13 recherche sur le mot-clé 'Bayes Theorem'

Grouping-Induced Numerosity Biases Vary with Autistic-Like Personality Traits / A. POMÈ in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52-3 (March 2022)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 52-3 (March 2022) . - p.1326-1333 Titre : Grouping-Induced Numerosity Biases Vary with Autistic-Like Personality Traits Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : A. POMÈ, Auteur ; C. CAPONI, Auteur ; D. C. BURR, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1326-1333 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis  Autistic Disorder  Bayes Theorem  Bias  Humans  Personality  Aq  Number perception  Perceptual grouping  Segmentation Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Individuals with autism spectrum disorder are thought to have a more local than global perceptual style. We used a novel paradigm to investigate how grouping-induced response biases in numerosity judgments depend on autistic-like personality traits in neurotypical adults. Participants judged the numerosity of clouds of dot-pairs connected by thin lines, known to cause underestimation of numerosity. The underestimation bias correlated strongly with autism-spectrum quotient (r?=?0.72, Bayes factor?>?100), being weaker for participants with high autistic traits. As connecting dots probably activates global grouping mechanisms, causing dot-pairs to be processed as an integrated whole rather than as individual dots, the results suggest that these grouping mechanisms may be weaker in individuals self-reporting high levels of autistic-like traits. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05029-1 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=455 [article] Grouping-Induced Numerosity Biases Vary with Autistic-Like Personality Traits [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / A. POMÈ, Auteur ; C. CAPONI, Auteur ; D. C. BURR, Auteur . - p.1326-1333. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 52-3 (March 2022) . - p.1326-1333 Mots-clés : Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis  Autistic Disorder  Bayes Theorem  Bias  Humans  Personality  Aq  Number perception  Perceptual grouping  Segmentation Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Individuals with autism spectrum disorder are thought to have a more local than global perceptual style. We used a novel paradigm to investigate how grouping-induced response biases in numerosity judgments depend on autistic-like personality traits in neurotypical adults. Participants judged the numerosity of clouds of dot-pairs connected by thin lines, known to cause underestimation of numerosity. The underestimation bias correlated strongly with autism-spectrum quotient (r?=?0.72, Bayes factor?>?100), being weaker for participants with high autistic traits. As connecting dots probably activates global grouping mechanisms, causing dot-pairs to be processed as an integrated whole rather than as individual dots, the results suggest that these grouping mechanisms may be weaker in individuals self-reporting high levels of autistic-like traits. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05029-1 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=455

No evidence for a core deficit in developmental dyscalculia or mathematical learning disabilities / I. C. MAMMARELLA in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62-6 (June 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 62-6 (June 2021) . - p.704-714 Titre : No evidence for a core deficit in developmental dyscalculia or mathematical learning disabilities Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : I. C. MAMMARELLA, Auteur ; E. TOFFALINI, Auteur ; S. CAVIOLA, Auteur ; L. COLLING, Auteur ; D. SZ?CS, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.704-714 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Bayes Theorem  Child  Dyscalculia/diagnosis  Humans  Learning Disabilities/diagnosis/epidemiology  Mathematics Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Two hypotheses were tested regarding the characteristics of children with mathematical learning disabilities (MLD): (a) that children with MLD would have a 'core deficit' in basic number processing skills; and (b) that children with MLD would be at the end of a developmental continuum and have impairments in many cognitive skills. METHODS: From a large sample (N = 1,303) of typically developing children, we selected a group definable as having MLD. The children were given measures of basic number processing and domain-general constructs. Differences between the observed sample and a simulated population were estimated using Cohen's d and Bayes factors. Receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted, and the area under the curve was computed to ascertain the diagnostic power of measures. RESULTS: Results suggest that the differences between the MLD and control group can be defined along with general characteristics of the population rather than assuming single or multiple 'core deficits'. None of the measures of interest exceeded the diagnostic power that could be derived via simulation from the dimensional characteristics of the general population. CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence for core deficit(s) in MLD. We suggest that future research should focus on representative samples of typical populations and on carefully tested clinical samples confirming to the criteria of international diagnostic manuals. Clinical diagnoses require that MLD is persistent and resistant to intervention, so studies would deliver results less exposed to measurement fluctuations. Uniform diagnostic criteria would also allow for the easy cross-study comparison of samples overcoming a serious limitation of the current literature. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13397 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=455 [article] No evidence for a core deficit in developmental dyscalculia or mathematical learning disabilities [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / I. C. MAMMARELLA, Auteur ; E. TOFFALINI, Auteur ; S. CAVIOLA, Auteur ; L. COLLING, Auteur ; D. SZ?CS, Auteur . - p.704-714. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 62-6 (June 2021) . - p.704-714 Mots-clés : Bayes Theorem  Child  Dyscalculia/diagnosis  Humans  Learning Disabilities/diagnosis/epidemiology  Mathematics Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Two hypotheses were tested regarding the characteristics of children with mathematical learning disabilities (MLD): (a) that children with MLD would have a 'core deficit' in basic number processing skills; and (b) that children with MLD would be at the end of a developmental continuum and have impairments in many cognitive skills. METHODS: From a large sample (N = 1,303) of typically developing children, we selected a group definable as having MLD. The children were given measures of basic number processing and domain-general constructs. Differences between the observed sample and a simulated population were estimated using Cohen's d and Bayes factors. Receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted, and the area under the curve was computed to ascertain the diagnostic power of measures. RESULTS: Results suggest that the differences between the MLD and control group can be defined along with general characteristics of the population rather than assuming single or multiple 'core deficits'. None of the measures of interest exceeded the diagnostic power that could be derived via simulation from the dimensional characteristics of the general population. CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence for core deficit(s) in MLD. We suggest that future research should focus on representative samples of typical populations and on carefully tested clinical samples confirming to the criteria of international diagnostic manuals. Clinical diagnoses require that MLD is persistent and resistant to intervention, so studies would deliver results less exposed to measurement fluctuations. Uniform diagnostic criteria would also allow for the easy cross-study comparison of samples overcoming a serious limitation of the current literature. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13397 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=455

Stigma associated with parental depression or cancer: Impact on spouse and offspring's cortisol levels and socioemotional functioning / Sonia J. LUPIEN in Development and Psychopathology, 32-5 (December 2020)  

Public ISBD [article]  inDevelopment and Psychopathology > 32-5 (December 2020) . - p.1822-1837 Titre : Stigma associated with parental depression or cancer: Impact on spouse and offspring's cortisol levels and socioemotional functioning Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Sonia J. LUPIEN, Auteur ; Denis-Claude ROY, Auteur ; Catherine RAYMOND, Auteur ; Sarah LECLAIRE, Auteur ; Nathalie WAN, Auteur ; Réal LABELLE, Auteur ; Charles-Édouard GIGUERE, Auteur ; Isabelle OUELLET-MORIN, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1822-1837 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Bayes Theorem  Caregivers  Child  Depression  *Depressive Disorder, Major  Humans  Hydrocortisone  *Neoplasms  Parents  Spouses  Stress, Psychological  *cancer  *caregiver  *cortisol  *depression  *offspring  *stigma  *stress Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Stress associated with caring for a mentally ill spouse can adversely affect the health status of caregivers and their children. Adding to the stress of caregiving is the stigma often placed against spouses and children of people with mental illness. Contrary to mental illness, many physical disorders such as cancer may be less stigmatized (expect pulmonary cancer). In this study, we measured externalized and internalized stigma, as well as psychological (depressive symptoms and stressful life events) and physiological (basal salivary cortisol levels) markers of stress in 115 spouses and 154 children of parents suffering from major depressive disorder, cancer, or no illness (control group). The results show that spouses and children from families with parental depression present significantly more externalized stigma than spouses and children from families with parental cancer or no illness, although we find no group differences on internalized stigma. The analysis did not show a significant group difference either for spouses or their children on depressive symptomatology, although spouses from the parental depression group reported greater work/family stress. Finally, we found that although for both spouses children the awakening cortisol response was greater on weekdays than on weekend days, salivary cortisol levels did not differ between groups. Bayes factor calculated on the null result for cortisol levels was greater than 100, providing strong evidence for the null hypothesis H0. Altogether, these results suggest an impact of stigma toward mental health disorder on psychological markers of stress but no impact of stigma on physiological markers of stress. We suggest that these results may be due to the characteristics of the families who participated in the present study. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579420001431 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=437 [article] Stigma associated with parental depression or cancer: Impact on spouse and offspring's cortisol levels and socioemotional functioning [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Sonia J. LUPIEN, Auteur ; Denis-Claude ROY, Auteur ; Catherine RAYMOND, Auteur ; Sarah LECLAIRE, Auteur ; Nathalie WAN, Auteur ; Réal LABELLE, Auteur ; Charles-Édouard GIGUERE, Auteur ; Isabelle OUELLET-MORIN, Auteur . - p.1822-1837. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Development and Psychopathology > 32-5 (December 2020) . - p.1822-1837 Mots-clés : Bayes Theorem  Caregivers  Child  Depression  *Depressive Disorder, Major  Humans  Hydrocortisone  *Neoplasms  Parents  Spouses  Stress, Psychological  *cancer  *caregiver  *cortisol  *depression  *offspring  *stigma  *stress Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Stress associated with caring for a mentally ill spouse can adversely affect the health status of caregivers and their children. Adding to the stress of caregiving is the stigma often placed against spouses and children of people with mental illness. Contrary to mental illness, many physical disorders such as cancer may be less stigmatized (expect pulmonary cancer). In this study, we measured externalized and internalized stigma, as well as psychological (depressive symptoms and stressful life events) and physiological (basal salivary cortisol levels) markers of stress in 115 spouses and 154 children of parents suffering from major depressive disorder, cancer, or no illness (control group). The results show that spouses and children from families with parental depression present significantly more externalized stigma than spouses and children from families with parental cancer or no illness, although we find no group differences on internalized stigma. The analysis did not show a significant group difference either for spouses or their children on depressive symptomatology, although spouses from the parental depression group reported greater work/family stress. Finally, we found that although for both spouses children the awakening cortisol response was greater on weekdays than on weekend days, salivary cortisol levels did not differ between groups. Bayes factor calculated on the null result for cortisol levels was greater than 100, providing strong evidence for the null hypothesis H0. Altogether, these results suggest an impact of stigma toward mental health disorder on psychological markers of stress but no impact of stigma on physiological markers of stress. We suggest that these results may be due to the characteristics of the families who participated in the present study. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579420001431 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=437

Atypical action updating in a dynamic environment associated with adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder / Aleya A. MARZUKI in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63-12 (December 2022)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 63-12 (December 2022) . - p.1591-1601 Titre : Atypical action updating in a dynamic environment associated with adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Aleya A. MARZUKI, Auteur ; Matilde M. VAGHI, Auteur ; Anna CONWAY-MORRIS, Auteur ; Muzaffer KASER, Auteur ; Akeem SULE, Auteur ; Annemieke APERGIS-SCHOUTE, Auteur ; Barbara J. SAHAKIAN, Auteur ; Trevor W. ROBBINS, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1591-1601 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adult  Humans  Adolescent  Child  Bayes Theorem  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/epidemiology  Compulsive Behavior  Decision Making/physiology  Learning  Obsessive-compulsive disorder  adolescence  cognition Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Computational research had determined that adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) display heightened action updating in response to noise in the environment and neglect metacognitive information (such as confidence) when making decisions. These features are proposed to underlie patients' compulsions despite the knowledge they are irrational. Nonetheless, it is unclear whether this extends to adolescents with OCD as research in this population is lacking. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the interplay between action and confidence in adolescents with OCD. METHODS: Twenty-seven adolescents with OCD and 46 controls completed a predictive-inference task, designed to probe how subjects' actions and confidence ratings fluctuate in response to unexpected outcomes. We investigated how subjects update actions in response to prediction errors (indexing mismatches between expectations and outcomes) and used parameters from a Bayesian model to predict how confidence and action evolve over time. Confidence-action association strength was assessed using a regression model. We also investigated the effects of serotonergic medication. RESULTS: Adolescents with OCD showed significantly increased learning rates, particularly following small prediction errors. Results were driven primarily by unmedicated patients. Confidence ratings appeared equivalent between groups, although model-based analysis revealed that patients' confidence was less affected by prediction errors compared to controls. Patients and controls did not differ in the extent to which they updated actions and confidence in tandem. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents with OCD showed enhanced action adjustments, especially in the face of small prediction errors, consistent with previous research establishing 'just-right' compulsions, enhanced error-related negativity, and greater decision uncertainty in paediatric-OCD. These tendencies were ameliorated in patients receiving serotonergic medication, emphasising the importance of early intervention in preventing disorder-related cognitive deficits. Confidence ratings were equivalent between young patients and controls, mirroring findings in adult OCD research. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13628 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=490 [article] Atypical action updating in a dynamic environment associated with adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Aleya A. MARZUKI, Auteur ; Matilde M. VAGHI, Auteur ; Anna CONWAY-MORRIS, Auteur ; Muzaffer KASER, Auteur ; Akeem SULE, Auteur ; Annemieke APERGIS-SCHOUTE, Auteur ; Barbara J. SAHAKIAN, Auteur ; Trevor W. ROBBINS, Auteur . - p.1591-1601. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 63-12 (December 2022) . - p.1591-1601 Mots-clés : Adult  Humans  Adolescent  Child  Bayes Theorem  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/epidemiology  Compulsive Behavior  Decision Making/physiology  Learning  Obsessive-compulsive disorder  adolescence  cognition Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Computational research had determined that adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) display heightened action updating in response to noise in the environment and neglect metacognitive information (such as confidence) when making decisions. These features are proposed to underlie patients' compulsions despite the knowledge they are irrational. Nonetheless, it is unclear whether this extends to adolescents with OCD as research in this population is lacking. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the interplay between action and confidence in adolescents with OCD. METHODS: Twenty-seven adolescents with OCD and 46 controls completed a predictive-inference task, designed to probe how subjects' actions and confidence ratings fluctuate in response to unexpected outcomes. We investigated how subjects update actions in response to prediction errors (indexing mismatches between expectations and outcomes) and used parameters from a Bayesian model to predict how confidence and action evolve over time. Confidence-action association strength was assessed using a regression model. We also investigated the effects of serotonergic medication. RESULTS: Adolescents with OCD showed significantly increased learning rates, particularly following small prediction errors. Results were driven primarily by unmedicated patients. Confidence ratings appeared equivalent between groups, although model-based analysis revealed that patients' confidence was less affected by prediction errors compared to controls. Patients and controls did not differ in the extent to which they updated actions and confidence in tandem. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents with OCD showed enhanced action adjustments, especially in the face of small prediction errors, consistent with previous research establishing 'just-right' compulsions, enhanced error-related negativity, and greater decision uncertainty in paediatric-OCD. These tendencies were ameliorated in patients receiving serotonergic medication, emphasising the importance of early intervention in preventing disorder-related cognitive deficits. Confidence ratings were equivalent between young patients and controls, mirroring findings in adult OCD research. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13628 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=490

Auditory perceptual learning in autistic adults / Samra ALISPAHIC in Autism Research, 15-8 (August 2022)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 15-8 (August 2022) . - p.1495-1507 Titre : Auditory perceptual learning in autistic adults Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Samra ALISPAHIC, Auteur ; Elizabeth PELLICANO, Auteur ; Anne CUTLER, Auteur ; Mark ANTONIOU, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1495-1507 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adult  Australia  Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications  Autistic Disorder/complications  Bayes Theorem  Child  Humans  Phonetics  Speech Perception  auditory processing  autism  language development  perceptual flexibility  perceptual learning  phonetic adaptation  speech perception Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The automatic retuning of phoneme categories to better adapt to the speech of a novel talker has been extensively documented across various (neurotypical) populations, including both adults and children. However, no studies have examined auditory perceptual learning effects in populations atypical in perceptual, social, and language processing for communication, such as populations with autism. Employing a classic lexically-guided perceptual learning paradigm, the present study investigated perceptual learning effects in Australian English autistic and non-autistic adults. The findings revealed that automatic attunement to existing phoneme categories was not activated in the autistic group in the same manner as for non-autistic control subjects. Specifically, autistic adults were able to both successfully discern lexical items and to categorize speech sounds; however, they did not show effects of perceptual retuning to talkers. These findings may have implications for the application of current sensory theories (e.g., Bayesian decision theory) to speech and language processing by autistic individuals. LAY SUMMARY: Lexically guided perceptual learning assists in the disambiguation of speech from a novel talker. The present study established that while Australian English autistic adult listeners were able to successfully discern lexical items and categorize speech sounds in their native language, perceptual flexibility in updating speaker-specific phonemic knowledge when exposed to a novel talker was not available. Implications for speech and language processing by autistic individuals as well as current sensory theories are discussed. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2778 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=483 [article] Auditory perceptual learning in autistic adults [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Samra ALISPAHIC, Auteur ; Elizabeth PELLICANO, Auteur ; Anne CUTLER, Auteur ; Mark ANTONIOU, Auteur . - p.1495-1507. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 15-8 (August 2022) . - p.1495-1507 Mots-clés : Adult  Australia  Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications  Autistic Disorder/complications  Bayes Theorem  Child  Humans  Phonetics  Speech Perception  auditory processing  autism  language development  perceptual flexibility  perceptual learning  phonetic adaptation  speech perception Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The automatic retuning of phoneme categories to better adapt to the speech of a novel talker has been extensively documented across various (neurotypical) populations, including both adults and children. However, no studies have examined auditory perceptual learning effects in populations atypical in perceptual, social, and language processing for communication, such as populations with autism. Employing a classic lexically-guided perceptual learning paradigm, the present study investigated perceptual learning effects in Australian English autistic and non-autistic adults. The findings revealed that automatic attunement to existing phoneme categories was not activated in the autistic group in the same manner as for non-autistic control subjects. Specifically, autistic adults were able to both successfully discern lexical items and to categorize speech sounds; however, they did not show effects of perceptual retuning to talkers. These findings may have implications for the application of current sensory theories (e.g., Bayesian decision theory) to speech and language processing by autistic individuals. LAY SUMMARY: Lexically guided perceptual learning assists in the disambiguation of speech from a novel talker. The present study established that while Australian English autistic adult listeners were able to successfully discern lexical items and categorize speech sounds in their native language, perceptual flexibility in updating speaker-specific phonemic knowledge when exposed to a novel talker was not available. Implications for speech and language processing by autistic individuals as well as current sensory theories are discussed. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2778 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=483

A Bayesian multilevel analysis of the longitudinal associations between relationship quality and suicidal ideation and attempts among youth with bipolar disorder / C. J. R. SEWALL in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62-7 (July 2021)  

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Contagion of Temporal Discounting Value Preferences in Neurotypical and Autistic Adults / L. THOMAS in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52-2 (February 2022)  

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Increased context adjustment is associated with auditory sensitivities but not with autistic traits / Roshini RANDENIYA in Autism Research, 15-8 (August 2022)  

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Intact priors for gaze direction in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum conditions / P. J. PELL in Molecular Autism, 7 (2016)  

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Measurement invariance of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) across six countries / D. STEVANOVIC in Autism Research, 14-12 (December 2021)  

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