L. WALLACE in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 117 (September 2024)  

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Gender, assigned sex at birth, and gender diversity: Windows into diagnostic timing disparities in autism / Goldie A. MCQUAID in Autism, 28-11 (November 2024)  

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Increased anticholinergic medication use in middle-aged and older autistic adults and its associations with self-reported memory difficulties and cognitive decline / Goldie A. MCQUAID in Autism Research, 17-4 (April 2024)  

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Increased perceived stress is negatively associated with activities of daily living and subjective quality of life in younger, middle, and older autistic adults / Goldie A. MCQUAID in Autism Research, 15-8 (August 2022)  

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Longitudinal Association Between Social Support and Quality of Life Among Middle-Aged and Older Autistic Adults / Wei SONG in Autism, 30-6 (June 2026)  

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Looking Back at the Next 40 Years of ASD Neuroscience Research / James C. MCPARTLAND in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51-12 (December 2021)  

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