Longitudinal associations between early childhood irritability and adolescent depression symptoms in autistic children are mediated by peer relationships but not educational engagement / Virginia CARTER LENO in Development and Psychopathology, 36-1 (February 2024)  

Public ISBD [article]  inDevelopment and Psychopathology > 36-1 (February 2024) . - p.443-453 Titre : Longitudinal associations between early childhood irritability and adolescent depression symptoms in autistic children are mediated by peer relationships but not educational engagement Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Virginia CARTER LENO, Auteur ; Nicola WRIGHT, Auteur ; Andrew PICKLES, Auteur ; Rachael BEDFORD, Auteur ; Anat ZAIDMAN-ZAIT, Auteur ; Connor KERNS, Auteur ; Lonnie ZWAIGENBAUM, Auteur ; Eric DUKU, Auteur ; Teresa BENNETT, Auteur ; Stelios GEORGIADES, Auteur ; Isabel M. SMITH, Auteur ; Annie RICHARDS, Auteur ; Tracy VAILLANCOURT, Auteur ; Peter SZATMARI, Auteur ; Mayada ELSABBAGH, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.443-453 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism  depression  educational achievement  failure model  irritability  peer relationships Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : In the general population, irritability is associated with later depression. Despite irritability being more prevalent in autistic children, the long-term sequelae are not well explored. We tested whether irritability in early childhood predicted depression symptoms in autistic adolescents, and whether associations could be explained by difficulties in peer relationships and lower educational engagement. Analyses tested the longitudinal associations between early childhood irritability (ages 3-5) and adolescent depression symptoms (age 14) in a prospective inception cohort of autistic children (N = 390), followed from early in development shortly after they received a clinical diagnosis. Mediators were measured in mid-childhood (age 10) by a combination of measures, from which latent factors for peer relationships and educational engagement were estimated. Results showed early childhood irritability was positively associated with adolescent depression symptoms, and this association remained when adjusting for baseline depression. A significant indirect pathway through peer relationships was found, which accounted for around 13% of the association between early childhood irritability and adolescent depression, suggesting peer problems may partially mediate the association between irritability and later depression. No mediation effects were found for education engagement. Results highlight the importance of early screening and intervention for co-occurring irritability and peer problems in young autistic children. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579422001316 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=523 [article] Longitudinal associations between early childhood irritability and adolescent depression symptoms in autistic children are mediated by peer relationships but not educational engagement [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Virginia CARTER LENO, Auteur ; Nicola WRIGHT, Auteur ; Andrew PICKLES, Auteur ; Rachael BEDFORD, Auteur ; Anat ZAIDMAN-ZAIT, Auteur ; Connor KERNS, Auteur ; Lonnie ZWAIGENBAUM, Auteur ; Eric DUKU, Auteur ; Teresa BENNETT, Auteur ; Stelios GEORGIADES, Auteur ; Isabel M. SMITH, Auteur ; Annie RICHARDS, Auteur ; Tracy VAILLANCOURT, Auteur ; Peter SZATMARI, Auteur ; Mayada ELSABBAGH, Auteur . - p.443-453. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Development and Psychopathology > 36-1 (February 2024) . - p.443-453 Mots-clés : autism  depression  educational achievement  failure model  irritability  peer relationships Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : In the general population, irritability is associated with later depression. Despite irritability being more prevalent in autistic children, the long-term sequelae are not well explored. We tested whether irritability in early childhood predicted depression symptoms in autistic adolescents, and whether associations could be explained by difficulties in peer relationships and lower educational engagement. Analyses tested the longitudinal associations between early childhood irritability (ages 3-5) and adolescent depression symptoms (age 14) in a prospective inception cohort of autistic children (N = 390), followed from early in development shortly after they received a clinical diagnosis. Mediators were measured in mid-childhood (age 10) by a combination of measures, from which latent factors for peer relationships and educational engagement were estimated. Results showed early childhood irritability was positively associated with adolescent depression symptoms, and this association remained when adjusting for baseline depression. A significant indirect pathway through peer relationships was found, which accounted for around 13% of the association between early childhood irritability and adolescent depression, suggesting peer problems may partially mediate the association between irritability and later depression. No mediation effects were found for education engagement. Results highlight the importance of early screening and intervention for co-occurring irritability and peer problems in young autistic children. En ligne : https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579422001316 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=523

Practitioner Review: Pathways to care for ADHD – a systematic review of barriers and facilitators / Nicola WRIGHT in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56-6 (June 2015)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-6 (June 2015) . - p.598-617 Titre : Practitioner Review: Pathways to care for ADHD – a systematic review of barriers and facilitators Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Nicola WRIGHT, Auteur ; Maria MOLDAVSKY, Auteur ; Justine SCHNEIDER, Auteur ; Ipsita CHAKRABARTI, Auteur ; Janine COATES, Auteur ; David DALEY, Auteur ; Puja KOCHHAR, Auteur ; Jon MILLS, Auteur ; Walid SOROUR, Auteur ; Kapil SAYAL, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.598-617 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Attention-deficit disorder with hyperactivity  child  continuity of patient care  health service needs and demands  developmental disability Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder starting in childhood that may persist into adulthood. It can be managed through carefully monitored medication and nonpharmacological interventions. Access to care for children at risk of ADHD varies both within and between countries. A systematic literature review was conducted to investigate the research evidence related to factors which influence children accessing services for ADHD. Method Studies investigating access to care for children at risk of ADHD were identified through electronic searches of the international peer-reviewed and grey literature. Databases were searched from inception till 30th April 2012. This identified 23,156 articles which were subjected to three levels of screening (title, abstract and full text) by a minimum of two independent reviewers. Due to the heterogeneity in the study designs, a narrative approach was used to present the findings. Results Twenty-seven papers met the inclusion criteria; these were grouped into four main themes, with some papers being included in more than one. These were wider determinants (10 papers); identification of need (9 papers); entry and continuity of care (13 papers) and interventions to improve access (4 papers). Barriers and facilitators to access were found to operate at the individual, organisational and societal level. Limited evidence of effective interventions to improve access was identified. Conclusion This review explored the multilayered obstacles in the pathway to care for children at risk of ADHD and the lack of evidence-based interventions designed to address these issues, thereby indicating areas for service development and further evaluative research. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12398 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=260 [article] Practitioner Review: Pathways to care for ADHD – a systematic review of barriers and facilitators [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Nicola WRIGHT, Auteur ; Maria MOLDAVSKY, Auteur ; Justine SCHNEIDER, Auteur ; Ipsita CHAKRABARTI, Auteur ; Janine COATES, Auteur ; David DALEY, Auteur ; Puja KOCHHAR, Auteur ; Jon MILLS, Auteur ; Walid SOROUR, Auteur ; Kapil SAYAL, Auteur . - p.598-617. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 56-6 (June 2015) . - p.598-617 Mots-clés : Attention-deficit disorder with hyperactivity  child  continuity of patient care  health service needs and demands  developmental disability Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder starting in childhood that may persist into adulthood. It can be managed through carefully monitored medication and nonpharmacological interventions. Access to care for children at risk of ADHD varies both within and between countries. A systematic literature review was conducted to investigate the research evidence related to factors which influence children accessing services for ADHD. Method Studies investigating access to care for children at risk of ADHD were identified through electronic searches of the international peer-reviewed and grey literature. Databases were searched from inception till 30th April 2012. This identified 23,156 articles which were subjected to three levels of screening (title, abstract and full text) by a minimum of two independent reviewers. Due to the heterogeneity in the study designs, a narrative approach was used to present the findings. Results Twenty-seven papers met the inclusion criteria; these were grouped into four main themes, with some papers being included in more than one. These were wider determinants (10 papers); identification of need (9 papers); entry and continuity of care (13 papers) and interventions to improve access (4 papers). Barriers and facilitators to access were found to operate at the individual, organisational and societal level. Limited evidence of effective interventions to improve access was identified. Conclusion This review explored the multilayered obstacles in the pathway to care for children at risk of ADHD and the lack of evidence-based interventions designed to address these issues, thereby indicating areas for service development and further evaluative research. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12398 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=260

Predictors of language regression and its association with subsequent communication development in children with autism / Andrew PICKLES in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63-11 (November 2022)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 63-11 (November 2022) . - p.1243-1251 Titre : Predictors of language regression and its association with subsequent communication development in children with autism Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Andrew PICKLES, Auteur ; Nicola WRIGHT, Auteur ; Rachael BEDFORD, Auteur ; Mandy STEIMAN, Auteur ; Eric DUKU, Auteur ; Teresa BENNETT, Auteur ; Stelios GEORGIADES, Auteur ; Connor M. KERNS, Auteur ; Pat MIRENDA, Auteur ; Isabel M. SMITH, Auteur ; Wendy J. UNGAR, Auteur ; Tracy VAILLANCOURT, Auteur ; Charlotte WADDELL, Auteur ; Anat ZAIDMAN-ZAIT, Auteur ; Lonnie ZWAIGENBAUM, Auteur ; Peter SZATMARI, Auteur ; Mayada ELSABBAGH, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1243-1251 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Child  Child, Preschool  Humans  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis  Autistic Disorder/complications  Longitudinal Studies  Prospective Studies  Language Development Disorders/complications  Speech  Language Development  Language  autism  development Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Language regression, broadly defined as the loss of acquired language skills in early childhood, is a distinctive feature of autism. Little is known about the factors underlying regression or the prognosis of children who exhibit regression. We examine potential predictors of language regression and test its association with language development in a prospective longitudinal sample of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from diagnosis to age 10 years. METHODS: We analysed data from Pathways in ASD, a prospective longitudinal study of 421 children enrolled around the time of an autism diagnosis between 2 and 5 years. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised data were available for 408 children, of whom 90 (22%) were classified as having language regression. RESULTS: Demographic and other health factors including caregiver education, family income, child sex, reported seizures, and age of enrolment did not differ between children with and without language regression. Children with language regression walked earlier and attained first words sooner than those without regression. However, both groups attained phrase speech at comparable ages. Those with regression exhibited greater delays in expressive and receptive communication over the follow-up period, although this effect was attenuated when accounting for baseline differences in motor and cognitive ability. Overall, those with language regression continued to exhibit expressive but not receptive communication delay compared to those without regression. Communication trajectories were heterogeneous to age 10 years, irrespective of regression status. CONCLUSIONS: Although language regression can be alarming, our findings confirm that its occurrence does not necessarily foreshadow worse developmental outcomes relative to those without regression. Although a discrepancy in age-equivalent communication skills may persist, this can be expected to be of less practical importance with rising average levels of skills. Future studies need to account for the significant variability in language trajectories by considering factors beyond developmental regression. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13565 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=490 [article] Predictors of language regression and its association with subsequent communication development in children with autism [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Andrew PICKLES, Auteur ; Nicola WRIGHT, Auteur ; Rachael BEDFORD, Auteur ; Mandy STEIMAN, Auteur ; Eric DUKU, Auteur ; Teresa BENNETT, Auteur ; Stelios GEORGIADES, Auteur ; Connor M. KERNS, Auteur ; Pat MIRENDA, Auteur ; Isabel M. SMITH, Auteur ; Wendy J. UNGAR, Auteur ; Tracy VAILLANCOURT, Auteur ; Charlotte WADDELL, Auteur ; Anat ZAIDMAN-ZAIT, Auteur ; Lonnie ZWAIGENBAUM, Auteur ; Peter SZATMARI, Auteur ; Mayada ELSABBAGH, Auteur . - p.1243-1251. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 63-11 (November 2022) . - p.1243-1251 Mots-clés : Child  Child, Preschool  Humans  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis  Autistic Disorder/complications  Longitudinal Studies  Prospective Studies  Language Development Disorders/complications  Speech  Language Development  Language  autism  development Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Language regression, broadly defined as the loss of acquired language skills in early childhood, is a distinctive feature of autism. Little is known about the factors underlying regression or the prognosis of children who exhibit regression. We examine potential predictors of language regression and test its association with language development in a prospective longitudinal sample of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from diagnosis to age 10 years. METHODS: We analysed data from Pathways in ASD, a prospective longitudinal study of 421 children enrolled around the time of an autism diagnosis between 2 and 5 years. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised data were available for 408 children, of whom 90 (22%) were classified as having language regression. RESULTS: Demographic and other health factors including caregiver education, family income, child sex, reported seizures, and age of enrolment did not differ between children with and without language regression. Children with language regression walked earlier and attained first words sooner than those without regression. However, both groups attained phrase speech at comparable ages. Those with regression exhibited greater delays in expressive and receptive communication over the follow-up period, although this effect was attenuated when accounting for baseline differences in motor and cognitive ability. Overall, those with language regression continued to exhibit expressive but not receptive communication delay compared to those without regression. Communication trajectories were heterogeneous to age 10 years, irrespective of regression status. CONCLUSIONS: Although language regression can be alarming, our findings confirm that its occurrence does not necessarily foreshadow worse developmental outcomes relative to those without regression. Although a discrepancy in age-equivalent communication skills may persist, this can be expected to be of less practical importance with rising average levels of skills. Future studies need to account for the significant variability in language trajectories by considering factors beyond developmental regression. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13565 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=490

Sex differences in foetal origins of child emotional symptoms: a test of evolutionary hypotheses in a large, general population cohort / Elizabeth C. BRAITHWAITE in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61-11 (November 2020)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 61-11 (November 2020) . - p.1194-1202 Titre : Sex differences in foetal origins of child emotional symptoms: a test of evolutionary hypotheses in a large, general population cohort Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Elizabeth C. BRAITHWAITE, Auteur ; Andrew PICKLES, Auteur ; Nicola WRIGHT, Auteur ; Helen SHARP, Auteur ; Jonathan HILL, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1194-1202 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Sex differences  emotional disorder  maternal depression  postnatal  prenatal Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Based on previous findings from the Wirral Child Health and Development Study (WCHADS), and on evolutionary hypotheses, we preregistered analyses of data from a large epidemiological sample (https://osf.io/fn5g9/register/564d31db8c5e4a7c9694b2be), to test for sex-dependent moderation by prenatal maternal depressive symptoms of the association between postnatal maternal depressive symptoms and child emotional problems. METHODS: A total of 8,354 mothers and children were followed from pregnancy to 3.5 years in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Self-report measures of prenatal and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms, and maternal report of child emotional symptoms were administered. RESULTS: There was a three-way interaction between maternal prenatal and postnatal depression, and child sex (Coeff .042 95% CI 0.015 to 0.068, p = .002). This arose from moderation by prenatal depression, in opposite directions in boys and in girls. In boys, the association between postnatal depression and child emotional symptoms was weaker following lower prenatal depressive symptoms (interaction term coeff = .030, p = .001), and in girls, to a lesser extent, the association was stronger following lower prenatal depressive symptoms (interaction term coeff = -.012, p = .221). CONCLUSIONS: We replicated the finding from the WCHADS that prenatal depression modifies the association between postnatal depression and children's emotional problems in a sex-dependent fashion. In ALSPAC, the sex difference was explained mainly by a protective effect of low prenatal depression in boys, while in WCHADS, it arose from greater vulnerability of girls to postnatal depression following low prenatal depression. In the light of these findings, in evaluating and implementing early interventions, there is need to consider that risks associated with postnatal depression may vary depending on maternal mood during pregnancy and may differ between boys and girls. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13229 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=434 [article] Sex differences in foetal origins of child emotional symptoms: a test of evolutionary hypotheses in a large, general population cohort [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Elizabeth C. BRAITHWAITE, Auteur ; Andrew PICKLES, Auteur ; Nicola WRIGHT, Auteur ; Helen SHARP, Auteur ; Jonathan HILL, Auteur . - p.1194-1202. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 61-11 (November 2020) . - p.1194-1202 Mots-clés : Sex differences  emotional disorder  maternal depression  postnatal  prenatal Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Based on previous findings from the Wirral Child Health and Development Study (WCHADS), and on evolutionary hypotheses, we preregistered analyses of data from a large epidemiological sample (https://osf.io/fn5g9/register/564d31db8c5e4a7c9694b2be), to test for sex-dependent moderation by prenatal maternal depressive symptoms of the association between postnatal maternal depressive symptoms and child emotional problems. METHODS: A total of 8,354 mothers and children were followed from pregnancy to 3.5 years in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Self-report measures of prenatal and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms, and maternal report of child emotional symptoms were administered. RESULTS: There was a three-way interaction between maternal prenatal and postnatal depression, and child sex (Coeff .042 95% CI 0.015 to 0.068, p = .002). This arose from moderation by prenatal depression, in opposite directions in boys and in girls. In boys, the association between postnatal depression and child emotional symptoms was weaker following lower prenatal depressive symptoms (interaction term coeff = .030, p = .001), and in girls, to a lesser extent, the association was stronger following lower prenatal depressive symptoms (interaction term coeff = -.012, p = .221). CONCLUSIONS: We replicated the finding from the WCHADS that prenatal depression modifies the association between postnatal depression and children's emotional problems in a sex-dependent fashion. In ALSPAC, the sex difference was explained mainly by a protective effect of low prenatal depression in boys, while in WCHADS, it arose from greater vulnerability of girls to postnatal depression following low prenatal depression. In the light of these findings, in evaluating and implementing early interventions, there is need to consider that risks associated with postnatal depression may vary depending on maternal mood during pregnancy and may differ between boys and girls. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13229 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=434

Warmth and reciprocity with mothers, and young children's resilience to exposure to community violence in Colombia: findings from the La Sabana Parent-Child Study / Diana OBANDO in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 64-1 (January 2023)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 64-1 (January 2023) . - p.197-205 Titre : Warmth and reciprocity with mothers, and young children's resilience to exposure to community violence in Colombia: findings from the La Sabana Parent-Child Study Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Diana OBANDO, Auteur ; Nicola WRIGHT, Auteur ; Jonathan HILL, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.197-205 Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Exposure to community violence is common worldwide and is associated with emotional and behavioural problems in children. Little is known about sources of resilience. Building on our previous work on the contribution of callous-unemotional (CU) traits to child aggression in Colombia, we examined whether positive parenting is protective for children whose families are exposed to community violence. Methods Families were recruited from three demographically contrasting regions of Colombia. The sample comprised 235 children aged 3.5 years and their mothers, of whom 220 (93%) were followed up at age 5.0 years. Positive parenting was assessed as the average of maternal warmth and reciprocity, and as praise, and negative parenting as the average of negative affect and conflict seen in video recordings of standardized procedures. CU traits and oppositional defiant disorder were assessed by maternal report at ages 3.5 and 5.0 years, and mothers reported exposure to community violence over the 18 months between assessments. A range of potential confounds was included in adjusted analyses. Results In the families who were exposed to community violence, but not in the unexposed, maternal warmth and reciprocity were associated prospectively with lower CU traits (interaction, p=.007). In the exposed group maternal warmth and reciprocity explained 10% of the variance (Î2=â’.34, p=.001). Maternal praise was not associated with CU traits. Maternal negative parenting predicted higher CU traits as the main effect but not in interaction with community violence exposure. Conclusions Maternal warmth and reciprocity with young children may promote resilience in the face of community violence. Programmes to enhance these protective processes may be needed especially where prospects for reducing community violence are limited. The centrality of parents for these children highlights the plight of those exposed to community violence, and also either separated from parents or orphaned. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13629 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=490 [article] Warmth and reciprocity with mothers, and young children's resilience to exposure to community violence in Colombia: findings from the La Sabana Parent-Child Study [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Diana OBANDO, Auteur ; Nicola WRIGHT, Auteur ; Jonathan HILL, Auteur . - p.197-205. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 64-1 (January 2023) . - p.197-205 Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Exposure to community violence is common worldwide and is associated with emotional and behavioural problems in children. Little is known about sources of resilience. Building on our previous work on the contribution of callous-unemotional (CU) traits to child aggression in Colombia, we examined whether positive parenting is protective for children whose families are exposed to community violence. Methods Families were recruited from three demographically contrasting regions of Colombia. The sample comprised 235 children aged 3.5 years and their mothers, of whom 220 (93%) were followed up at age 5.0 years. Positive parenting was assessed as the average of maternal warmth and reciprocity, and as praise, and negative parenting as the average of negative affect and conflict seen in video recordings of standardized procedures. CU traits and oppositional defiant disorder were assessed by maternal report at ages 3.5 and 5.0 years, and mothers reported exposure to community violence over the 18 months between assessments. A range of potential confounds was included in adjusted analyses. Results In the families who were exposed to community violence, but not in the unexposed, maternal warmth and reciprocity were associated prospectively with lower CU traits (interaction, p=.007). In the exposed group maternal warmth and reciprocity explained 10% of the variance (Î2=â’.34, p=.001). Maternal praise was not associated with CU traits. Maternal negative parenting predicted higher CU traits as the main effect but not in interaction with community violence exposure. Conclusions Maternal warmth and reciprocity with young children may promote resilience in the face of community violence. Programmes to enhance these protective processes may be needed especially where prospects for reducing community violence are limited. The centrality of parents for these children highlights the plight of those exposed to community violence, and also either separated from parents or orphaned. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13629 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=490

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