295 recherche sur le mot-clé 'Child, Preschool'

Reminiscing and Autobiographical Memory in ASD: Mother-Child Conversations About Emotional Events and How Preschool-Aged Children Recall the Past / C. G. MCDONNELL in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51-9 (September 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 51-9 (September 2021) . - p.3085-3097 Titre : Reminiscing and Autobiographical Memory in ASD: Mother-Child Conversations About Emotional Events and How Preschool-Aged Children Recall the Past Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : C. G. MCDONNELL, Auteur ; R. SPEIDEL, Auteur ; M. LAWSON, Auteur ; K. VALENTINO, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.3085-3097 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder  Child  Child, Preschool  Emotions  Female  Humans  Memory, Episodic  Mental Recall  Mother-Child Relations  Autism spectrum disorder  Autobiographical memory  Emotion socialization  Mother–child reminiscing Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autobiographical memory (AM) is a socially-relevant cognitive skill. Little is known regarding AM during early childhood in ASD. Parent-child reminiscing conversations predict AM in non-ASD populations but have rarely been examined in autism. To address this gap, 17 preschool-aged children (ages 4-6 years) with ASD and 21 children without ASD matched on age, sex, and expressive language completed assessments of AM, executive functioning, self-related variables, and a parent-child reminiscing task. Children with ASD had less specific AM, which related to theory of mind, self-concept, and working memory. AM specificity also related to child observed autism traits. Mothers of children with ASD made more closed-ended and off-topic utterances during reminiscing, although only maternal open-ended elaborations predicted better AM in ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04770-3 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=453 [article] Reminiscing and Autobiographical Memory in ASD: Mother-Child Conversations About Emotional Events and How Preschool-Aged Children Recall the Past [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / C. G. MCDONNELL, Auteur ; R. SPEIDEL, Auteur ; M. LAWSON, Auteur ; K. VALENTINO, Auteur . - p.3085-3097. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 51-9 (September 2021) . - p.3085-3097 Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder  Child  Child, Preschool  Emotions  Female  Humans  Memory, Episodic  Mental Recall  Mother-Child Relations  Autism spectrum disorder  Autobiographical memory  Emotion socialization  Mother–child reminiscing Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autobiographical memory (AM) is a socially-relevant cognitive skill. Little is known regarding AM during early childhood in ASD. Parent-child reminiscing conversations predict AM in non-ASD populations but have rarely been examined in autism. To address this gap, 17 preschool-aged children (ages 4-6 years) with ASD and 21 children without ASD matched on age, sex, and expressive language completed assessments of AM, executive functioning, self-related variables, and a parent-child reminiscing task. Children with ASD had less specific AM, which related to theory of mind, self-concept, and working memory. AM specificity also related to child observed autism traits. Mothers of children with ASD made more closed-ended and off-topic utterances during reminiscing, although only maternal open-ended elaborations predicted better AM in ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04770-3 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=453

Comparing the Impact of Differing Preschool Autism Interventions on Parents in Two Canadian Provinces / Barbara D'ENTREMONT in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52-11 (November 2022)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 52-11 (November 2022) . - p.5018-5032 Titre : Comparing the Impact of Differing Preschool Autism Interventions on Parents in Two Canadian Provinces Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Barbara D'ENTREMONT, Auteur ; Helen E. FLANAGAN, Auteur ; Wendy J. UNGAR, Auteur ; Charlotte WADDELL, Auteur ; Nancy GARON, Auteur ; Jeffrey DENOTTER, Auteur ; Natalie LEGER, Auteur ; Francine VEZINA, Auteur ; Isabel M. SMITH, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.5018-5032 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications/therapy  Autistic Disorder/complications/therapy  Canada  Child  Child, Preschool  Humans  Parents  Schools  Autism  Early intervention  Family crisis  Parental satisfaction  Parental self-efficacy Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Early Intensive Behavioural Intervention (EIBI) is effective for preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Parental measures are rarely included in EIBI effectiveness studies, yet parental distress and lower self-efficacy are associated with poorer child outcomes. Parents of preschoolers with ASD (N=485) were surveyed at baseline (T1), one-year post-intervention (T2), and school entry (T3) about family distress/crisis, parental self-efficacy, and satisfaction with services in two Canadian provinces. Family distress/crisis decreased and parental self-efficacy increased from T1 to T2. Increases in self-efficacy were largely maintained at T3. Parents were highly satisfied with services. Greater satisfaction for those residing in the province utilizing a parent-coaching model suggests that parent involvement is associated with positive parent outcomes. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05349-2 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=489 [article] Comparing the Impact of Differing Preschool Autism Interventions on Parents in Two Canadian Provinces [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Barbara D'ENTREMONT, Auteur ; Helen E. FLANAGAN, Auteur ; Wendy J. UNGAR, Auteur ; Charlotte WADDELL, Auteur ; Nancy GARON, Auteur ; Jeffrey DENOTTER, Auteur ; Natalie LEGER, Auteur ; Francine VEZINA, Auteur ; Isabel M. SMITH, Auteur . - p.5018-5032. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 52-11 (November 2022) . - p.5018-5032 Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications/therapy  Autistic Disorder/complications/therapy  Canada  Child  Child, Preschool  Humans  Parents  Schools  Autism  Early intervention  Family crisis  Parental satisfaction  Parental self-efficacy Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Early Intensive Behavioural Intervention (EIBI) is effective for preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Parental measures are rarely included in EIBI effectiveness studies, yet parental distress and lower self-efficacy are associated with poorer child outcomes. Parents of preschoolers with ASD (N=485) were surveyed at baseline (T1), one-year post-intervention (T2), and school entry (T3) about family distress/crisis, parental self-efficacy, and satisfaction with services in two Canadian provinces. Family distress/crisis decreased and parental self-efficacy increased from T1 to T2. Increases in self-efficacy were largely maintained at T3. Parents were highly satisfied with services. Greater satisfaction for those residing in the province utilizing a parent-coaching model suggests that parent involvement is associated with positive parent outcomes. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05349-2 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=489

Depression from preschool to adolescence - five faces of stability / I. S. MORKEN in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62-8 (August 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 62-8 (August 2021) . - p.1000-1009 Titre : Depression from preschool to adolescence - five faces of stability Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : I. S. MORKEN, Auteur ; K. R. VIDDAL, Auteur ; B. RANUM, Auteur ; L. WICHSTRØM, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1000-1009 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adolescent  Child  Child, Preschool  Depression  Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology  Family  Humans  Longitudinal Studies  Parents  Schools  continuity  developmental psychopathology  etiology  longitudinal Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: The term 'stability' has different meanings, and its implications for the etiology, prevention, and treatment of depression vary accordingly. Here, we identify five types of stability in childhood depression, many undetermined due to a lack of research or inconsistent findings. METHODS: Children and parents (n = 1,042) drawn from two birth cohorts in Trondheim, Norway, were followed biennially from ages 4-14 years. Symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and dysthymia were assessed with the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (only parents) and the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (age 8 onwards). RESULTS: (a) Stability of form: Most symptoms increased in frequency. The symptoms' importance (according to factor loadings) was stable across childhood but increased from ages 12-14, indicating that MDD became more coherent. (b) Stability at the group level: The number of symptoms of dysthymia increased slightly until age 12, and the number of symptoms of MDD and dysthymia increased sharply between ages 12-14. (c) Stability relative to the group (i.e., 'rank-order') was modest to moderate and increased from ages 12-14. (d) Stability relative to oneself (i.e., intraclass correlations) was stronger than stability relative to the group and increased from age 12-14. (e) Stability of within-person changes: At all ages, decreases or increases in the number of symptoms forecasted similar changes two years later, but more strongly so between ages 12-14. CONCLUSIONS: Across childhood, while most symptoms of MDD and dysthymia become more frequent, they are equally important. The transition to adolescence is a particularly vulnerable period: The depression construct becomes more coherent, stability increases, the level of depression increases, and such an increase predicts further escalation. Even so, intervention at any time during childhood may have lasting effects on reducing child and adolescent depression. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13362 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=456 [article] Depression from preschool to adolescence - five faces of stability [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / I. S. MORKEN, Auteur ; K. R. VIDDAL, Auteur ; B. RANUM, Auteur ; L. WICHSTRØM, Auteur . - p.1000-1009. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 62-8 (August 2021) . - p.1000-1009 Mots-clés : Adolescent  Child  Child, Preschool  Depression  Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology  Family  Humans  Longitudinal Studies  Parents  Schools  continuity  developmental psychopathology  etiology  longitudinal Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: The term 'stability' has different meanings, and its implications for the etiology, prevention, and treatment of depression vary accordingly. Here, we identify five types of stability in childhood depression, many undetermined due to a lack of research or inconsistent findings. METHODS: Children and parents (n = 1,042) drawn from two birth cohorts in Trondheim, Norway, were followed biennially from ages 4-14 years. Symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and dysthymia were assessed with the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (only parents) and the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (age 8 onwards). RESULTS: (a) Stability of form: Most symptoms increased in frequency. The symptoms' importance (according to factor loadings) was stable across childhood but increased from ages 12-14, indicating that MDD became more coherent. (b) Stability at the group level: The number of symptoms of dysthymia increased slightly until age 12, and the number of symptoms of MDD and dysthymia increased sharply between ages 12-14. (c) Stability relative to the group (i.e., 'rank-order') was modest to moderate and increased from ages 12-14. (d) Stability relative to oneself (i.e., intraclass correlations) was stronger than stability relative to the group and increased from age 12-14. (e) Stability of within-person changes: At all ages, decreases or increases in the number of symptoms forecasted similar changes two years later, but more strongly so between ages 12-14. CONCLUSIONS: Across childhood, while most symptoms of MDD and dysthymia become more frequent, they are equally important. The transition to adolescence is a particularly vulnerable period: The depression construct becomes more coherent, stability increases, the level of depression increases, and such an increase predicts further escalation. Even so, intervention at any time during childhood may have lasting effects on reducing child and adolescent depression. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13362 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=456

Objective measurement of vocalizations in the assessment of autism spectrum disorder symptoms in preschool age children / Jacquelyn M. MOFFITT in Autism Research, 15-9 (September 2022)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 15-9 (September 2022) . - p.1665-1674 Titre : Objective measurement of vocalizations in the assessment of autism spectrum disorder symptoms in preschool age children Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Jacquelyn M. MOFFITT, Auteur ; Yeojin Amy AHN, Auteur ; Stephanie CUSTODE, Auteur ; Yudong TAO, Auteur ; Emilin MATHEW, Auteur ; Meaghan V. PARLADE, Auteur ; Melissa HALE, Auteur ; Jennifer DUROCHER, Auteur ; Michael ALESSANDRI, Auteur ; Lynn K. PERRY, Auteur ; Daniel S. MESSINGER, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1665-1674 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis  Autistic Disorder  Child  Child, Preschool  Humans  Male  audio processing  objective measurement  vocalization Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Assessment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) relies on expert clinician observation and judgment, but objective measurement tools have the potential to provide additional information on ASD symptom severity. Diagnostic evaluations for ASD typically include the autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS-2), a semi-structured assessment composed of a series of social presses. The current study examined associations between concurrent objective features of child vocalizations during the ADOS-2 and examiner-rated autism symptom severity. The sample included 66 children (49 male; M = 40months, SD = 10.58) evaluated in a university-based clinic, 61 of whom received an ASD diagnosis. Research reliable administration of the ADOS-2 provided social affect (SA) and restricted and repetitive behavior (RRB) calibrated severity scores (CSS). Audio was recorded from examiner-worn eyeglasses during the ADOS-2 and child and adult speech were differentiated with LENA SP Hub. PRAAT was used to ascertain acoustic features of the audio signal, specifically the mean fundamental vocal frequency (F0) of LENA-identified child speech-like vocalizations (those with phonemic content), child cry vocalizations, and adult speech. Sphinx-4 was employed to estimate child and adult phonological features indexed by the average consonant and vowel count per vocalization. More than a quarter of the variance in ADOS-2 RRB CSS was predicted by the combination of child phoneme count per vocalization and child vocalization F0. Findings indicate that both acoustic and phonological features of child vocalizations are associated with expert clinician ratings of autism symptom severity. LAY SUMMARY: Determination of the severity of autism spectrum disorder is based in part on expert (but subjective) clinician observations during the ADOS-2. Two characteristics of child vocalizations-a smaller number of speech-like sounds per vocalization and higher pitched vocalizations (including cries)-were associated with greater autism symptom severity. The results suggest that objectively ascertained characteristics of children's vocalizations capture variance in children's restricted and repetitive behaviors that are reflected in clinician severity indices. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2731 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=483 [article] Objective measurement of vocalizations in the assessment of autism spectrum disorder symptoms in preschool age children [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Jacquelyn M. MOFFITT, Auteur ; Yeojin Amy AHN, Auteur ; Stephanie CUSTODE, Auteur ; Yudong TAO, Auteur ; Emilin MATHEW, Auteur ; Meaghan V. PARLADE, Auteur ; Melissa HALE, Auteur ; Jennifer DUROCHER, Auteur ; Michael ALESSANDRI, Auteur ; Lynn K. PERRY, Auteur ; Daniel S. MESSINGER, Auteur . - p.1665-1674. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 15-9 (September 2022) . - p.1665-1674 Mots-clés : Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis  Autistic Disorder  Child  Child, Preschool  Humans  Male  audio processing  objective measurement  vocalization Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Assessment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) relies on expert clinician observation and judgment, but objective measurement tools have the potential to provide additional information on ASD symptom severity. Diagnostic evaluations for ASD typically include the autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS-2), a semi-structured assessment composed of a series of social presses. The current study examined associations between concurrent objective features of child vocalizations during the ADOS-2 and examiner-rated autism symptom severity. The sample included 66 children (49 male; M = 40months, SD = 10.58) evaluated in a university-based clinic, 61 of whom received an ASD diagnosis. Research reliable administration of the ADOS-2 provided social affect (SA) and restricted and repetitive behavior (RRB) calibrated severity scores (CSS). Audio was recorded from examiner-worn eyeglasses during the ADOS-2 and child and adult speech were differentiated with LENA SP Hub. PRAAT was used to ascertain acoustic features of the audio signal, specifically the mean fundamental vocal frequency (F0) of LENA-identified child speech-like vocalizations (those with phonemic content), child cry vocalizations, and adult speech. Sphinx-4 was employed to estimate child and adult phonological features indexed by the average consonant and vowel count per vocalization. More than a quarter of the variance in ADOS-2 RRB CSS was predicted by the combination of child phoneme count per vocalization and child vocalization F0. Findings indicate that both acoustic and phonological features of child vocalizations are associated with expert clinician ratings of autism symptom severity. LAY SUMMARY: Determination of the severity of autism spectrum disorder is based in part on expert (but subjective) clinician observations during the ADOS-2. Two characteristics of child vocalizations-a smaller number of speech-like sounds per vocalization and higher pitched vocalizations (including cries)-were associated with greater autism symptom severity. The results suggest that objectively ascertained characteristics of children's vocalizations capture variance in children's restricted and repetitive behaviors that are reflected in clinician severity indices. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2731 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=483

Prevalence and course of anxiety disorders and symptoms from preschool to adolescence: a 6-wave community study / Silje STEINSBEKK in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63-5 (May 2022)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 63-5 (May 2022) . - p.527-534 Titre : Prevalence and course of anxiety disorders and symptoms from preschool to adolescence: a 6-wave community study Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Silje STEINSBEKK, Auteur ; Bror RANUM, Auteur ; Lars WICHSTRØM, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.527-534 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adolescent  Anxiety/epidemiology  Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology  Child  Child, Preschool  Humans  Phobic Disorders/epidemiology  Prevalence  Anxiety  continuity  development  longitudinal studies  stability Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: The rate of various anxiety disorders in early childhood and whether they continue into middle childhood or adolescence is not known. We therefore report on the prevalence and stability of DSM-5-defined anxiety disorders and their symptoms, capturing the period from preschool to adolescence. METHODS: By means of interviewer-based clinical interviews, anxiety was measured in a sample of Norwegian children at six measurement points from age 4 to 14 (n=1,041). To adjust for time-invariant factors, we applied random intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPMs) capturing within-person changes. RESULTS: Nearly 10% (95% CI=7.29, 12.63) had an anxiety disorder at some timepoint. Specific phobia was the most prevalent disorder in early and middle childhood, whereas generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) increased in prevalence and became the most common anxiety disorder at age 14 (4.51%, 95% CI=2.78, 6.23). When time-invariant confounding was adjusted for, homotypic continuity in anxiety symptoms typically first emerged in late middle childhood or adolescence. Even so, such within-person analyses revealed a heterotypic path from increased number of early childhood symptoms of specific phobia to increased number of GAD symptoms in middle childhood (B=.41, 95% CI=.06, .75). Increased separation anxiety in middle childhood predicted increased symptoms of GAD in adolescence (B=.38, 95% CI=.14, .62), and vice versa (B=.05, 95% CI=.00, .09). Only minor gender differences were revealed. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety disorders are prevalent in childhood. In early childhood, anxiety symptoms generally do not predict later anxiety symptoms. In middle childhood, however, such symptoms are less likely to vanish, indicating this developmental period to be particularly important for preventive and treatment efforts. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13487 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=476 [article] Prevalence and course of anxiety disorders and symptoms from preschool to adolescence: a 6-wave community study [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Silje STEINSBEKK, Auteur ; Bror RANUM, Auteur ; Lars WICHSTRØM, Auteur . - p.527-534. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 63-5 (May 2022) . - p.527-534 Mots-clés : Adolescent  Anxiety/epidemiology  Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology  Child  Child, Preschool  Humans  Phobic Disorders/epidemiology  Prevalence  Anxiety  continuity  development  longitudinal studies  stability Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: The rate of various anxiety disorders in early childhood and whether they continue into middle childhood or adolescence is not known. We therefore report on the prevalence and stability of DSM-5-defined anxiety disorders and their symptoms, capturing the period from preschool to adolescence. METHODS: By means of interviewer-based clinical interviews, anxiety was measured in a sample of Norwegian children at six measurement points from age 4 to 14 (n=1,041). To adjust for time-invariant factors, we applied random intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPMs) capturing within-person changes. RESULTS: Nearly 10% (95% CI=7.29, 12.63) had an anxiety disorder at some timepoint. Specific phobia was the most prevalent disorder in early and middle childhood, whereas generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) increased in prevalence and became the most common anxiety disorder at age 14 (4.51%, 95% CI=2.78, 6.23). When time-invariant confounding was adjusted for, homotypic continuity in anxiety symptoms typically first emerged in late middle childhood or adolescence. Even so, such within-person analyses revealed a heterotypic path from increased number of early childhood symptoms of specific phobia to increased number of GAD symptoms in middle childhood (B=.41, 95% CI=.06, .75). Increased separation anxiety in middle childhood predicted increased symptoms of GAD in adolescence (B=.38, 95% CI=.14, .62), and vice versa (B=.05, 95% CI=.00, .09). Only minor gender differences were revealed. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety disorders are prevalent in childhood. In early childhood, anxiety symptoms generally do not predict later anxiety symptoms. In middle childhood, however, such symptoms are less likely to vanish, indicating this developmental period to be particularly important for preventive and treatment efforts. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13487 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=476

Using DNA to predict behaviour problems from preschool to adulthood / Agnieszka GIDZIELA in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63-7 (July 2022)  

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Assessing global developmental delay across instruments in minimally verbal preschool autistic children: The importance of a multi-method and multi-informant approach / D. GIRARD in Autism Research, 15-1 (January 2022)  

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Associations Between Child Sleep Problem Severity and Maternal Well-Being in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder / C. A. MARTIN in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51-7 (July 2021)  

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Brief Report: Associations Between Autism Characteristics, Written and Spoken Communication Skills, and Social Interaction Skills in Preschool-Age Children on the Autism Spectrum / Marleen F. WESTERVELD in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51-12 (December 2021)  

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Child language and autism diagnosis impact hierarchical temporal structure of parent-child vocal interactions in early childhood / Olivia BOOROM in Autism Research, 15-11 (November 2022)  

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